BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Course No: EEE 102

Course Title: Electrical Circuits I Laboratory

Experiment No: 2

Name of the Experiment: Simulating Circuits with Dependent Sources in PSpice

Name: Rifah Nanzeeba

ID: 1906139 Level/Term: 1/1 Dept.: EEE

Section: C1

Date of Performance:04/11/2020

Date of Submission: 11/11/2020

We can see 4 types of gain in dependent sources-

1.Voltage Gain: The ratio of output voltage and input voltage in any
electrical element is called Voltage gain and this kind of gain is generally
seen in Voltage Controlled Voltage Sources(VCVS).

UNIT: V/V.
𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸
gv=
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸

2.Current Gain: The ratio of output current and input current in any
electrical element is called Current gain and this kind of gain is generally
seen in Current Controlled Current Sources(CCCS).
UNIT: A/A.
𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇
ga=
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇

3.Transconductance Gain: The ratio of output current and input voltage

in any electrical element is called Transconductance gain and this kind of
gain is generally seen in Voltage Controlled Current Sources(VCCS).
UNIT: A/V.
𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇
gtc=
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸

4.Transresistance Gain: The ratio of output voltage and input current in

any electrical element is called Transresistance gain and this kind of gain
is generally seen in Current Controlled Voltage Sources(CCVS).

UNIT: V/A.
𝑂𝑈𝑇𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝑉𝑂𝐿𝑇𝐴𝐺𝐸
gtr=
𝐼𝑁𝑃𝑈𝑇 𝐶𝑈𝑅𝑅𝐸𝑁𝑇

-------------------------------------------------------------
OBJECTIVES:
This experiment will be useful for us to fulfill the objectives written
below -

• To be able to simulate dependent sources such as VCVS, VCCS,

CCCS, CCVS.
• To learn how to add these dependent sources in schematics and
netlist.
• To observe power dissipated and and absorbed by the circuit
elements.

Necessary Softwares:
1.Schematics

2.Pspice

3.Word Editor
Exercise-1:

a) Determine the current delivered by the dependent voltage source? Compare your result with
that of the result obtained by mathematically solving the circuit.

b) Interchange the controlling nodes of the dependent voltage source as well as the controlled
nodes and again determine the current delivered by the dependent source. How does this
current compare with the previous one?

c) What will happen if you set a negative gain value?

Answer to Exercise-1:

Netlist:
r1 2 4 3
r2 4 3 3
r3 2 3 10
r4 1 0 2
i1 0 4 0.1A
e1 2 1 4 3 3.0
 v1 3 0 39
.DC v1 39 78 39
.print dc i(e1) v(2,1) w(e1)
.probe
.end

Simulation Result:

**** 11/11/20 16:31:35 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ******** ID#
0 ********

**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 I(e1) V(2,1) W(e1)

3.900E+01 3.077E+02 -1.730E+03 -5.322E+05

7.800E+01 6.197E+02 -3.485E+03 -2.159E+06

JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME 0.00

 Fig: Text File

Fig: Output file

Let, Vs1 = 39 V

We get,

Voltage across VCVS, Ve1 = -1.730E+03 V

Current across VCVS, Ie1 = 3.077E+02 A

Equivalent resistance across this branch = Ve1 / Ie1 =- 5.6224 ohm (Appr)

Power of the VCVS, Pe1 = Ve1 x Ie1 = -5.322E+05 W

Let, Vs2 = 78 V

We get,

Voltage across VCVS, Ve2 =-3.485E+03 V

Current across VCVS, Ie2 = 6.197E+02 A

Equivalent resistance across this branch = Ve2 / Ie2 = -5.6237 ohm (Appr)

Power of the VCVS, Pe2 = Ve1 x Ie1 = -2.159E+06 W

Since the equivalent resistance for this branch remains almost the same,
We can say that,

P ∝ V2
Or,
𝑃1 𝑉12
= … … … (1)
𝑃2 𝑉22

Now, we must find a value of the voltage source for which, the power of
the VCVS is, Pe= -39W.

Let,
Pe1 = = -5.322E+05 W
P = -39W
Ve1 = -1.730E+03 V
Ve = ?
Using equation (1) we obtain,
Ve = 14.81 V
Again, we can assume that independent source voltage is almost
proportional to the voltage of dependent source from the values we get
Vs∝Ve-------(2)
From this relation, we obtain-
Vs=0.33386 V
Since, power is not a linear attribute in a circuit, calculating Vs using
linear means will not produce accurate results. The required value of Vs,
however, can be found near the value we have acquired.
To find the actual value of Vs, we must increase or decrease the value of
the acquired Vs and see which value produces the intended results.
After trying and testing a certain range of value using trace in pspice we
have found that in order to fulfill the requirement, Vs has to be
222.635mV.

We are going to use this value of Vs in order to answer the given

questions.

Vs=222.635 mV

Fig: probe file

Netlist:

r1 2 4 3

r2 4 3 3

r3 2 3 10

r4 1 0 2

i1 0 4 0.1A

e1 2 1 4 3 3.0

v1 3 0 .222635

.DC v1 .222635 .222635 1

.print dc i(e1) v(2,1) w(e1)

.probe

.end

Simulation Result:

**** 11/11/20 18:53:27 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ********

ID# 0 ********

**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 I(e1) V(2,1) W(e1)

2.226E-01 -2.569E+00 1.518E+01 -3.900E+01

JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME 0.00

Fig: Output File

Answer(a):

Using PSpice analysis, the current delivered by the dependent voltage

source Ie is,

Ie = -2.569A

Mathematical Analysis:

The mesh equations are,

5i1 – 6i23 + 3i3 = -0.222635 … … (1)
-i1 + i2 = 0.1 … … (2)
-3i1 – 3i2 + 16i3 = 0 … … (3)

Solving these equations we get,

Ie=-i1=-2.5689A

Comparing the answers, we get they are almost equal.

Answer(b):

Interchanging the controlling nodes and the controlled nodes will

require some changes in the netlist for analysis
Before:
e1 2 1 4 3 3.0
And
r2 4 3 3
After:
e1 2 1 3 4 3.0
And
r2 3 4 3

Fig:After interchangeing nodes,output file

After the change, value of Ie remains the same, but the direction
changes.

Ie=2.569A

Answer(c):

After setting a negative gain, there would be a slight change in netlist

Before:

e1 2 1 4 3 3.0

After:

e1 2 1 4 3 -3.0
After making the gain negative, we can see that –

v1 I(e1) V (2,1) W(e1)

2.226E-01 1.003E-01 -1.668E-01 -1.674E-02

Voltage across VCVS and the current through VCVS changes a lot. And
that becomes very lower than before.

Exercise 2:
a) Determine the voltage across the dependent current source.
Compare your result with that of the result obtained by mathematically
solving the circuit.

b) Connect a zero volt independent source in series with the dependent

current source to find the value of the controlled current. What value
does Spice show for this voltage source? How does it compare with I1?
Answer to Exercise 2:

Netlist:
r1 1 2 8
r2 2 5 16
r3 6 0 4
r4 3 7 20
r5 7 0 8
v1 1 0 39
v2 5 6 0
f1 3 2 v2 0.5
.dc v1 39 78 39
.probe
.print dc I(f1) V(f1) w(f1)
.end
Simulation Result:

**** 11/11/20 19:57:56 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ********

ID# 0 ********

**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 I(f1) V(f1) W(f1)

3.900E+01 8.125E-01 -5.525E+01 -4.489E+01

7.800E+01 1.625E+00 -1.105E+02 -1.796E+02

JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME 0.00

Let, Vs1 = 39V

We get,

Voltage across CCCS, Vf1 = -55.25V

Current across CCCS, If1 = 0.8125A

Equivalent resistance across this branch = Vf1 / If1 = -68 ohm (Appr)

Power of the CCCS, Pf1 = Vf1 x If1 = -44.89W

Let, Vs2 = 78V

We get,

Voltage across CCCS, Vf2 = -110.5V

Current across CCCS, If2 = 1.625A

Equivalent resistance across this branch = Vf2 / If2 = -68 ohm (Apprx.)

Power of the CCCS, Pf2 = Vf2 x If2 = -179.56W

Since the equivalent resistance for this branch remains almost the same,
We can say that,
P ∝ V2

Or,
 𝑃1 𝑉12
= … … … (1)
𝑃2 𝑉22

Now, we must find a value of the voltage source for which, the power of
the CCCS is, W = -39W.
Let,
Pf1 = -44.89W
Pf = -39W
Vf1 = -55.25V
Vf = ?
Using (1) we get,
Vf = -51.5V

Since, Voltage is a linear property in an electrical circuit, we can directly

obtain Vs from Vf.
Vs = (Vs1 / Vf1) x Vf = 36.35V

By using this acquired value of Vs, the power of the CCCS becomes of
the value that we intend.
Therefore, the value of the voltage source is set to Vs = 36.35V,

Vs=36.35V
Netlist:
r1 1 2 8
r2 2 5 16
r3 6 0 4
r4 3 7 20
r5 7 0 8
v1 1 0 36.35
v2 5 6 0
f1 3 2 v2 0.5
.dc v1 36.35 36.35 1
.probe
.print dc I(f1) V(f1) w(f1)
.end

Simulation Result:
**** 11/11/20 20:30:39 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ********
ID# 0 ********
**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 I(f1) V(f1) W(f1)

3.635E+01 7.573E-01 -5.150E+01 -3.900E+01

JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME .02

Answer(a):

Using Pspice for analysis, the voltage across the dependent source Vf is,

Vf=-51.5V
Mathematical Analysis:

From node 2, we obtain,

i1 + i2 = 0 … … (1)
From mesh 1,
28i1 – 20i2 = 36.35… … (2)
From mesh 2,
i2 = -0.5I1 … … (3)
Solving (1) and (2) we get,
i1 = 0.755A
i2 = -0.755A
Now, using KVL for mesh 2, we get,
Vf + 28(i2) + 20(i2 – i1) = 0
Therefore, Vf = -51.34V
So, we can see that the results are almost the same. So the experiment
has been carried out perfectly.
Answer(b):
After adding a zero volt independent source in series with the CCCS-

Netlist:
r1 1 2 8
r2 2 5 16
r3 5 0 4
r4 4 7 20
r5 7 0 8
v1 1 0 36.35
v2 3 4 0
f1 3 2 v2 0.5
.dc v1 36.35 36.35 1
.probe
.print dc I(f1) I(r2)
.end
Simulation Result:

**** 11/11/20 21:15:09 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ********

ID# 0 ********

**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 I(f1) I(r2)
3.635E+01 8.655E-12 1.298E+00

JOB CONCLUDED
TOTAL JOB TIME 0.00
After changing,
I(r2) =1.298 A
I(f1) = 8.655E-12 A
I(f1) is also the current across 0 voltage.

From a,
I1=i1 -i2=0.755-(-0.755) =1.51 A
I1= 2 * I(f1) =2*0.7573=1.5146 A
We can see that controlling current and controlled current maintains the
relation in first case. But in second case, the current through the CCCS
reduces to almost zero and doesn’t maintain the relation properly with
the controlling current.
But in case of controlling, the change is not that much noticeable like
the current through the dependent source.
Exercise 3:
a) Calculate the power associated with each source (both independent
and dependent).

b) Calculate the power absorbed by each resistor.

c) Compare your results with that of the result obtained by

mathematically solving the circuit and show that conservation of energy
holds true for this circuit.

Answer to Exercise 3:

Netlist:

r1 1 2 10
r2 2 3 10
r3 2 4 5
r4 4 5 5
r5 6 0 10
v1 1 0 39
v2 4 6 0
g1 3 0 2 4 10
h1 5 0 v2 10
.dc v1 39 78 39
.print dc I (h1) v(h1) w(h1)
.probe
.end

Simulation Result:

**** 11/11/20 21:37:33 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ********

ID# 0 ********

** ** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 I(h1) V(h1) W(h1)

3.900E+01 0.000E+00 7.429E-01 0.000E+00

7.800E+01 0.000E+00 1.486E+00 0.000E+00

 JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME .02

Let Vs1 = 39V,

We get,
Voltage across CCVS, Vh1 = 7.429E-01 V

Current across CCVS, Ih1 = 0.000E+00 A

Equivalent resistance across this branch = Vh1 / Ih1 = ∞ ohm

Power of the CCVS, Ph1 = Vh1 x Ih1 = 0 W

Let Vs2 = 78V,

We get,
Voltage across CCVS, Vh2 = 1.486E+00 V

Current across CCVS, Ih2 = 0.000E+00 A

Equivalent resistance across this branch = Vh1 / Ih1 = ∞ohm

Power of the CCVS, Ph2 = Vh2 x Ih2 =0 W

The power of the CCVS is 0 for every value of Vs. In this case, let us
assume that Vs = 39 V.

Answer(a):
To calculate the power associated with each source-
Netlist:
r1 1 2 10
r2 2 3 10
r3 2 4 5
r4 4 5 5
r5 6 0 10
v1 1 0 39
v2 4 6 0
g1 3 0 2 4 10
h1 5 0 v2 10
.dc v1 39 78 39
.print dc i(h1) v(h1)
.print dc w(v1) w(g1) w(h1)
.probe
.end

Simulation Result:
**** 11/11/20 22:11:34 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ******** ID# 0 ********

**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 I(h1) V(h1)

3.900E+01 0.000E+00 7.429E-01

**** 11/11/20 22:11:34 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ******** ID# 0 ********
**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C
 v1 W(v1) W(g1) W(h1)

3.900E+01 -1.478E+02 -1.338E+02 0.000E+00

JOB CONCLUDED
TOTAL JOB TIME 0.00

we get,

Power of voltage source, Pv = -147.8W

Power of VCCS, Pg = -133.8W

Power of CCVS, Ph = 0 W
Answer of (b):

To calculate the power absorbed by each resistor-

Netlist:

r1 1 2 10

r2 2 3 10

r3 2 4 5

r4 4 5 5

r5 6 0 10

v1 1 0 39

v2 4 6 0

g1 3 0 2 4 10

h1 5 0 v2 10

.dc v1 39 39 1

.print dc w(r1) w(r2) w(r3) w(r4) w(r5)

.probe

.end
Simulation Result:

**** 11/11/20 22:21:44 ********* PSpice 9.2 (Mar 2000) ********

ID# 0 ********

**** DC TRANSFER CURVES TEMPERATURE = 27.000 DEG C

v1 W(r1) W(r2) W(r3) W(r4) W(r5)

3.900E+01 1.435E+02 1.380E+02 2.759E-02 0.000E+00 5.518E-02

JOB CONCLUDED

TOTAL JOB TIME 0.00

From PSpice analysis, we get,

Pr1 = 1.435E+02 W

Pr2 = 1.380E+02 W

Pr3 = 2.759E-02 W

Pr4 = 0.000E+00 W

Pr5 = 5.518E-02 W
Answer(c):

Pv = -147.8W

Pg = -133.8W

Ph = 0 W

Pr1 = 1.435E+02 W

Pr2 = 1.380E+02 W

Pr3 = 2.759E-02 W

Pr4 = 0.000E+00 W

Pr5 = 5.518E-02 W

∑P=Pv+Pg+Ph+Pr1+Pr2+Pr3+Pr4+Pr5

=0.017 W

≈0 W
Mathematical Analysis:

From the circuit, using mesh analysis we get,

i1-51i2=0-------(1)

10i1+10i2+5i3=39---------(2)

-5i2+5i3=0---------(3)

Solving (1), (2) & (3), we get,

I1=3.788A

I2=0.074A

I3=0.074A

Using KVL on the first loop,

Vg = -35.86V
Now, total power associated with the circuit P is,

P = Pv +Pg + Ph + Pr1 + Pr2 + Pr3 + Pr4 +Pr5

Or, P = -(Vs x i1) - (Vg x (i1 – i2)) + (i12 x r1) + ((i1 – i2)2 x r2) + (i22 x r3) +
(i32 x r5)

Or, P =- 147.739-133.18+143.489+137.937+0.0273+0.0547

Or, P = 0.302W

≈0 W

In both cases, the total power associated with the circuit is almost the
same.That tends to 0.

So the conservation of energy in circuit is true.