Chapter 1

Networking
Concept
Prepared By:FNA
Learning Objectives
To know about uses, applications,
disadvantages of network

To elaborate various types of network

To elaborate various types of topologies

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Network 11101010111 110111 000101101

Information travels among the CPU, memory, and other components within a computer as
electrical impulses that move along collections of parallel wires called buses.
A network extends the range of these information pulses, allowing them to travel to other
computers.
Computer networks come in all shapes and sizes, but most can be categorized as either
local area networks or wide area networks.
Computer Network

Defined as the interconnection of

two or more computers. It is done to
enable the computers to
communicate and share available
resources.
 COMPUTER NETWORK

Applications Uses
❖ Sharing information
❖Sharing of resources such as printers
❖ Sharing of hardware and software
❖Sharing of expensive software's and database
❖ Reduced cost
❖Communication from one computer to another
❖ Improved security
computer
❖ Centralized software managements
❖Exchange of data and information among users via
❖ Electronic mail
network
❖ Flexible access
❖Sharing of information over geographically wide
❖ Increased speed
areas.
Host Devices Icons
Tablet
Smartphone

A variety of networking icons

Desktop Computer Server
are used to represent Laptop Computer

different parts of a computer

network.

Printer Camera IP Phone Scanner

Intermediary Devices

Wireless Access point

Modem
Switch Router router (AP)

Switch - connects multiple devices to the network.

Router - forwards traffic between networks.

Wireless router - connects multiple wireless devices to the network and may include a switch to connect wired hosts.

Access point (AP) - connects to a wireless router and is used to extend the reach of a wireless network.

Modem - connects a home or small office to the Internet.

 Types of Networks
PAN (Personal Area Network)

Connects electronic devices within a user's

immediate area. The size of a PAN ranges
from a few centimeters to a few meters.

Types of Personal Area Network (PAN) :

Personal Area Network can be of 2 types depending
upon its connection i.e.,
Wireless PAN
Wired PAN.
Types of Networks
LAN (Local Area Network)
➢ LAN is a network which is designed to operate over a
small physical area such as an office, factory or a
group of buildings.
➢ LAN’s are easy to design and troubleshoot
➢ Exchange of information and sharing of resources
becomes easy because of LAN.
➢ In LAN all machines are connected to a single cable.
 Types of Networks
VLAN (Virtual LAN’s)

Are logical grouping of devices in the same

broadcast domain. VLANs are usually configured
on switches by placing some interfaces into one
broadcast domain and some interfaces into
another. Each VLAN acts as a subgroup of the
switch ports in an Ethernet LAN.
VLANs can spread across multiple switches, with
each VLAN being treated as its own subnet or
broadcast domain. This means that frames
broadcasted onto the network will be switched
only between the ports within the same VLAN.
Types of Networks
WLAN (Wireless LAN)
A wireless LAN is a wireless computer network that links
two or more devices using wireless communication to
form a local area network within a limited area such as a
home, school, computer laboratory, campus, or office
building.
 Types of Networks
WMN (Wireless Mesh Network)

A wireless mesh network (WMN) is a mesh

network created through the connection of
wireless access point (WAP) nodes installed at
each network user's locale. The networking
infrastructure is decentralized and simplified
because each node need only transmit as far as
the next node. WMNs may or may not be
connected to the internet.
Types of Networks
MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
A class of network which serves a large geographical
area between 5 to 50 kilometers in range. This
geographical area can include several buildings, such as a
college campus, sometimes referred to as a campus
network, or an area as large as a city (metropolitan area).
 Types of Networks
WAN (Wide-area Network)

A collection of local-area networks (LANs) or

other networks that communicate with one
another. A WAN is essentially a network of
networks, with the Internet the world's largest
WAN.
Types of Networks
VPN (Virtual Private Network)
extends a private network across a public network and
enables users to send and receive data across shared or
public networks as if their computing devices were
directly connected to the private network.
DSL,Cable Modems
Both DSL and cable use a modem to
connect to the internet through an Internet
Service Provider (ISP), as shown in the
figure.

DSL is an always-on service, which means that there

is no need to dial up each time you want to connect
to the internet.

A cable internet connection does not use telephone

Fiber optic cables are made of glass or plastic and use light to
lines. Cable uses coaxial cable lines originally
transmit data. They have a very high bandwidth, which enables
designed to carry cable television. A cable modem
them to carry large amounts of data. At some point in your
connects your computer to the cable company.
connection to the internet, your data will cross a fiber network.
Network Topologoies

Bus topology Ring Topology

a network type in which every computer and It forms a ring as each computer is connected to
network device is connected to another computer, with the last one connected to
single cable. When it has exactly two endpoints the first. Exactly two neighbors for each device.
Network Topologoies

STAR Topology MESH Topology

All the computers are connected to a single hub It is a point-to-point connection to other nodes or
through a cable. This hub devices. All the network nodes are connected
is the central node and all others nodes are to each other. Mesh has n(n-1)/2 physical
connected to the central node. channels to link n devices.
Network Topologoies

TREE Topology Hybrid Topology

It is two different types of topologies which is a mixture of
It has a root node and all other nodes are
two or more topologies.
connected to it forming a hierarchy. It is also
For example if in an office in one department ring topology
called hierarchical topology. It should at least
is used and in another star topology is used, connecting
have three levels to the hierarchy.
these topologies will result in Hybrid Topology
References
NETACAD (Chapter 5)
https://contenthub.netacad.com/legacy/ITE/7.01/en/index.html#5.0.1.1