Grade 9 quarter 2

Unit two
Computer network
Definition
Networking is a connection of devices such as computer, peripheral devise to
share IT Resource.
A network is a connection of two or more computers that are linked together in order to share
resources(such as printers, files and disks) or allow electronic communications. Using Bluetooth
application in your mobile phone to share filesis an example of a network.Sometimes, the Internet is called
the largest global network.

Aim
To share IT resource (hard ware and software): such as scanner, printer- folder -file
ADVANTAGES OF A COMPUTER NETWORK
 Helps you to connect with multiple computers together to send and receive
information when accessing the network.
 Helps you to share printers, scanners, and email.
 Helps you to share information at very fast speed
 Electronic communication is more efficient and less expensive than without the
network.
 Minimized cost
Network Hardware Components
I. Computers, can be server or client.
Servers −A server is a device that provides services to client requests. These devices
run server programs. A single server can provide services to multiple clients
 simultaneously. Servers can be of various kinds: file servers, database servers, print servers
etc.
Clients − Clients are computers that request and receive service from the servers to access
and use the network resources.
II. Network Cables
Network cables are the transmission media to transfer data from one device to another.
A commonly used network cable is category 5 cable with RJ – 45 connector,
A hub is a device that connects a number of computers together to make a LAN.
III. Switch: A switch, like a hub, is a device that connects a number of computers
together to make a LAN.
A switch is a more ‘intelligent’ device than a hub
IV. Router
A router is a network device that connects together two or more networks.
V. Repeaters,
A repeater receives a signal and regenerates it before re-transmitting so that it can travel
longer distances.
boostup
VI. Bridge
A bridge connects two separate Ethernet network segments. It forwards packets from the
source network to the destined network.
VII. A gateway
A gateway connects entirely different networks that work upon different protocols.
It is the entry and the exit point of a network and controls access to other networks.
VIII. Network Interface Cards
Any computer that is to be connected to a network, needs to have a network interface card
(NIC).)
IX. A firewall is a device, or a piece of software that is placed between your computer
and the rest of the network (where the hackers are!)
If you wish to protect your whole LAN from hackers out on the Internet, you would place a
firewall between the LAN and the Internet connection.
In networking, a protocol is a set of rules that governs data communications. Inorder for different network
hardware to interact with the network, they should follow the same rules called protocols. It is software that
instructs network devices on how to connect to the network and how to interact with one another. Internet
Protocol (IP) is one of the important communication protocols and used for addressing network devices and
forwarding data from one network to another.
Network topology
What is Network Topology?
The physical topology of a network refers to the configuration of cables, computers, and
other peripherals. Physical topology should not be confused with logical topology, which is
used to pass information between work stations.
Star topology
Many home networks use star topology. A star network features a central connection point
called a "hub" that may be a hub, switch, or router.
All computers are connected to the central hub or switch or router
Bus topology: All computers are connected to straight line cable
In a ring network, every device has exactly two neighbors for communication purpose
Mostly used for wireless
Mash topology – all computers are connected to each other.
Hybrid Topology?

Types of networks
Depending upon the geographical area covered by a network, it is classified as
Local Area Network (LAN), Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Wide Area
Network (WAN)
A. PAN(Personal Area Network)
Personal Area Network is a network arranged within an individual person, typically within a
range of 10 meters.
Personal Area Network covers an area of 30 feet.
Personal computer devices that are used to develop the personal area network are the
laptop, mobile phones, media player and play stations.
Personal Area Network
here are two types of Personal Area Network:
1. Wireless Personal Area Network:
Wireless Personal Area Network is developed by simply using wireless technologies such as
WiFi, Bluetooth . It is a low range network.
2. Wired Personal Area Network:
Wired Personal Area Network is created by using the USB.
B. A local area network
A local area network (LAN) is a collection of devices connected together in one physical location,
such as a building, office, or home. A LAN can be small or large, ranging from a home network with
one user to an enterprise network with thousands of users and devices in an office or school.
Regardless of size, a LAN's single defining characteristic is that it connects devices that are in a
single, limited are

C. MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)

It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN
MAN(Metropolitan Area Network)
A Metropolitan area network (MAN) is a large computer network that usually spans a city
or a large campus
MAN is used in communication between the banks in a city.
It can be used in an Airline Reservation.
It can be used in a college within a city.
D. WAN(Wide Area Network))
A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area such as
states or countries.
A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the LAN.
A Wide Area Network is not limited to a single location, but it spans over a large
geographical area through a telephone line, fibre optic cable or satellite links.
The internet is one of the biggest WAN in the world.
A Wide Area Network is widely used in the field of Business, government, and education.
WAN is internet

Peer-to-Peer Network
In a Peer-to-Peer network, each machine (computer) is known as peer and can participate in the sharing of
files or resources. No server is required in this network, so there is no additional cost for a dedicated
machine, but there is also no a real security.
Advantages of peer-to-peer network
ƒ Server is not required.
ƒ All computers are equal in the network.
ƒ No additional cost is needed for dedicated-machine.
Disadvantages of peer-to-peer network
ƒ Provides share level security, i.e. it applies a trust-based security.
ƒ Can work in small environments only.
Client-server Network
A client-server network involves multiple clients or workstations, connecting to at least one central server.
Most resources are installed on the server. When clients need access to these resources, they access them
from the server. Servers often have private user directories as well as multiple public director

2023 Dawitshawul