URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

APPLICATION TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING

WITH THE GIVEN DEFINITIONS OF PLANNING AS A NOUN AND A VERB, WHEN IT COMES TO URBAN AND
REGIONAL PLANNING, THE DEFINITION IS THEN AGAIN CHANGED. STILL, IT IS ABOUT HOW PLANNING IS TO BE
EXECUTED. IN APPLICATION TO URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING, PLANNING IS NOW DEFINED OR CONCERNED WITH
SPATIAL ASPECTS OF PLANNING; THIS IS TO APPLY TO TOWN PLANNING TO A MORE LOGICAL APPROACH, HAVING TO
NEED PLANNING TO BE MORE FOCUSED ON THE USE OF SPACES AND THE ARRANGEMENT OF THESE SPACES. IN THE
PRACTICE OF URBAN PLANNING, SPATIAL ANALYSIS IS MORE FOCUSED. NOW, THIS TYPE OF PLANNING IS MORE ON THE
USE OF GRAPHICAL REPRESENTATIONS FOR ORGANIZING LAND USES, BUT THIS DOES NOT REMOVE THE IDEA THAT
PLANNING SHOULD CONSIDER GREATER PRINCIPLES RELATED TO WHAT THE OBJECTIVE IS RATHER THAN FOCUSING ON
DETAILS; THIS IS TO PROVIDE A GREATER IMPACT ON WHAT PLANNING IS SUPPOSED TO BE.

"PLANNING" AS AN ACTIVITY

PLANNING BEFORE WAS GREATLY TAUGHT TO BE MORE ON THE PHYSICAL PRESENTATIONS OF SUCH PLANS
AND NOT THE METHODS OR THE PLAN OF ACTION NEEDED. THAT IS WHY PLANNING PROCESSES WERE MORE FOCUSED
ON THE PHYSICAL ASPECT RATHER THAN THE NEEDED GREATER CONTEXTS BEFORE PLANNING STARTS, LIKE EXTENSIVE
RESEARCH AND PARAGRAPHICAL EXPLANATIONS OF THE OBJECTIVES.

BUT AS TIME HAS GONE ON, PLANNING EVOLVED TO BE MORE CONSIDERATE OF DIFFERENT CONCEPTS, AND
IT HAS NOW TACKLED PRINCIPLES OF SOCIAL SCIENCES LIKE ECONOMICS, SOCIOLOGY, AND PSYCHOLOGY. THIS NEW
CONCEPT OF PLANNING NOW LED TO INNOVATIONS IN CONTROL SYSTEMS AND AUTOMATION; THIS MAKES PLANNING
AS A SEQUENCE OF ACTIONS OVER THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN AREA WITH THE HELP OF DEVICES TO MIMIC
DEVELOPMENTS SO THAT CONTROL OVER THE SAID DEVELOPMENTS IS TO BE EXPECTED OR REFINED FROM THE
STUDIES DONE.

OBJECTIVES IN PLANNING – SIMPLE AND COMPLEX

WITH THE EVOLUTION OF PLANNING, IMPROVEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE, AND THE PLANNING PROCESS IS
NOW WIDER IN CONSIDERATION OF MANY DIFFERENT FACTORS. IT HAS BECOME MORE LOGICAL AND MORE FLEXIBLE.
PLANNING ALWAYS STARTS WITH HAVING A PREDETERMINED GOAL IN MIND RANGING FROM THE PRESENT TO FUTURE
DEVELOPMENTS, THEN THE PLANNING PROCESS BEGINS. WITH THE SAID FLEXIBILITY OF PLANNING, THE EMERGENCE OF
ALTERNATIVES SYSTEMS HAS ALSO CREATED NEW PROBLEMS. THE EXAMPLE SAID IS THE DEVELOPMENT OF
COMPUTERS TO BE USED IN SUCH SYSTEMS HAS NOT MADE PLANNING EASIER IN SOME ASPECTS LIKE HUMAN
RESPONSIBILITY.

PLANNING IS TO BE MADE TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO PREDETERMINED OBJECTIVES. WITH THE

IMPROVEMENTS IN INFORMATION GATHERING, THESE OBJECTIVES NOW HAVE TO BE MORE MULTIDIMENSIONAL OR
MULTI-OBJECTIVE, BUT EVERY OBJECTIVE IDENTIFIED MUST BE WEIGHED TO DETERMINE WHICH ONE IS MORE
IMPORTANT THAN THE OTHERS. THIS NOW TACKLES THAT A GOOD PLANNER MUST HAVE DIFFERENT IDEAL SKILLS IN
THE FIELD; THIS MAY INCLUDE BEING A GOOD ECONOMIST, SOCIOLOGIST, AND SEVERAL MORE.
CHAPTER 2: THE ORIGINS: URBAN GROWTH FROM 1800 TO 1940

URBAN AND REGIONAL PLANNING GOALS ARE MOSTLY TO BE SOLUTIONS TO VERY SPECIFIC SOCIAL AND
ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. IT WAS PARTICULARLY RISEN BY THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION. THE PROBLEMS THAT EMERGED
ARE FROM DIFFERENT FACTORS, AND THIS MAY BE FROM THE INDUSTRIALIZATION OF URBAN AREAS OR HUMAN
CAUSES. AS MORE PROBLEMS OCCURRED, MORE SOLUTIONS WERE MADE, AND THESE PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
WERE EVER-CHANGING DEPENDING ON THE IMPACT OF THE CHANGES MADE.

PLANNING BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

PLANNING BEFORE THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION WAS SIMPLE AND MADE TO PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC PROBLEMS. ROME IN GREECE AND ELIZABETHAN LONDON WERE THE EARLY CITIES MENTIONED
TO HAVE MADE PLANNING A SOLUTION TO A PROBLEM, ROME HAD INTRODUCED AQUEDUCTS TO PROVIDE WATER
THROUGHOUT THE CITY, AND THIS CAUSED A PROBLEM WITH TRAFFIC CONGESTION, CAUSING CHARIOTS TO BE
RECORDED AS ONE OF THE FIRST FORMS OF NOISE POLLUTION WHILE LONDON AND THE BURNING OF SEA COAL AS
EXAMPLE OF EARLY AIR POLLUTION. WITH THESE PROBLEMS THAT WERE MADE, PLANNING HAS MADE SOLUTIONS BY
SETTINGS REGULATIONS TO BRING ORDER TO SUCH PROBLEMS IN THE CITY.

THE BAROQUE ERA IN EUROPE WAS THE RISE OF BETTER TOWN PLANNING, CONSIDERING ARCHITECTURAL
DESIGN IN PLANNING; THIS IS EVIDENT WITH THE REBUILDING OF THE CITY OF ROME. THE ERA SHOWED GREATER
COMPOSITION IN THE DESIGN OF TOWNS. EVEN BEFORE THE RISE OF INDUSTRIALIZATION, GREAT IMPROVEMENTS IN
URBAN PLANNING TO PROVIDE SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS WERE EVIDENT, AND BETTER COMPOSITION AND THOUGHT
WERE BROUGHT INTO CONTEXT.

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRIALISM

WITH THE NEW INNOVATIONS AND INVENTIONS IN TEXTILES AND IRON-MAKING, AND COTTON-MAKING
AREAS, THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION DID NOT MAKE A GREAT IMPACT ON THE URBAN GROWTH OF A CITY. BUT WITH
THE RISE OF COAL AS THE PRIME RAW MATERIAL INTRODUCED TO THE NEW INVENTIONS, THIS STARTED AN ISSUE ON
BULK TRANSPORTATION OF THE NEW MATERIAL BECAUSE OF THE LOCATION OF ORIGIN. THE PROCESS OF
INDUSTRIALIZATION AND THE EXCHANGE OF RAW MATERIALS HAVE MADE SUCH GREAT IMPACTS AND CHANGES FOR
INDUSTRIAL CITIES. BRITAIN, BEING ONE THE EARLY COUNTRIES TO BE INDUSTRIALIZED, CANALS WERE A PROBLEM IN
THE TRADE, AND THEN RAILWAYS WERE INTRODUCED, AND THE RAW MATERIAL TRANSPORT WAS EASILY ACCESSIBLE.
THE INTRODUCTION OF NEW RAILWAY SYSTEMS MADE TOWNS A CENTER OF THE FACTORY INDUSTRY.

WITH THE EFFECT OF THE GROWING INDUSTRY, COUNTRIES WERE GROWING FASTLY IN POPULATION;
ALTHOUGH SOME CITIES WERE ABLE TO MANAGE SUCH POPULATION GROWTH, THE COMING YEARS FROM THE START
OF THE INDUSTRIALIZATION HAVE MADE POPULATIONS TO BE DOUBLED IN NUMBERS AND STILL GROWING.
INDUSTRIAL CITIES AND PORT CITIES WERE HAVING A PROBLEM WITH THEIR WORKERS HAVING A HARD TIME GOING
TO THEIR WORKPLACES AND HAVING INADEQUATE HOUSING FOR THE EVER-GROWING COMMUNITY AND OTHER
SERVICES TO BE PROVIDED TO THE PEOPLE.

TOWNS HAD A VERY BASIC LAYOUT IN THEIR PLANNING. STILL, HAVING AN INFLUX OF POPULATION HAS
RAISED PROBLEMS WITH THE SANITARY ASPECTS OF THE TOWN, WATER DISTRIBUTION, AND SEWER SYSTEMS. THERE
WERE NO MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION TO INDUSTRY TOWNS OR FACTORIES AND WAREHOUSES.WITH THE SAID
PROBLEMS ON SANITATION, LEADERS HAVE MADE REGULATIONS IN EVERY TOWN REGARDING ON HEALTH AND SAFETY
OF THE COMMUNITY AND REGULATIONS ON BUILDING STANDARDS FOR THE CONTROL OF THE HOUSING INFLUX OF
TOWNS. BECAUSE OF THE STILL-GROWING URBANIZED TOWNS DUE TO INDUSTRIALIZATION, A GREATER FORM OF
PLANNING WAS GREATLY NEEDED.
THE PHENOMENON OF URBAN SPREAD

MASS TRANSPORTATION WAS GREATLY ESTABLISHED AS THE RANGE OF WALKING OVER TO WORK HAS
GREATLY INCREASED BECAUSE OF THE WIDENING OF TOWNS AND CITIES. THE POPULATION SPREE OF INDUSTRIAL
CITIES HAS CLEARLY SHOWN EFFECTS AS THE POPULATION GREW LARGER. BUT WITH ACQUIRING CHEAP PUBLIC
TRANSPORT SYSTEMS OF BUSES AND COMMUTER TRAINS, AND EVEN RAILWAYS, HAS MADE WORKERS AND OTHER
INHABITANTS TO BE OPEN TO BETTER TRANSPORTATION FOR WORK-RELATED ERRANDS AND SUCH. THE CITIES WERE
COMPACT AS THEY GREW LARGER, THEN DECENTRALIZATION WAS MADE TO THESE CITIES. AS THE TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEM GREW LARGER IN RANGE OF SERVICE, THIS MADE CITIES EXTEND MORE GREATLY, MUCH LARGER THAN
BEFORE; CITIES WERE EXTENDING BEYOND THEIR PREVIOUS LIMITS AND BEGAN TO DEVELOP IN UNDEVELOPED AREAS,
WHICH MADE THE CITY GROW IN ALL DIRECTIONS.

THE REACTION AGAINST SPRAWL

DUE TO THE GROWING URBAN AREA, PEOPLE WERE ALARMED BY IT; EVEN TOWN PLANNERS WERE ALARMED
BY THE RESULTS OF THE GROWING INDUSTRIALIZATION, SAYING THAT DEVELOPMENT WAS OUT OF CONTROL EVEN
WITH EFFECTIVE PLANNING STRATEGIES. TOWN PLANNING SCHEMES WERE IMPLEMENTED BUT ALSO HAD BAD EFFECTS
ON THE AGRICULTURAL LANDS AS THEY WERE USED FOR GREATER DEVELOPMENT. AS CITIES STILL GREW LARGER, THE
RISING OF SUBURB AREAS WERE INEVITABLE, AND THESE AREAS ALSO GREW LARGER. AS THE PROBLEMS CONVERGED,
A MOVEMENT BEGAN TO PROVIDE BETTER PLANNING STRATEGIES FOR THE AFFECTED URBANIZED AREAS, AND BETTER
PLANNING WAS THEIR GOAL TO GIVE TO THE CITIES.
CHAPTER 3: THE SEERS: PIONEER THINKERS IN URBAN PLANNING, FROM 1880 TO 1945

ASIDE FROM THE DISCUSSION OF PRACTICAL URBAN MATTERS IN CHAPTER 2, THE WRITINGS AND INFLUENCE
OF THINKERS ABOUT URBAN GROWTH ARE OF THE SAME RELEVANCE. THESE WRITINGS WERE SAID TO HAVE ONLY
REACHED A TINY MINORITY AND WERE DEEMED IDEALISTIC AND STRANGE. YET, THEIR INFLUENCE HAD GROWN IN
TIME, PROVING DEVELOPMENT BY THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY AND PUBLIC RECOGNITION BY THE END OF WORLD
WAR I. HOWEVER, GIVEN THIS DELAY IN THEIR RECOGNITION, SOLUTIONS IN THEIR WRITINGS WERE ALREADY OUT OF
DATE WHEN THEY WERE FINALLY CONSIDERED.

TWO GROUPS OF THINKERS WERE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THEIR URBAN PLANNING STARTING POINTS. THE
ANGLO-AMERICAN STARTING POINT PREFERENCE WAS SINGLE-FAMILY HOUSING WITH TRANSPORT, WHILE THE
CONTINENTAL EUROPEANS PREFERRED HIGH-DENSITY APARTMENTS WITHIN THE CITY.

THE ANGLO-AMERICAN TRADITION

-EBENEZER HOWARD

ALTHOUGH HE WAS NOT A PROFESSIONAL PLANNER, EBENEZER AND HIS EXPERIENCES WHEN HE TRAVELED
DURING RAPID URBAN GROWTH IN THE UNITED STATES, HE WAS ABLE TO WRITE HIS BOOK "ARDEN CITIES OF
TOMORROW. " THE "GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW" GAVE RISE TO THE GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT, A METHOD OF
URBAN PLANNING THAT PROMOTES COMMUNITIES SURROUNDING A CENTRAL CITY. THE IDEA WAS ILLUSTRATED WITH
HIS "THREE MAGNETS DIAGRAM" AND WAS CONCEIVED OF THE CONTEXT OF CAPITALISM AND SOUGHT TO BALANCE
THE INDIVIDUAL AND COMMUNITY NEEDS.

HE WAS CONSIDERED TO BE THE MOST INFLUENTIAL IN THE ANGLO-AMERICAN GROUP.

-RAYMOND UNWIN AND BARRY PARKER

LETCHWORTH, THE FIRST GARDEN CITY, WAS DESIGNED BY RAYMOND UNWIN AND BARRY PARKER, AN
ASSISTANT OF THE FORMER. ANOTHER CREATION OF THE TWO WAS THE HAMPSTEAD GARDEN SUBURB AT GOLDERS
GREEN IN LONDON, A DORMITORY SUBURB BUILT AFTER THE NEW UNDERGROUND LINE IN 1907. THIS WAS SAID TO
CREATE A SOCIALLY MIXED COMMUNITY. AS PARTNERS, THEY MODIFIED SOME OF HOWARD'S IDEAS. THROUGH THE
PAMPHLET, NOTHING GAINED BY OVERCROWDING! (1912), UNWIN ARGUED THAT RESIDENTIAL DENSITIES SHOULD BE
CONSIDERED IN HOUSING PROJECTS, AND SO IS THE CONSIDERATION OF PUBLIC OPEN SPACE TO THE NUMBER OF
PEOPLE.

-CLARENCE PERRY, CLARENCE STEIN, AND H. ALKER TRIPP

CONTRIBUTED AND THE ORIGIN OF THE NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT IDEA. THE IDEA WAS ILLUSTRATED BY PERRY,
SHOWING THE PROPOSED RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESIDENTIAL COMPONENTS OF A NEIGHBOURHOOD TO
FUNCTIONAL SPACES LIKE SCHOOLS AND SHOPPING DISTRICTS UTILIZING WALKING DISTANCES GOING TO THE
DIFFERENT COMPONENTS. CLARENCE STEIN, A CLOSE ASSOCIATE OF PERRY AND TRIPP, HAD TAKEN THE
NEIGHBOURHOOD UNIT IDEA FURTHER BY IMPLEMENTING IT TO ROUTING OF TOWNS.

-PATRICK GEDDES AND PATRICK ABERCROMBIE

ABERCROMBIE HAS EXTENDED THE PLANNING OF A CITY TO A LARGER SCALE, TURNING COMPLEX IDEAS TO
ACTUAL BLUEPRINTS FOR A REGION, AND THIS IS CONSIDERED TO BE HIS MOST NOTABLE CONTRIBUTION. THIS WAS
MADE POSSIBLE BY THE STUDIES AND CONTRIBUTION OF PATRICK GEDDES WITH THE RELATIONSHIP OF HUMANS TO
THEIR ENVIRONMENT. THE STUDIES OF GEDDES WAS BASED ON THE STUDY OF REALITY, AN ANALYSIS OF SETTLEMENT
PATTERNS AND LOCAL ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT.

-FRANK LLOYD WRIGHT

HIS IDEA WAS A PROPOSAL THAT WAS BASED ON FUTURE PATTERN OF DISPERSION OF CITIES, THIS LED HIM
TO DEVELOP A COMPLETELY DISPERSED LOW DESNITY URBAN SPREAD CALLED “BROADACRE CITY”. THE IDEA IS THAT
EACH HOME IS SORROUNDED BY AN ACRE OF LAND FOR CULTIVATION AND THE HOMES WILL BE CONNECTED BY SO
CALLED SUPER-HIGHWAYS, GIVING ACCESSIBLE MEANS OF TRAVEL.
THE EUROPEAN TRADITION

-ARTURO SORIA y MATA

PROPOSED THE IDEA OF DEVELOPING A LINEAR CITY ALONG AN AXIS OF HIGH-SPEED, HIGH-INTENSITY
TRANSPORTATION FROM A CITY. THIS IDEA WAS BASED ON THE INFLUENCE OF THE FORMS OF MASS TRANSPORTATION
OF A CITY; HE ARGUED THAT CITIES TEND TO ASSUME A LINEAR FORM IN THE FUTURE.

-TONY GARNIER AND ERNST MAY

TONY GARNIER MADE A DESIGN FOR AN INDUSTRIAL CITY, AND THIS DESIGN HAS THE SAME IDEA OF SELF-
CONTAINMENT AS EBENEZER'S PROPOSED IDEA OF GARDEN CITIES. THE DESIGN WAS THE SAME IN CONCEPT HAVING
ITS INDUSTRIES IN A GROUPED SETTLEMENT. ERNST MAY ALSO HAVE THE SAME CONCEPT AS EBENEZER, MAKING A
SERIES OF SATELLITE TOWNS. ERNTS'S IMPLEMENTATIONS ARE RECOGNIZED FOR THEIR DETAILED DESIGN TREATMENT.

-LE CORBUSIER

CONSIDERED THAT HIS GREATEST CONTRIBUTION ASIDE FROM HIS INDIVIDUAL BUILDING DESIGNS AND AS A
THINKER IS HIM BEING A PLANNER ON A GREAT SCALE. HIS CENTRAL IDEAS ON PLANNING ARE FROM TWO BOOKS, “THE
CITY OF TOMORROW(1922)” AND “THE RADIANT CITY (LA VILLE RADIESE, 1933)”. HIS FIRAT PROPOSITION WAS THAT
TRADITIONAL CITIES HAVE BECOME OUTDATED, CAUSED BY ITS INCREASE IN SIZE AND CONGESTION. HIS SECOND
PREPOSITION WAS THE PARADOX CAN BE FIXED BY INCREASING DENSITY. THE THIRD, THIS IS CONCERNED ON
DISTRIBUTING DENSITIES THROUGHOUT THE CITY, THE IDEA IS THAT IT WOULD REDUCE INFLUX ON CENTRAL BUSINESS
DISTRICTS AND MAKE AN EVEN FLOW OF PEOPLE ACROSS THE CITY. LASTLY, CORBUSIER PROPOSED THAT THIS NEW
URBAN FORM IS ABLE TO ACCOMMODATE NEWLY EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS.