Fundamentos de Generacion Anexo Ingles

03/09/2012
Technical Training
Fundamentals of Power
Generation
December 2011
Course Overview
 Introductions
 Complete preliminary course survey
 The primary purpose of this course is to teach you the
principles behind power generation and distribution.
 Look through the participants guide
 Expected from the participants
– Pay attention in class and participate
– Take plenty of notes
– Ask questions
– Refrain from using cellular phones during class or being disruptive
2 9/3/2012 Technical Training
Lesson Plan
– Brief overview (20 mins)
– Prime mover (1 hour)
– Principles of electricity (1.5 hours)
– Principles of magnetism (1.5 hours)
– Electrical components (1 hour)
– AC Power Generation (1 hour)
– Alternators (2.5 hours)
– Transfer Switches (1.5 hours)
– Digital Controls (45 mins)
– Paralleling Operations (45 mins)
– Power Transmission and Distribution (15 mins)
1
03/09/2012
Lesson 1 : Brief Overview

Objectives
 Types of Power Generation
 Key Components of a Genset
 Lesson Length : 20 mins
Types of Power Generation systems
 Standby power systems

– Provides power if the utility
power fails
 Prime power systems

– The primary source of power,
the utility is not available
Key components of a Genset
Control System Air Handling Turbo Charger

Transfer Sw itch Filtration
Alternator
Cooling system
Engine
2
03/09/2012
Lesson 2 : Prime Mover

Objectives
 Understand what a prime mover
 Have a very basic understanding of how gasoline and diesel
engines work.
 Understand the components of an engine
 Understand the major differences between a gasoline engine and a
diesel engine.
 Understand the role of gasoline and diesel engines as the prime
mover in power generation systems.
 Lesson Length : 1 hour
Prime Mover
 The prime mover provides a means to rotate the
alternator of a genset
Nuclear
Wind turbine Steam turbine Wind

Hydro
Oil, Coal,
Gas
Internal com bustion engines
Cummins uses internal combustion engines as the prime
mover in its generators. Thus w henever w e say prime
Water turbine
Internal combustion
mover w e are referring to the engine.
engines
Internal Combustion Engines

 Uses fuel(chemical energy) as its input, and it produces mechanical
energy as its output
 Internal Combustion Engines are available in many forms
Type of Fuel Mechanism

Gasoline Two stroke
Diesel Four stroke
Natural Gas Rotary
LP Gas
# of Pistons Piston Arrangement

2 V
4 Straight
6 Etc.
Etc.
3
03/09/2012
Typical Engine Components
Camshaft Piston
Valves Cylinder
Engine
Block
Connecting
Rod
Crankshaft
Camshaft and Crankshaft, and spark plug
Camshaft
Crankshaft
Gasoline Engine (4 strokes)
1. Intake
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust
4
03/09/2012
Increasing Engine Power

 Increase cylinder volume
 Running the engine faster
 Burning higher quality fuel
 Increasing the compression ratio
 Turbo- or super-charging the engine
 After-cooling and inter-cooling
Turbo charger cutout
Diesel Engine (4 strokes)
Intake Compression Power Exhaust
Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline engines
Difference Diesel Gasoline

Ignition Heat of Compression Spark
Compression
Higher Lower
Ratio
Components Glowplug (optional) Sparkplug
5
03/09/2012
Energy Conversion in Power Generation

? ? ?
?
?
Prime Mover Support equipment (fuel

Alternator tank/delivery, cooling system,
exhaust, battery chargers, etc.)
Transfer Switch
Control
Lesson 3 : Principles of Electricity

Objectives
 Basic atomic structure and its application to electricity
 Understand Current flow and how it occurs.
 Understand the basic units of electrical measurement: volts, amperes,
ohms, and watts.
 Understand series, parallel, and series/parallel circuits
Lesson Length : 1.5 hrs
6
03/09/2012
Electricity
― Fundamental form of energy observable in

positive and negative forms that occurs
naturally (as in lightning) or is produced (as in a
generator) and that is expressed in terms of the
movement and interaction of electrons.
‖
Definition
Composition of an Atom
Electrons
Neutrons
Protons
Composition of an Atom
21 9/3/2012 Cummins Confidential Technical Training
7
03/09/2012
Conductors
 An Electrical Conductor a substance that can conduct electricity
because it has mobile electrons
 Have an outermost "valence" shell with electron/s that is/are loosely
bound to the nucleus.
Conductor Properties
 Conductors are elements whose atoms have few
electrons in their valence shell.
 Electrons can readily attach and then detach from a
valence shell.
 Good conductors have their atoms in very close proximity
to each other.
 Solid conductors such as copper wire tend to be the best
electrical conductors.
Wires
 solid core or multi-strand
 insulated or non-insulated
 single conductor or multi-
conductor
Wires are selected for specific
purposes based on a number
of factors:
– Conductivity
– Flexibility and bend radius
– Weight
– Cost
– Temperature performance
8
03/09/2012
Insulators
 Materials that are good electrical insulators, like glass,

plastic, porcelain, wood, rubber and air, have the
outermost electrons of their atoms tightly bound to the
nucleus, so there are no free electrons to carry an electric
current.
 Common insulators
– Glass + braided glass fibers
– Porcelain
– Rubber compounds
– Fabric materials
– Enamel or paint
Battery : Dry Cell
Metal cap (+)

Carbon Rod
Zinc Case
Manganeese Oxide
Moist paste of
ammonium chloride
Metal bottom (-)
Battery : Wet Cell

Terminals
Lead oxide
Lead Casing
(+ plate) Sulfuric Acid
(- plate)
9
03/09/2012
Theories of Current flow
Electron flow Conventional current

theory flow theory
Circuits
 A power supply with high and low potential terminals.
 A conductor making a path from the high to the low potential point.
Electrons will flow through the circuit only if both these conditions are met.
 Placing a load in the circuit allows the current to do some work.
Electron flow
Copper
Conductor
OFF
ON
+ Switch
+ -
D.C
BATTERY Light Light
Bulb Bulb
Voltage
 Voltage is defined by the

difference in electrical
potential between the
negative and positive
terminals of the battery.
10
03/09/2012
Resistance
 Resistance is just what

the word implies in
everyday life. It is the
amount of resistance to
the flow of electrons
through a conductor
Current
 Electric current is a flow

of electric charge
through a medium. This
charge is typically carried
by moving electrons in a
conductor such as wire.
Ohm’s Law
 Ohm’s Law defines the mathematical relationship

between voltage, resistance and current.
V  IR
V
I
R
V
R
I
11
03/09/2012
Power
 Power is the rate at which electrical energy is used or

consumed as it does work.
P V I
P
I
V
P
V
I
Current through different bulbs
 From household applications we know that the higher

the wattage of a typical incandescent light bulb, the
brighter it is.
W V
A R
V A
100W 0.833 A 144Ω
120V
60W household 0.5 A 240Ω
supply
40W 0.333A 360Ω
Series Circuits
12
03/09/2012
Series circuits – loads and voltage drop
 There’s a voltage drop

corresponding to each of
the loads.
 Current through all the
loads are the same
 If there are too many loads
the lamps will light dimly or
not light at all
The math looks

Parallel Circuits wrong!?
Parallel circuits – loads and voltage drop
 The voltage across each

lamp is equal to the battery
voltage (12V).
 Current through all the
lamps doesn’t have to be
the same.
 If there are too many loads
the lamps will light dimly or
not light at all
13
03/09/2012
Series-Parallel Circuits
Lesson 4 : Principles of Magnetism

Objectives
 Types of magnets
 Understand the relationship between electricity and magnetism.
 Understand what properties make a substance more or less magnetic.
 Understand Magnetic and Mutual Induction
 How an electromagnets operate
 How to induce a current in a conductor using a magnet
Lesson Length : 1.5 hours
Magnetism
 Magnetism is basically the

property of an object being able
to attract another object. Now
this definition is a simple one. A
more precise definition would
explain that the two substances
that attract must be magnetic.
14
03/09/2012
Types of Magnets
 Permanent magnets
 Residual magnets
 Electro-magnets
Properties of a Magnet
 The inherent properties of a material can be

evaluated with regard to magnetism by using the
following measures.
– Permeability
– Reluctance
– Retentivity
Attraction and Repulsion of Magnetic Poles
Like poles repel each other
Unlike poles attract each other
15
03/09/2012
Electromagnetism
Magnetic induction
 The process of forming a magnet by a magnetic field

is called magnetic induction
Organized arrangement
Random arrangement
Mutual Induction
16
03/09/2012
Inducing voltage in a wire using magnet
 Existence of a magnetic field

 A conductor
 Physical motion between conductor and magnetic field lines
Electromagnets
Man-made Permanent Magnets
 A very strong, over-saturation current is applied with

the desired magnet as the core.
 When the current is removed, a high percentage of
the applied magnetism ―permanently‖ resides in the
core.
 The percentage that remains is a measure of the
material’s Retentivity.
 Depending on the use for an object, high retentivity
might be a desirable or an undesirable quality.
– Junkyard cranes, relays, solenoids
17
03/09/2012
Lesson 5 : Electrical Components

Objectives
 Be familiar with practical circuit components namely:
– resistors, diodes, inductors, capacitors, sw itches, fuses, circuit breakers, relays, solenoids,
transformers.
 Have a general knowledge of how relays and solenoids transfer or switch

large power by applying small amounts of electricity.
Note : We will revisit some of these components again after learning about
Alternating Current (AC)
Lesson Length : 1 hour
Resistors
A resistor is a passive component that implements electrical resistance
as a circuit element.
Typical Resistor Type Symbol
Fixed Carbon
Fixed Wirewound (tapped)
Adjustable Wirewound
Potentiometer
Rheostat
Resistors
Wirew ound Pow er resistors (8W-1325W) Fixed Carbon Resistors
18
03/09/2012
Switches
Type of Switch Circuit Symbol Example
ON-OFF
Single Pole, Single Throw = SPST
(ON)-OFF
Push-to-make = SPST Momentary
ON-(OFF)
Push-to-break = SPST Momentary
ON-ON
Single Pole, Double Throw = SPDT
ON-OFF-ON
SPDT Centre Off
Dual ON-OFF
Double Pole, Single Throw = DPST
Dual ON-ON
Double Pole, Double Throw = DPDT
Fuses
A fuse is a type of sacrificial overcurrent protection
device.
 Fast acting
 Slow blow
Fuse symbol
Diodes
A diode is a device that only conducts electricity in
one direction
Diode symbol
19
03/09/2012
Capacitors
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical

component used to store energy in an electric field.
Capacitor symbol
Inductors
An inductor (or reactor or coil) is a passive two-terminal

electrical component used to store energy in a magnetic
field.
Inductor symbol
Circuit Breakers
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical
switch designed to protect an electrical circuit from
damage caused by overload or short circuit.
CB symbol
20
03/09/2012
Relays
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an
electromagnet to operate a switching mechanism mechanically
Circuit Voltage (circuit

is made or broken,
depending on whether
Control the solenoid is
energized or de-
Voltage
energized)
(operates the
solenoid)
Solenoids
A solenoid is a device that convert electrical energy into linear motion.
Transformers
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through inductively coupled
conductors—the transformer's coils
Transformer symbol
21
03/09/2012
Transformers
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy
from one circuit to another through inductively coupled
conductors—the transformer's coils
We will revisit a few of these components
Lesson 6 : Alternating Current

Objectives
 Understanding the definition of Alternating Current(AC)
 Learn how to generate AC
 Properties of an AC Sine wave
 How a transformer works
 Rectification
 Filtering
Lesson Length : 1 hour
22
03/09/2012
Alternating Current (AC)
 Alternating current (AC) operates with current flowing

back and forth in two directions in a cyclical manner.
 The voltage and current output of the terminals on an AC
power source alternate between positive and negative
polarity.
Benefits of AC
 Alternating current is the natural output of rotating a

coil through a magnetic field, it makes sense that we
would use electricity in the form that we generate it
in.
 Transmission & Distribution
 Ease of voltage conversion
Generating AC in a conductor
23
03/09/2012
Factors that determine the voltage that

will be created in a conductor
 No. of turns in the coil.
 Strength of the magnetic field (no. of flux lines that
are cut through)
 Speed of the relative motion between the conductor
and the magnetic field.
 Proximity of the conductor to the magnetic field.
Sine wave form
Three phase power
24
03/09/2012
Ohm’s Law for AC Circuits
 In general, resistive circuits behave the same with

AC as they do with DC and the Ohms law formulas
 In the electrical world, any circuit can be broken
down into one of three types of circuit:
– Resistive circuit
– Inductive circuit
– Capacitive circuit
 Inductive and capacitive circuits also show an
opposition to current flow, its referred to as
impedance.
Transformers only work with AC input
Look back at Transformers
Uses :
Step - up
Step - down
Isolating voltage spikes and DC “line noise” from AC current.
25
03/09/2012
Look back at Diodes

Half-wave rectification
+VE
-VE
+VE
-VE
Typical AC adapter for DC loads
Full-wave (Bridge) Rectifier
Full-wave rectification
+VE
-VE
+VE
-VE
26
03/09/2012
Filtering
 Adding a Capacitor to a half wave rectifier
Filtering
 Adding a Capacitor to a full-wave rectified circuit
Filtering
 Adding an inductor
27
03/09/2012
Lesson 7 : Alternator
Objectives
 Understand the construction and function of an Alternator
 Understand the difference between a rotating field vs. rotating armature
design
 Understand Brushed vs. Brushless Alternators
 Understand Self-excited vs. Separately-Excited Alternators
Lesson Length : 2.5 hours
Alternators
Stamford P7 range P80 range AVK range
1260 - 2750 kVA 2,148 to 5,190kVA 600kVA to 20MVA
Typical Construction
 Rotor: The rotating portion of any piece of electrical equipment.
 Stator: The stationary portion of any piece of electrical equipment.
 Field: The part that generates a magnetic field.
 Armature: The part that gets current induced in it.
 Winding: Is a continuous piece of wire (usually copper) that is
wound around a steel assembly- there are stator and rotor windings.
 Excitation: The process of getting electrons to flow in a conductor.
 Exciter: The component that produces excitation (can be a rotor or
stator).
28
03/09/2012
Rotating Armature vs. Rotating Field
vs.
Rotating Armature (Brushed)

ELECTRO ADJUSTABL E
MAGNETIC D.C SUPPLY CONTROL
FIELD SYSTEM
AIR GAP
(MAGNETIC
LINES OF FORCE
OR FLUX)
D.C FIELD POLES
A.C OUTPUT
CARBON
BRUSHES
SHAFT
SLIPRINGS
A.C ARMATURE
WINDINGS
Rotating Field (Brushed)

DC A.C Power &
EXCITATION CONTROL
Sensing (feedback)
CURRENT SYSTEM
From Main Stator
Main Stator
CARBON
BRUSHES
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
SLIPRINGS
Fan
THE MAIN ROTOR CURRENT IS SUPPLIED VIA SLIPRINGS AND BRUSHES
29
03/09/2012
Rotating Field(Brushless, self-excited)

X+ (F1)
D.C Output A.V.R A.C Power &
XX- (F2) Feedback Signal
From A.V.R
Into (Sensing)
Exciter Stator From Main Stator
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
Self-excited alternator start-up

Self-excited
Voltage
At t1AVR starts supply voltage
back to the exciter stator
Operating
Voltage
Voltage generated gets bigger
until it reaches the operating
voltage, at t2 at which point
the AVR starts to regulate
~70V
t1 t2 Time
 This type of alternator is the most common/popular in

the current power generation industry
 We will be looking at each individual component and
its function in more detail in the following sections
– Excitation system : Exciter Rotor, Exciter Stator, Rotating
rectifier
– Main Rotor, Main Stator, Automatic Voltage Regulator.
30
03/09/2012
Excitation system : Exciter stator

Exciter
Stator
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
From A.V.R Output terminals
N S N S
Wound Exciter Stator – P7 type

31
03/09/2012
Excitation system : Exciter rotor

Exciter
Rotor
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
W U
V
SHAFT V
Exciter Rotor – UC type

32
03/09/2012
Excitation system : Complete assembly

Main
Rectifier
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
Excitation system : Rotating Rectifier

3 Phase A.C Input
Aluminium
from Exciter Rotor.
Heat-sinks
(Insulated Terminals)
Split Two-Piece Varistor

Rectifier Hub (Surge Suppressor)
SHAFT
Rectified output
to Main Rotor
Excitation system : 3 phase rectification

3 phase A.C Input to Rectifier - (175Hz to 210Hz for 14 pole Exciter)
D.C output to Main Rotor

+
-
3 Phase full wave rectification produces a D.C output 1.35 X A.C input voltage
33
03/09/2012

Exciter Rotor and
Main Rectifier
Circuit
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan

W
Wound Exciter Rotor
U
A.C Input
connections Rectifier Assembly
V
SHAFT
SHAFT V
D.C Output
connections
Rotating
Rectifier
34
03/09/2012
Excitation system : Complete assembly

X+ (F1)
AVR
XX- (F2)
Rectifier
Assembly
Exciter
Rotor
SHAFT
SHAFT
Exciter
Stator
Output from the Exciter Rotor is rectified from

A.C, to D.C, by the Main Rectifier assembly.
Excitation system : Main Rotor

Main Rotor
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
Main Rectifier  Main Rotor connections
Main Rotor
Main Rectifier
SHAFT
D.C
35
03/09/2012
Main
Rotor
Main
Rotor
Main Rotor Poles & Frequency

2 Pole 4 Pole 6 Pole
S
S
N
SHAFT N SHAFT N SHAFT
S
N
NP
f 
120
Generator Frequency (HZ) = Speed X Number of poles
120
36
03/09/2012
Generation of the AC wave
Main Stator Core

Main Stator Coils in Slots (section)
(section)
4 Pole Main Rotor
Air Gap
time
1
frequency 
time taken to complete one cycle
Main Rotor Poles & Frequency
Number
Frequency Speed
NP of Poles
f 
120 Hz # RPM
50 2 3000
50 4 1500
f  frequency
50 6 1000
N  rotations per min
60 2 ?
3600
P  # of poles in the rotor
60 4 1800
60 6 1200
Main Stator Main Stator
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
37
03/09/2012
Main Stator
Output Leads
Laminated Steel core
Copper Windings
Main Stator Construction

WINDING LEADS
START OF COIL
GROUP
WINDING LEADS
FINISH OF COIL
GROUP
GROUP 2 Technical Training

113 9/3/2012
Main Stator with Full Pitch Winding

FULL PITCH COIL
FULL PITCH
= POLE CENTRE (S)
TO POLE CENTRE (N)
FOR 48 SLOT STATOR

= 48/4 SLOTS S
= 12 SLOTS
( COIL SPAN 1 - 13)
N
N
SHAFT
MAIN ROTOR MAIN STATOR WINDING

(4 POLE) ( 48 SLOT )
Technical Training
38
03/09/2012
Waveform Harmonics – Full Pitch Winding
FUNDAM ENTAL WAVEFORM
THIRD HARMONIC
FIFTH HARMONIC
SEVENT H HARMONIC
RESULTANT WAVEFORM
Technical Training
Main Stator with 5/6th Pitch Winding

5/6th PITCH COIL
5/6TH PITCH
= 5/6TH OF FULL PITCH
FOR 48 SLOT
= 5/6th OF 12 SLOTS
= 10 SLOTS
( COIL SPAN 1 - 11) S
Full Pitch
N
N
SHAFT

Technical Training
Waveform Harmonics – 5/6th Pitch Winding
THIRD HARMONIC
FIFTH HARMONIC
SEVENT H HARMONIC
RESULTANT WAVEFORM
Technical Training
39
03/09/2012
Main Stator with 2/3rds Pitch Winding

2/3RD PITCH
2/3rds PITCH COIL
= 2/3RD OF FULL PITCH
FOR 48 SLOT
= 2/3RD OF 12 SLOTS
= 8 SLOTS
( COIL SPAN 1 - 9)
S
Full Pitch
N
N
SHAFT

Technical Training
Waveform Harmonics – 2/3rd Pitch Winding
ZERO THIRD HARMONIC
FIFTH HARMONIC
SEVENT H HARMONIC
RESULTANT WAVEFORM
Technical Training

X+ (F1)
D.C Output A.V.R A.C Power &
XX- (F2) Feedback Signal
From A.V.R
Into (Sensing)
Exciter Stator From Main Stator
Main Stator
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
40
03/09/2012
Operation : Self Excited Generator

U
AUTOMATIC V GENERATOR
VOLTAGE W OUTPUT
REGULATOR
N
(AVR)
MAIN ROTOR / STATOR

EXCITER AIR GAP MAIN STATOR AIR GAP
D.C AC
RECTIFIER
AC
3PH MAIN ROTOR Shaft
A.C DC
_
+
DC
MAGNETIC FLUX
MAGNETIC FLUX
Rotating field (Brushless, separately excited)

PMG
Power X+ (F1) A.V.R A.C Sensing
Supply Supply From
To A.V.R XX- (F2) Main Stator
Main Stator (2 or 3 Phase)
Exciter
Rotor
& Stator
Bearing
Main Rotor
Main Rotor Shaft
Rectifier
Fan
Separately-excited alternator start-up
Self-excited
Voltage Separately-excited (PMG)
Operating The PMG powers the

AVR directly thus, it
Voltage magnetizes the exciter
stator immediately.
Operating voltage is
reached much faster
than with a self-excited
genset
t3< t 2
t3 t2 Time
41
03/09/2012
Operation : Separately Excited Generators

A.C SENSING
SUPPLY ONLY
MAIN STATOR
(2 OR 3 PHASE)
U
AUTOMATIC V GENERATOR
VOLTAGE W OUTPUT
REGULATOR
N
(AVR)
PERMANENT
MAGNET
GENERATOR
(PMG)
MAIN STATOR
D.C AC
RECTIFIER
PMG STATOR A.C
AC
PMG ROTOR 3PH SHAFT
MAIN ROTOR
P.M
A.C DC
_
+
DC
Permanent Magnet Generator Assembly (PMG)

Ceramic
Permanent
Magnets
Permanent Magnet Generator Assembly (PMG)
Rare Earth
Permanent
Magnets
42
03/09/2012
Main Stator output terminal
Typical 12 Wire Re-connectable Terminals – UC type

Δ power vs. WYE power
Some more stator winding wiring

configurations, 12 wire Re-connectable
The stator windings are connected into six groups. The groups can be connected by Cummins, or the
customer, to provide different voltage requirements. Special Voltage requirements require special
windings, e.g.; 600 Volt for Canada.
43
03/09/2012
Generator Assembly
Main Rotor Main Stator
Exciter Rotor
Exciter Stator Fan
Bearing Bearing
Cartridge Cartridge
N.D.E D.E
Key
Shaft
P.M.G
Rotor
Rectifier
P.M.G
Stator
What are kVA, kWatt, & Power Factor ?

REACTIVE kVAr VOLTAGE ACTIVE CURRENT
LAGGING
(50 OR 60HZ) p.f 1 (kW)
TIME
90º POW ER ( kW ) COS 
REACTIVE CURRENT
LAGGING p.f 0
• ACTIVE CURRENT is the USEFUL current, which is IN PHASE with the Voltage, and
provides the POWER, (kWatt), component of the load. This is p.f 1 current, (UNITY p.f).
• INDUCTIVE CURRENT is WASTED or WATTLESS current, which is LAGGING the
Voltage by 90º. This is the kVAr component, (POWER FACTOR ZERO).
• The VECTORIAL RESULTANT is the kVA , ( APPARENT POWER).
• The COSINE of the resultant angle, ( COS  ), is called the POWER FACTOR,
(p.f).
• LAGGING Power Factor current INCREASES the temperature rise in the Generator.
What are kVA, kWatt, & Power Factor ?

INDUCTIVE kVAr
LAGGING p.f VOLTAGE ACTIVE CURRENT
(50 OR 60HZ) p.f 1 (kW)
TIME
90º POW ER ( kW ) COS 
90º COS 
REACTIVE CURRENT REACTIVE CURRENT

Capacitiv e kVAr LEADING p.f 0 LAGGING p.f 0
LEADING p.f
• CAPACITIVE CURRENT LEADS the Voltage by 90º.

• EQUAL amounts of CAPACITIVE CURRENT and INDUCTIVE CURRENT in the
same circuit CANCEL OUT – resulting in POWER FACTOR 1, ( kWatts at unity p.f ).
• CAPACITORS are sometimes used to improve bad LAGGING power factors.
This is called POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
44
03/09/2012
BRUSHLESS GENERATOR
Main
Terminals COMPLETE ASSEMBLY
Main Rotor
A.V.R. Main Stator
Fabricated
Non drive Drive end
Frame Bracket
end Bracket
& Exciter
Stator assy
Bearing Cap
P.M.G
Rotor
P.M.G
Stator
Generator Output ratings
 Generator output ratings are given in Watts (or kilowatts-

kW).
 Remember that Watts are a measure of power – more
useful than Volts or Amps alone because for a given
Wattage there are specific combinations of voltage and
current.
 For example, if you have a 5000 Watt residential
generator and you know that the voltage is 240, then the
formula A= W/V would give you 20.8 Amps.
Flashing the Field
45
03/09/2012

? ? ?
?
?

Transfer Switch
Control
Lesson 8 : Transfer Switches

Objectives
 Understand the operation of a typical Automatic Transfer Switch (ATS)
 Know the different types of transfer switches
 Familiarization with typical TS components
 Understand transfer switch operation
 Understand the importance of time delays
Lesson length : 1.5 hours
Transfer Switches
46
03/09/2012
Basics of a Transfer Switch

 The purpose of a transfer switch is to connect the load to any of two
power sources.
OTPC Exterior
OTPC Interior
47
03/09/2012
Time Delays
 TDES
 TDNE
 TDPT
 TDEN
 TDEC
 TDEL
Time Delays
 Retransfer
Transfer
Sequence of Operation
 Normal Utility Power Mode

 Power Outage Occurs
– Normal  Emergency
 Utility Power Returns
– Emergency Normal
48
03/09/2012
TDPT
Transfer without TDPT
Transfer with TDPT
49
03/09/2012
Switches
Contacts
Typical ATS mounting
50
03/09/2012

? ? ?
?
?

Transfer Switch
Control
Lesson 9 : Genset Controls

Objectives
 Introduction to types of Genset controls
 Get a basic understanding of control functionalities
Lesson Length : 45 mins
Genset Controls
Genset Control
51
03/09/2012
Benefits of Genset controls
 Reliability
 Flexibility
 Physical Size
 Data logging
Types of Digital Controls
Powercommand1.x Powercommand2.x Powercommand 3.x
Functions/capabilities
General Paralleling capability (only 3.x)
AVR (Automatic voltage regulation) First start sensor system
Digital 3-phase sensing voltage regulator kW and kVAR load sharing
Glow plug control Base loading (utility bus)
Cycle cranking Power transfer control
Full authority engine control Peak shaving
Networking (LonWorks)
Networking (PCCNet) Shutdown protection/indication — engine
Networking (Modbus) Low fuel level
Fault history High fuel level
Low oil pressure
Operator interface High engine coolant temperature
Manual start/stop Failure to crank shutdown
Auto/remote start Over crank (failure to start)
Exercise function High/low battery voltage/weak battery
Emergency stop (local and remote) Overspeed
Alphanumeric screen
Remote start input active LED
Fault reset
52
03/09/2012
Functions/capabilities
Shutdown protection/indication — alternator
Under and over voltage
Under and over frequency Measurement/instrumentation — engine
Overcurrent and short circuit Oil pressure
Ground fault (earth leakage) Oil temperature
Reverse power Coolant temperature
Reverse Var Engine speed
Engine running hours
Measurement and Number of starts
instrumentation/alternator Battery voltage
3-phase L-L & L-N voltage, frequency Exhaust temperature
3-phase current
kWh
Total kVa
Total kWe and kVAr
PF
Per phase kVAr, kWe
Per phase kVa

? ?
?
?

Transfer Switch
Control

? ?
?

Transfer Switch
Control
53
03/09/2012
Lesson 10 : Paralleling of Gensets

Objectives
 Know the conditions required for parallel operation
 Understand synchronisation
 Understand the load sharing process
 Know the types of paralleling
 Understand Peak shaving vs. Base loading
Parallel Operation of Gensets
 Parallel operation is the operation of two or more AC

power sources, that are in sync, whose output leads
are connected to a common load.
McMinnville Tow nship,
Tennessee
The McMinnville Electric
System, a Tennessee
Valley Authority member
utility, relies on a 20 MW
diesel pow er plant to help
the TVA meet its peak
demand and provide
emergency backup pow er
for up to 40 percent of
McMinnville’s load.
Synchronization
 In a paralleling application, synchronization is obtained when an
incoming generator set is matched with and in step to the same
frequency, voltage, and phase sequence as the operating power
source.
GEN 1
IN PHASE
50 HZ
(1500 RPM)
GEN 2 50.1 HZ
(1503 RPM)
54
03/09/2012
Synchronization
Synchronising
GEN 1 AVR CT
Equipm ent
OK !
CB1
CB1 BUS-BAR
LOAD
GEN 2 AVR
MCB
MCB
CT
CB2
CB2
Isolated Bus
G1 G2 From utility
source
52-G1 52-G2
52-F1 52-UM
To Loads
Infinite Bus
From utility
G1 G2
source
52-G1
52-G2
52-GM 52-UM
52-F1
To Loads
55
03/09/2012
Interruptible Room (Infinite bus example)
Typical Factory Power Consumption
Peak Shaving
56
03/09/2012
Base Loading
Lesson 11 : Transmission and Distribution

Objectives
 Get a basic understanding how power is transmitted and distributed
through a power grid
 Understand different types of power requirements depending on
industrial, commercial, or residential applications.
 Understand the composition of the US grid and its future
Power Distribution
57
03/09/2012
Questions
Technical Training
Thank You! Please fill out the
course evaluations at this time.
www.surveymonkey.com/s/classroom

How everything comes together
58

Fundamentos de Generacion Anexo Ingles

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Fundamentos de Generacion Anexo Ingles

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

03/09/2012

2 9/3/2012 Technical Training

3 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Lesson 1 : Brief Overview

 Lesson Length : 20 mins

4 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Types of Power Generation systems

 Standby power systems

 Prime power systems

5 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Key components of a Genset

Control System Air Handling Turbo Charger

6 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Lesson 2 : Prime Mover

 Lesson Length : 1 hour

7 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Wind turbine Steam turbine Wind

8 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Internal Combustion Engines

Type of Fuel Mechanism

# of Pistons Piston Arrangement

9 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Typical Engine Components

10 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Camshaft and Crankshaft, and spark plug

Gasoline Engine (4 strokes)

12 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Increasing Engine Power

13 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Diesel Engine (4 strokes)

Intake Compression Power Exhaust

14 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Diesel Engines vs. Gasoline engines

Difference Diesel Gasoline

15 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Energy Conversion in Power Generation

16 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Key components of a Genset

Prime Mover Support equipment (fuel

17 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Lesson 3 : Principles of Electricity

Lesson Length : 1.5 hrs

18 9/3/2012 Technical Training

― Fundamental form of energy observable in

19 9/3/2012 Technical Training

20 9/3/2012 Technical Training

21 9/3/2012 Cummins Confidential Technical Training

22 9/3/2012 Technical Training

23 9/3/2012 Technical Training

24 9/3/2012 Technical Training

 Materials that are good electrical insulators, like glass,

25 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Battery : Dry Cell

Metal cap (+)

26 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Battery : Wet Cell

27 9/3/2012 Technical Training

Theories of Current flow

Electron flow Conventional current

28 9/3/2012 Technical Training

29 9/3/2012 Technical Training

 Voltage is defined by the

30 9/3/2012 Technical Training