Pickerill AEP CH 1 CM Rev

Automotive Engine Performance
Sixth Edition
CLASSROOM MANUAL CHAPTER 1:

OVERVIEW OF ENGINE PERFORMANCE
Ken Pickerill
Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Automotive Engine Performance, Sixth Edition
C/M Chapter 1, Overview of Engine Performance
Objectives
Understand and Describe:
•The relationship of basic
engine construction to engine
performance
•The basic function of the
cooling, fuel, and air induction
systems
•Similarities between
distributor ignition systems and
distributorless ignition systems
Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Objectives
•The relationship of intake and
exhaust systems to engine
performance
exhaust gas recirculation (EGR)
valve
positive crankcase ventilation
(PCV) valve

Objectives
•The function of the catalytic
converter
evaporative emissions system
•The basic differences
between OBD I and OBD II

Introduction
• Engine performance diagnosis requires a good
background knowledge of engines and electricity
• It is also important to understand how the vehicle’s
various systems are related to be able to determine the
system at fault
– Engine performance concerns may be perceived as
transmission concerns and vice-versa
• Diagnosis can require extensive electrical and scan tool
testing, as well as various mechanical tests

Basic Engine Construction

• Automotive
engines are
internal
combustion
– The combustion
of the air/fuel
mixture happens
inside the engine
• The engine block
is the largest part
of the engine


• Pistons fit inside
the cylinders
• Combustion
pressure forces
the pistons
downwards
• The connecting
rods and
crankshaft convert
the motion from
reciprocating to
rotary

• The cylinder head
attaches to the
top of the block
– Seals the
combustion
chamber
– Houses the intake
and exhaust
valves
• Operated by the
camshaft(s)

Click on graphic above to view animation



• Intake Manifold
– Distributes the
air/fuel mixture to
all cylinders
• Exhaust
Manifold(s)
– Route exhaust
gases from
multiple cylinders
to a common
passage


• Cooling System
– Removes excess
heat from engine
– Maintains proper
operating
temperature
• Water Pump
– Circulates coolant
through the
system
• Thermostat
– Regulates flow

• Lubrication System
– Reduces friction
and wear
• Oil Pan / Sump
– Acts as a reservoir
to hold the oil
• Oil Pump
– Circulates
pressurized oil
throughout the
engine
• Oil Filter

• Fuel System
– Stores fuel for later use in the engine
– Delivers clean fuel to the engine at the correct pressure
• Return-type Fuel System
– Fuel pressure regulator is typically mounted on the engine
near the fuel injectors
• Excess fuel is returned back to the tank via a separate return line
• Returnless Fuel System
– Fuel pressure regulator is typically located in the fuel tank
– Fuel pressure may also be controlled electronically using a fuel
pump module



• Fuel Injection Systems
– The computer tries to maintain the correct air/fuel ratio for
the current conditions
– 14.7:1 is the ideal ratio for gasoline
• Port Fuel Injection (PFI)
– Uses one injector for each cylinder, typically located in the
intake manifold near the intake valve
• Direct Fuel Injection (DFI)
– Uses one injector for each cylinder, located in the cylinder
head
– Sprays fuel directly into the cylinder / combustion chamber



• Air Induction Systems
– Normally aspirated engines draw air in during the
intake stroke
• Cool air is drawn in through an air filter, and possibly past a
Mass Air Flow (MAF) sensor
– Superchargers or Turbochargers force air into the
engine
• More air + more fuel = more horsepower
• Often require more robust engine components
• May have special fuel and maintenance requirements

Knowledge Check 
What engine component controls the operation of the

valves?
Knowledge Check 
What is the ideal air/fuel ratio for gasoline?

Emission Control System

• Automobiles require three primary emissions to be
controlled
– Hydrocarbons (HC)
• Unburned Fuel
– Carbon Monoxide (CO)
• Partially Burned Fuel
– Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
• Nitrogen that has been burned / taken part in combustion
• These emissions are regulated federally by the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
– Many states also have agencies to help control air quality



• Positive Crankcase
Ventilation (PCV)
– Controls ‘blow-by’
gases
– Reduces
hydrocarbon
emissions
– Extends oil life
– Reduces crankcase
pressure
• Helps prevent oil
leaks


• Evaporative Emission System
– Stores vapors generated by the fuel (hydrocarbons)
until they can be burned in the engine
– Prevents hydrocarbons from evaporating into the
atmosphere
– Newer systems can detect leaks as small as 0.020”
• Also recover vapors that were previously lost during
refueling
– On-Board Refueling Vapor Recovery (ORVR)



• Exhaust Gas
Recirculation (EGR)
– Reduces oxides of
nitrogen emissions
– Recirculates inert
exhaust gases back
into the intake
manifold
• Lowers
combustion
temperatures


• Air Injection
Reaction (AIR)
– Reduces
hydrocarbon and
carbon monoxide
emissions
– Pumps air into
the exhaust
manifold(s)
– Helps to warm-
up the catalytic
converter


• Catalytic Converter
– A catalyst promotes a chemical reaction, but is not
changed or used up by the reaction
– Converts harmful exhaust emissions into less harmful
byproducts
• Oxidizes (burns) hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide
• Reduces (splits) oxides of nitrogen


• Exhaust System
– Contains the catalytic converter, pipes, muffler and/or
resonator, hangers, etc.
– Carries toxic exhaust gases away from the engine and
passenger compartment and reduces engine noise


Knowledge Check 
What three primary emission gases must be controlled?

Knowledge Check 
Newer evaporative emissions systems must detect leaks as

small as ___________.
Electrical and Electronic Systems

• Ignition System
– Generates the spark needed to ignite the air/fuel mixture
• Ignition Coil
– Creates the high voltage needed to provide a spark
– Primary Winding
• Creates a magnetic field
– Secondary Winding
• Captures high voltage generated by the collapse of the primary
winding’s magnetic field





• Starting System
– Starter Motor
• Turns the crankshaft
until the engine can
turn under its own
power
– Starter Relay /
Solenoid
• Allows low current
from the ignition
switch to control
high current


• Charging System
– Recharges the battery after starting the vehicle
– Provides power for most electrical loads while the engine is
running
• Alternator / AC Generator
– Converts mechanical energy from the engine into electrical
energy
• Voltage Regulator
– Controls output of the alternator / generator



• Electronic Engine Controls
– Sensors, computers, and outputs are used to control
engine performance and emission control systems
• Required due to laws and regulations requiring lower
emissions and greater fuel economy
– Today’s vehicles are able to achieve good fuel
economy, low emissions, and good performance


• On Board Diagnostics (OBD)
– Refers to the electronic engine control system’s ability
to detect faults
• OBD I (many vehicles from approximately 1980-1995)
• OBD II (1996 and newer vehicles)

Knowledge Check 
Which circuit in the ignition system carries high voltage?

Knowledge Check 
Which component in the starting system allows a low

current circuit to control a high current circuit?

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Automotive Engine Performance

CLASSROOM MANUAL CHAPTER 1:

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Click on graphic above to view animation

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Basic Engine Construction

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Basic Engine Construction

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

What engine component controls the operation of the

What is the ideal air/fuel ratio for gasoline?

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Emission Control System

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

What three primary emission gases must be controlled?

Newer evaporative emissions systems must detect leaks as

Electrical and Electronic Systems

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Electrical and Electronic Systems

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Electrical and Electronic Systems

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Electrical and Electronic Systems

Copyright © 2014 Delmar, Cengage Learning

Electrical and Electronic Systems