Jurnal Asli Deret Fourier - Eka Fitri Novriyanti

Design a light pattern of multiple concentric
circles for LED fishing lamps using Fourier

series and an energy mapping method
S. C. Shen,* J. S. Li, and M. C. Huang
Department of Systems and Naval Mechatronic Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
*scshen@mail.ncku.edu.tw
Abstract: Fourier series and an energy mapping method were used in this
study to design a lens that produces a light pattern of multiple concentric
circles (LPMCC) for a light-emitting diode (LED) fishing lamp. Fourier
series were used to represent the light intensity distribution curve (LIDC) of
the LPMCC light pattern. Energy mapping involves performing angular
energy mapping based on the LIDCs of an LED light source and LPMCC to
design a freeform lens. Type I and Type II LPMCC lenses were designed
according to the phototaxis behavior of fish to create a LPMCC light pattern
of interleaving light–dark zones that attracts fish shoals to stay in an area for
a long period. The experimental results indicated that, in comparing the
LIDCs of the Type I and II lenses with the respective simulation values, the
normalized cross-correlation (NCC) value reached 96%. According to a 24-
hour observation of the phototaxis of Poecilia reticulata to evaluate the
effectiveness of the proposed light pattern to attract fish, when a fish shoal
was habituated to a light source that emitted constant illumination light, it
gradually moved away from the intense light zone and hovered around the
junction of the light and dark zones. In the future, the design used in this
study can be applied to LED fishing lamps to replace traditional fishing
lamps.
©2014 Optical Society of America
OCIS codes: (010.4450) Oceanic optics; (150.2950) Illumination; (220.3630) Lenses;
(230.3670) Light-emitting diodes.
References and links

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#211010 - $15.00 USD Received 29 Apr 2014; revised 20 May 2014; accepted 21 May 2014; published 27 May 2014
(C) 2014 OSA 19 May 2014 | Vol. 22, No. 11 | DOI:10.1364/OE.22.013460 | OPTICS EXPRESS 13460
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1. Introduction
Light emitted into the sea or ocean affects the feeding habits, growth, reproduction, survival,
phototaxis, and aggregation behavior of fish; thus, fish react differently toward light stimuli in
terms of feeding and aggregation [1]. The phototaxis of fish comprises two phases. In the first
phase, when stimulated by a light source, fish first approach the light source and then hover
around the light source. In the second phase, after a period of time, the fish shoal becomes
habituated to the light source and experiences fatigue [2]. Subsequently, the fish shoal
gradually leaves the light source and remains in a dark area, waiting to catch plankton.
Phototactic fish demonstrating such behavior include squid and Poecilia reticulata. By using
the directivity of a light-emitting-diode (LED) and an optical lens to design an underwater
light pattern that consists of multiple interleaved light and dark zones, fish shoals can be
attracted to remain in a specific zone for a long period and, therefore, the feasibility of
replacing traditional fishing lamps with LED fishing lamps can be enhanced. Regarding the
use of a fishing lamp to attract fish, Arakawa et al. indicated that squid react to a light
stimulus by clustering in a less-bright area [3]. Masuda et al. applied LEDs to stationary
fishing nets, using the phototaxis of fish to increase fish catch [4]. Shikata et al. reported that
underwater creatures (e.g., squid) prefer to stay in the junction of the light and dark zones in a
light field [5]. Based on the phototaxis of fish, Shen used an LED array configuration
combined with a light intensity function to produce a shadowed area underwater for attracting
fish shoals [6].
In recent years, LED light sources have been applied in undersea areas. However, a
substantial difference exists between LED and traditional light sources. The optical design
and lens structure of traditional lighting cannot provide all the advantages of LED light.
Therefore, a specific lens must be designed according to the characteristics of LED light to
enhance the energy utilization efficiency of LED lighting. This study focused on the optical
design and the strong directivity of LEDs to design a freeform lens that produces the desired
light pattern and distribution. Current studies have adopted various methods to create freeform
lens based on the predicted light pattern of a target plane; these methods involved trial and
error, tailoring, the edge ray principle, and virtual reflecting/refracting surfaces. Schruben
designed a freeform lens by using a 3D coordinate system to convert the relationship between
the incident vector and reflection vector of a freeform surface into a differential Eq [7]. In
addition, Schruben numerically solved the differential Eq. for a freeform surface to create an
axisymmetric light pattern and a freeform lens [8]. Thereafter, studies on the design of optical
lenses have focused on employing new mathematical theories to represent the freeform
surface of a lens. Over the past decade, a ray tracing method has often been used to design
optical lenses. For example, Maris applied the Maxwell Eq. to derive an Eq. that can trace
uniaxial birefringent optical elements, and subsequently applied this Eq. to Wollaston prisms
[9]. Shirley et al. used Monte Carlo ray tracing to simulate the change of geometrical optical
paths and obtain uniform light illumination distribution [10]. Timinger et al. employed a
tailoring method to segment a curved surface into several small surfaces according to the light
pattern of streetlights to design a freeform lens for LED streetlights [11]. Ding et al.
developed an optical freeform lens for an LED miniprojector by using a tailoring method and
the laws of coordinate transformations and the conservation of energy [12]. Feng et al.
described a numerical double freeform lens surface design method using energy mapping
concept for separable irradiance distributions applications [13]. Domhardt et al. designed
optical lenses for LED car headlights according to virtual reflecting/refracting surfaces and
the light pattern required for car headlights [14,15]. Shatz used a trial-and-error method
combined with total internal reflection, designing optical lenses that can produce uniform
illumination light pattern [16]. After 2009, by using a single lens module, Sun and Lee
adopted nonaxisymmetric freeform surfaces to create a rectangular light pattern specifically
for LED streetlights [17]. Guttsait created an illumination pattern using a numerical method,
in which functions of light intensity distribution curves (LIDCs) and light intensity for LED
arrays were devised and the attenuation of light transmission in space was considered to
estimate illumination distribution and uniformity over a long distance [18,19].
The design goals of the aforementioned studies were to create a light pattern and achieve
illumination uniformity. In these studies, complex mathematical functions and repeated
calculations rendered the processes of designing an LED freeform lens time consuming. In
addition, no studies have demonstrated that a single lens can be used to achieve regular light
illumination distribution within a light pattern. In other words, the current methods for
designing lenses focus only on the illumination uniformity provided by a light pattern and
cannot be used to establish equations for controlling the light illumination distribution of a
light pattern. The light pattern and light illumination distribution required by a target plane
were used in this study to design an LED freeform lens. Specifically, the light illumination
distribution of interleaving light–dark zones was regarded as a periodic function, and Fourier
series were used to represent the LIDC and modify the light illumination distribution value of
a light pattern. Subsequently, angular energy mapping between the LIDCs of the LED light
source and the light pattern of interleaving light–dark zones was conducted. Optical lenses
with a light pattern of multiple concentric circles (LPMCC) were created, the light
illumination distribution of which in a particular light pattern changed periodically. In
addition, this study applied the optical lenses to LED fish lighting attractor to replace
traditional energy-consuming lighting, and thereby creating an underwater phenomenon that
would effectively attract fish shoals.
2. Design of the LPMCC lens
2.1 Design and analysis
The LIDC is the most crucial characteristic of a light source (i.e., the luminous intensity
distribution of a light source or the light emitted through a lens in all directions in space). The
corresponding LIDC for the light pattern of a target plane (i.e., the LIDC produced by the
light passing through a lens or the LIDC of an LED) was required for the design of an LED
freeform lens. By conducting energy mapping, in which complex mathematical functions
were simplified to angular energy mapping equations, and using the Snell’s Law, the
coordinate of each point on the freeform lens and the corresponding normal vector were
calculated, and the results were used to construct a complete freeform lens. In the design
process, designing and representing the LIDC of a target plane was highly crucial. Therefore,
a regular light pattern of interleaving light–dark zones was regarded as a periodic energy
function, and then Fourier series were used to represent the respective LIDC (i.e., the
illumination distribution of a light pattern), Finally, the research using the Fourier series can
to improve the current LED-lens design method that focuses on illumination uniformity and is
incapable of controlling the light illumination distribution of a light pattern.
As shown in Fig. 1, the freeform lens was developed based on the directivity of LEDs and
the required light illumination distribution of the target plane. Given 1) the LIDC function
I(θLED) for an LED light source, 2) the LIDC function I(θLens) for the taget plane, and 3) the
distance between the highest point of the lens and the light source L, where θ and φ are the
elevation angle (i.e., the angle against the x axis) and the azimuth (i.e., the angle against the z
axis), respectively, the freeform lens design can be formulated using the law of conservation
of energy, energy mapping, and the Snell’s Law. Figure 1 shows the schematic design for
using the LPMCC as the target plane. In this design, the light pattern shows axisymmetric
distribution and, therefore, only the lens curve on the x-z plane was considered. Subsequently,
a 3D diagram for the entire lens was obtained by rotating the curve about the z axis.
Lighting Pattern of LPMCC

(Target plane)
Ray
Lens
LED light source
Fig. 1. The schematic diagram for the LPMCC lens design.
Lambertian LEDs are typically used as light sources. According to the LIDC function (1),
the luminous intensity distribution varies according to various angles:
 I (θ LED ) = I ALI cosm (θ )



 (1)
 m = − ln 2
 ln(cos θ 0.5 )
where I (θ) is the luminous intensity for each angle and I ALI is the axial luminous intensity.
The LED used in this study was a Cree® XM-L. The light emission angle was
approximately 125°. According to Eq. (1), the LIDC of the light source can be represented as
follows:
− ln(2)
I (θ LED ) = cos0.897 θ LED ; m = = 0.897. (2)
ln(cos(62.5))
In the Fig. 2, the LPMCC design concept, including the Type I and Type II light patterns.
Figure 2(a) shows the light illumination distribution for the Type I light pattern. The center of
the circle is a dark zone that is encircled by a light ring, a dark ring, and finally an outermost
light ring. Regarding the LIDC design, when the light emission angle is ± 20° and ± 50°, high
luminous intensity is outputted. Figure 2(b) shows the light illumination distribution for the
Type II light pattern. The center of the circle is a light zone that is encircled by dark, light,
dark, light, and dark rings in that order. When the light emission angle is 0°, ± 30°, and ± 50°,
high luminous intensity outputs occur. Figures 3(a) and 3(b) shows the LIDC diagram for
Type I and II light patterns.
(a) Type I (b) Type II
Fig. 2. The schematic designs for the Type I and Type II light patterns.
1.2
1.2
1
1
relative light intensity

0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
angle angle
Fig. 3. The ideal LIDCs for the Type I (a) and Type II (b) light patterns of LPMCC lenses.
This study considered the LIDCs for the Type I and II light patterns to be periodic
functions. The LIDCs are symmetrical across the central axes of the curves and are
represented by the sine and cosine functions in Fourier series. The LIDC of the LPMCC is an
even function with a period of π. The Eq. for the fit between the LIDC of the LPMCC and the
ideal LIDC is expressed in Eq. (3).
I (θ Lens ) = a0 +  n =1 an cos(2nθ )
n
(3)
where
π
2
π
a0 = 2
I (θ )dθ (4)
0
π
4
an =
π 
0
2
I (θ ) cos(2nθ )dθ (5)
The Eq. (3) can be expanded as follows:
a + a × cos(2 x ) + a × cos(4 x ) + a × cos(6 x ) + a × cos(8 x ) + a × cos(10 x ) (6)

0 1 2 3 4 5
+ a × cos(12 x ) + a × cos(14 x ) + a × cos(16 x ) + a × cos(18 x ) + a × cos(20 x )

6 7 8 9 10
The various parameters a –a 0 10

for the Type I and II light patterns are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Parameters of the Equations for the LIDCs of the Type I and II Light Patterns
Type I Type II
Parameter
a0 0.255556 0.311111
a1 0.180555 0.338355
a2 −0.15148 −0.018
a3 −0.0297 0.020524
a4 −0.08274 0.117919
a5 −0.32498 0.074693
a6 −0.16271 0.09755
a7 0.138429 0.117895
a8 0.109406 0.008179
a9 0.018162 −0.04337
a10 0.056735 0.022243
After the LIDCs for the Type I and II light patterns are obtained, angular energy mapping
is conducted according to the law of conservation of energy. Ideally, the total energy of the
LED light passing through the lens is constant. Therefore, the relationships between the
LIDCs of the light source and the light that passes through a lens on the vertical and
horizontal planes in the first quadrant are expressed as follows:
π 2 π 2
0
I LED (φ )d φ = I
0
Lens (φ )d φ (7)
φ =φn φ =φn
π 2 π 2

0
I LED (θ )dθ = I
0
Lens (θ )dθ (8)
θ =θ m θ =θm
Equation (7) and Eq. (8) are the mapping relationship between the LIDCs on the vertical
plane and horizontal plane, respectively. In these equations, θn and Φn denote the energy
mapping relationships for specific angles θ and Φ.
To design a freeform lens, the LIDCs of the light source in the θ and Φ directions of the
first quadrant (0  θ  π/2 and 0  Φ  π/2) can be divided into equal parts, m and n,
respectively. Then, Eq. (7) and Eq. (8) can be used to obtain the energy mapping relationships
between I LED (Φ) and I Lens (Φ) and between I LED (θ) and I Lens (θ), revealing the mapping
relationships for various angles of the light passing through a lens. Subsequently, the Snell’s
Law is employed to obtain each point on the lens and the corresponding normal vector and
thereby construct an entire freeform lens. The vector Eq. of the Snell’s Law is written as
follows:
  1   
[1 + n 2 − 2n(O ⋅ I )] 2 N = O − nI (9)

where O denotes the unit refraction vector; I denotes the unit incident vector; n denotes

the refractive index of the lens; and N denotes the normal vector corresponding to the
 
incident and refraction vectors. In Eq. (9), O , I , and n are known and, therefore, Eq. (9) can

be used to solve for the vector N .
Using the normal vectors that correspond to each point on the lens, the main curve of the
freeform lens can be constructed, as shown in Fig. 4. First, an initial value L must be
determined. This value represents the height of the lens at θ = 0 and Φ = 0 or the distance
between the highest point of the freeform lens and the surface of the LED. Accordingly, an
initial point P11 can be obtained, based on which the tangent plane T11 that passes through
P11 perpendicular to the first incident vector I11 is identified. The second point P12 of the
main curve is derived by identifying the intersection point of T11 and the second incident
vector I12. Using this method, the subsequent points on the main curve (i.e., P13 to P1n) can
be determined. Once the main curve of the freeform lens is constructed, other subcurves can
be generated using the same method. Therefore, each point on the curves on the x-z plane of
the lens and the corresponding normal vector are determined by using angular energy
mapping between the LIDC Eq. (2) for the light source and the LIDC Eq. (3) for the lens and
then substituting the mapping relationship into the Snell’s Law Eq. (9). Figures 5(a) and 5(b)
show the 3D diagrams for the Type I and II light patterns.
Tangent plane of first point

First point on first incident ray
P11 P12
T11
The main curve of
freeform lens
Calculate from first tangent P13
plane and second incident ray
T12
P14
I11 I12
L
T13
Incident ray
T14
LED light source
Fig. 4. Method of constructing the main curve of the LPMCC lens.
(a) (b)
Fig. 5. 3-D diagrams for the (a) Type I and (b) Type II light patterns.
2.1 Simulation of the LPMCC lens

The LED lamps of the Type I and II LPMCCs were constructed using a Cree® XM-L as the
light source combined with Type I and Type II lenses. Regarding the LPMCC simulation
analysis (Fig. 5), the 3D models of the Type I and II lenses were imported into TracePro to
simulate the light illumination distribution. The lens material was optical polymethyl
methacrylate; the total flux of the light source was 75 lm. In addition, a 1 × 1m2 target plane
was installed 45 cm away from the light source to observe the light illumination distributions
of the Type I and II LPMCCs. As shown in Fig. 6(a), the total luminous flux of the Type I
lens on the target plane was 71.53 lm, the light energy efficiency was 95.37%, the most light
illumination occurred in the inner ring of light at 766 lux, the light illumination of the outer
ring of light was 200 lux, the width of the outer ring of light was 100 mm, the diameter of the
inner dark zone was 100 mm, and the distance between the first and second ring of light was
170 mm. As shown in Fig. 6(b), the total luminous flux of the Type II lens on the target plane
was 71.90 lm; the light energy efficiency was 95.86%; the LPMCC contained a light zone and
two rings of light; the light illumination from the inner part to the outer part was 606, 400, and
150 lux; the diameter of the light zone was 110 mm; and the widths of the two rings of light
were 110 and 100 mm. Regarding the dark rings, the widths of the inner and outer rings were
80 mm and 150 mm, respectively.
(a) (b)
Fig. 6. Simulation diagrams for the light illumination distributions of the (a) Type I and (b)
Type II LPMCC lenses.
Figure 7 shows the simulated LIDCs of the Type I and II LPMCCs. Compared with the
ideal LIDCs shown in Fig. 3, weak light illumination occurred in the dark ring and the relative
light intensity for the Type I and II lenses was approximately below 7% and 20%,
respectively. The reason for this was that in the freeform lens design, LEDs were viewed as a
point source. However, the LEDs were a surface light source; therefore, trace of light energy
was observed in the dark zone of the light pattern. In other words, random light was emitted
by the point and surface light sources in the simulation. In contrast with the geometric shape
of the freeform lens, each point of the surface light source was considered to be an
approximate origin of light. By regarding a surface light source as a collection of point source,
using this point source to calculate the parameters for designing freeform lens and stacking
the light patterns reveals why light patterns were distorted. The difference in relative light
intensity between the Type I and II lenses resulted from the positional residual errors of
coordinate values in the vector computation.
1.2
1.2
1
1
0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
angle angle
Fig. 7. The LIDCs of the (a) Type I and (b) Type II LPMCCs.
3. Results and discussion

Figure 8 shows the diagrams for the Type I and II lenses that had undergone computer
numeric control precision processing. The diameter and height of the lenses were 10.7 mm
and 9.7 mm, respectively. The bases of the lenses allowed the lenses to be combined with the
LED light source, thereby reducing optical loss. The LIDCs of the Type I and II LPMCC
lenses were first measured and the light intensity of each light emission angle was compared
with the simulation results. Next, in an underwater environment, light illumination was
measured using a light intensity meter and LPMCC was observed using a charge-coupled
device (CCD). Finally, a fish-attracting assessment was conducted.
(a) TypeⅠ (b) TypeⅡ
Fig. 8. Prototype of the LPMCC lenses, (a) Type I and (b) Type II.
3.1 Measurement of the LPMCC LIDC

The LIDCs of the Type I and II lenses were measured using the IGM-500 optical system
(Isuzu Optics Corporation), which comprises an illumination sensor that is placed 2.25 meters
apart from a rotation platform. The vertical and horizontal rotation angles of the rotation
platform are ± 150° and 0° to 360°, respectively. The rotation precision is ± 0.2° and the
resolution is 0.05°. The rotation platform allows the light emitted from every angle to be
received by the illumination sensor. After signal processing, the LIDCs of the Type I and II
lenses can be obtained.
The Lambertian LED light source was used to measure LIDC. As shown in Fig. 9(a),
when LED light passed through the Type I lens, the LIDC exhibited multiple concentric
circles. When the light intensity peaks were at ± 20°, the relative light intensity was the
highest at 100%. When the light intensity peaks were at ± 50°, the relative light intensity was
approximately 85%. Figure 9(b) shows the LIDC of the Type II lens. When the relative light
intensity peak was at 0°, the relative light intensity was the highest at 100%. The relative light
intensity for the peaks at ± 30° and ± 50° was approximately 80% and 45%, respectively.
Normalized cross-correlation (NCC) was used to investigate the relationship between the
simulated and the measured LIDCs. Equation (10) shows how the NCC was calculated.
NCC =
  ( A − α )( B − β )
x y xy xy
(10)
[  ( A − α )   ( B − β ) ]
x y xy
2
x y xy
2 0.5
where Axy and Bxy are the relative light intensity of the simulation value (A) and experimental
value (B). α and β are the mean of A and B.
The correlation coefficient between two vectors was first calculated and then normalized
to eliminate the effect of the vector mean; thus, the similarity between the two vectors was
determined [20]. By comparing Figs. 9(a) and 9(b), the results indicated that, the simulated
and measured LIDCs of the Type I and II lenses were highly similar. The NCC values for
these two types of lenses were 96.2% and 96.7%, respectively, indicating that the LIDCs of
the Type I and II lenses met the design requirement. Therefore, integrating Fourier series and
the energy mapping method not only facilitated the design of an arbitrary light pattern but also
enabled the control of the light illumination distribution to achieve a light pattern of
interleaving light–dark zones.
1.2 1.2
Simulation of LIDC
5cm模擬 5cm模擬
Simulation of LIDC
Experiment of LIDC
5cm實際量測 Experiment of LIDC
5cm實際量測
1 NCC=96.2％ 1 NCC=96.7％

0.8 0.8
0.6 0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
-100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100 -100 -80 -60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60 80 100
angle angle
Fig. 9. Comparison between the measured and the simulated LIDCs of the (a) Type I and (b)
Type II lenses.
3.2 Measurement of the LPMCC

The Type I or Type II LED lamp was placed directly above the center of a 1.2 × 0.6 × 0.45 m
water tank. Light-absorbing black fabric was placed in the water tank to reduce light
reflection from the tank wall. Figure 10 shows images of the light transmission in the water
after LED light passed through the Type I and II lenses. An underwater light intensity meter
(Konica Minolta) was used to measure the light patterns and light illumination distributions
(cd/m2) of the Type I and II lenses. This intensity meter must be placed directly below and
normal to the LED lamp. Figure 11(a) shows the Type I LPMCC on the water surface, which
produced a light illumination distribution of interleaving light–dark zones; the bottom of the
water tank exhibited an LPMCC, in which the center of the circle was a dark zone that was
encircled by (in order) light, dark, light, and dark rings. Figure 11(b) shows the Type II
LPMCC on the water surface and the bottom of the tank. The center of the circle was a light
zone encircled by dark, light, dark, and light rings in that order. As shown in Fig. 11, for both
the Type I and II light patterns, the illumination uniformity in the light zone of the outermost
ring deteriorated. The main reason was that microparticulates were suspended in the water,
causing light to scatter. The light pattern considerably changed according to the transmission
distance of the light and the frequency of light scattering. In other words, a large light
emission angle increases the transmission distance of light, which increases the frequency of
light scattering. Therefore, the outer ring of the LPMCC became uneven. In addition, an
underwater CCD was used in this experiment to capture photographs. As shown in Fig. 12, an
LPMCC was observed on the target plane as light passed through a lens. The measurement
results were consistent with the measurement results shown in Fig. 11.
Fig. 10. Images of the (a) Type I and (b) Type II light transmissions in the water.
Fig. 11. Energy images for the LPMCCs of the (a) Type I and (b) Type II lenses measured
using an underwater light intensity meter.
Fig. 12. Photographs of the LPMCCs of the (a) Type I and (b) Type II lenses taken using an
underwater CCD camera.
3.3 Experiment on the LPMCC used for attracting fish

The ability of the Type I lens to attract fish, which was Poecilia reticulata in this study, was
evaluated. Twenty-five fish were used and the experiment lasted for 24 hours. Figures 13(a)
and 13(b) show the experimental results. The fish shoal was first attracted to the light source
and hovered in a light zone, as shown in Fig. 13(a). After 3 hours, the fish shoal was
habituated to the light stimulus and became fatigued; thereafter, the fish shoal swam toward
the dark zone close to the edge of the light source (Figs. 13(b)–13(e)). After 24 hours, the fish
shoal remained clustered around the junction of the light and dark zones, waiting to catch
plankton (Fig. 13(f)). Finally, the ability of the Type II lens to attract fish was evaluated and
similar results were obtained, as illustrated in Fig. 14. Overall, a single LED light source was
used to control the light illumination distribution within a light-pattern zone, and a fish-
attracting light pattern of interleaving light–dark zones was designed to replace traditional
energy-consuming fishing lamps.
(a) 30min (b) 1 hr (c) 3hr
(d) 6 hr (e) 12 hr (f) 24hr
Fig. 13. Fish-attracting evaluation of the Type I lens.
(a) 30min (b) 1 hr (c) 3hr
(d) 6 hr (e) 12 hr (f) 24hr
Fig. 14. Fish-attracting evaluation of the Type II lens.
4. Conclusions
Replacing traditional fishing lamps with LED is a global trend. In this study, Fourier series
were successfully used to represent the LIDC of the fish-attracting light pattern such as
LPMCC light pattern. In the men time, a LED was used to design a freeform lens that
produces a LPMCC light pattern. Fourier series and the energy mapping method were
integrated and the LPMCC lens design was simplified to reflect the angular energy mapping
relationship between the LIDCs of a light source and the light pattern of LPMCC. Based on
the phototaxis of fish, Type I and II LPMCC lenses that complement each other were
designed to create a fish-attracting light pattern of interleaving light–dark zones, which
successfully prompted fish shoals to hover near the junction of these zones for a long period.
Comparing the LIDCs of the Type I and II lenses with the simulation values showed a NCC
value of 96% and light energy efficiency of 95%. According to the 24-hour experiment
conducted to evaluate the fish-attracting ability of the lenses, once the fish shoal was
habituated to a light source of identical intensity, the fish shoals moved to the junction of the
light and dark zones, and waited to catch plankton. Overall, the proposed method can be used
to not only design arbitrary light patterns but also control the light illumination distribution of
a light pattern, therefore facilitating the replacement of traditional fishing lamps with LED
fishing lamps.
Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank National Science Council (NSC) and Research Center for
Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University for their financial
supports to the project (granted number: NSC 100-2628-E-006-019-MY3).

Jurnal Asli Deret Fourier - Eka Fitri Novriyanti

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Jurnal Asli Deret Fourier - Eka Fitri Novriyanti

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Design a light pattern of multiple concentric

circles for LED fishing lamps using Fourier

References and links

Lighting Pattern of LPMCC

LED light source

Fig. 1. The schematic diagram for the LPMCC lens design.

 I (θ LED ) = I ALI cosm (θ )

(a) Type I (b) Type II

relative light intensity

(a) Type I (b) Type II

The Eq. (3) can be expanded as follows:

a + a × cos(2 x ) + a × cos(4 x ) + a × cos(6 x ) + a × cos(8 x ) + a × cos(10 x ) (6)

+ a × cos(12 x ) + a × cos(14 x ) + a × cos(16 x ) + a × cos(18 x ) + a × cos(20 x )

The various parameters a –a 0 10

Tangent plane of first point

Fig. 4. Method of constructing the main curve of the LPMCC lens.

2.1 Simulation of the LPMCC lens

relative light intensity

3. Results and discussion

(a) TypeⅠ (b) TypeⅡ

3.1 Measurement of the LPMCC LIDC

relative light intensity

relative light intensity

(a) Type I (b) Type II

3.2 Measurement of the LPMCC

(a) TypeⅠ (b) TypeⅡ

(a) TypeⅠ (b) TypeⅡ

3.3 Experiment on the LPMCC used for attracting fish

(a) 30min (b) 1 hr (c) 3hr

(d) 6 hr (e) 12 hr (f) 24hr

Fig. 13. Fish-attracting evaluation of the Type I lens.

(d) 6 hr (e) 12 hr (f) 24hr

Fig. 14. Fish-attracting evaluation of the Type II lens.

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