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Topics :
Individual differences :
Variations among people’s characteristics and

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behavioural patterns.

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Situationism :

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Influence of situational factors on behavior.
Assessment :
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.1st step in understanding psychological attributes
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.Evaluation using multiple methods

.Types of assessment (standerdised & objective)
(formal, informal)
Assessment methods :

 Psychological testing (standardised & objective

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measure)

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 Interview (one to one basis)

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-Structured
-Unstructured yc
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 Case study (in depth study)
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 Observation
 Self report (factual info. about herself/himself)
Domains of psychological attributes
(complex and multidimensional)

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 Intelligence

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 Aptitude (potential)

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 Personality (relatively enduring characteristics)
 Interest (preference)
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 Values (enduring beliefs)

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Intelligence :
 “Power of perceiving, learning, understanding &

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knowing” - Oxford Dictionary.

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 “The ability to judge well, understand well and reason
well” - Alferd Binet.

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 “Global and aggregate capacity to think rationally, act
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purposefully, and to deal effecively with his/her
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environment. - Wechsler.
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 Some psychologists suggested that intelligent people

not just to adapt environment but also to modify or
shapes it.
Psychometric Approach

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Information Processing Approach

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 Nature and nurture :
Evidence for hereditary influences on intelligence
studies in adopted children and twins.

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-Correlation between children who:

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 Identical twins reared together – 0.90

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 Identical twins reared separately – 0.72
 Fraternal twins reared together – 0.60
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 Siblings reared together – 0.50
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 Siblings reared apart – 0.25
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-It is reported in studies that as children grow closer to that of their

adoptive parents.
-There is a general consensus among psychologists that
intelligence is a product of complex interaction of heredity(nature)
and environment(nurture).
Assessment of intelligence
 Alfred binet and Theodore Simon in 1905, gave the

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concept of mental age.

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 Mental Age (MA) and Chronological age (CA).

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 In 1912, William Stern, a German psychologist, devised
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 Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
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 IQ= MA/CA × 100

Normal curve

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Intellectual deficiency
As per American association on mental deficiency (AAMD)

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Mental retardation refers to:

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• Significantly sub average intellectual functioning
• Deficits in adaptive behavior

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• Observed during the development periods
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- Different levels of retardation:
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 Mild retardation IQ – 55-69

 Moderate retardation IQ – 40-54
 Severe retardation IQ – 25-39
 Profound retardation IQ – BELOW 25
Intellectual giftedness

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 Show higher performance

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 Study begin in 1925, by LEWIS TERMAN

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 Giftedness is combination of 'Triple H'
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 High creativity,
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 High ability,
 and High commitment.
Types of intelligence tests

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 Individual or group tests

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 Performance, Verbal or non verbal tests

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 Objective and subjective tests
 Power or speed test yc
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 Culture fair and culture biased tests
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Culture and intelligence
 Technological intelligence (western)

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- skills of attention, performence, speed, achievement

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orientation.

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 Integral intelligence (Indian)
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• Cognitive capacity (problem solving, understanding, etc)
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• Social competence (respect, hepl needy, etc.)

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• Emotional competence (polietness, self moniter,

regulate, etc.)
• Entrepreneurial competence (commitment, hard work)
Emotional intelligence
 Ability to monitor one’s own and other’s emotions, to

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discriminate among them, and use the info. to guide

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one’s thinking and actions.

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 EQ is used to express emotional intelligence in the

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same way as IQ is used to express intelligence.
Special abilities :
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 Aptitude (potential)
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 Interest (preference)
 Creativity (production of something new)
Creativity and intelligence
 • IQ doesn’t affect creativity and vise versa

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 • Both can be found in same person with different

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levels of each.

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 • Relationship is positive between both. (chances)
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• Creative tests are open ended and vice versa.
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 • Intelligence tests involves convergent thinking and
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creative involves divergent.

 etc.. etc..
Topics Covered
 Individual diffrences

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 Situationism

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 Assessment

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 Psychological attributes
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 Intelligence and its theories.
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 Nature & nurture's role, IQ, normal curve, MR and G
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 Types of intelligence tests

 Culture's role in Intelligence, Emotional Intelligence
 Creativity and Intelligence.