Experiment # 5

Objectives
Describe and working principle of two stroke diesel engine and explains its cycle.

Apparatus

Diesel engine

Diesel Engine

The diesel engine (also known as a compression-ignition or CI engine) and named after
Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel which is injected
into the combustion chamber is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder
due to mechanical compression (adiabatic compression). Diesel engines work by
compressing only the air. This increases the air temperature inside the cylinder to such a high
degree that atomized diesel fuel that is injected into the combustion chamber ignites
spontaneously. This contrasts with spark-ignition engines such as a petrol engine (gasoline
engine) or gas engine (using a gaseous fuel as opposed to petrol), which use a spark plug to
ignite an air-fuel mixture. In diesel engines, glow plugs (combustion chamber pre-warmers)
may be used to aid starting in cold weather, or when the engine uses a lower compression-
ratio, or both. The original diesel engine operates

Fig 1: Diesel Engine

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Basic principles of the diesel engine

 The diesel engine is a compression-ignition engine in which the fuel and air are
mixed inside the engine. The air required for combustion is highly compressed
inside the combustion chamber. This generates high temperatures which are
sufficient for the diesel fuel to spontaneously ignite when it is injected into the
cylinder. The diesel engine thus uses heat to release the chemical energy
contained within the diesel fuel and convert it into mechanical force.

 Working of two stroke diesel engine one big difference between two-stroke and
four stroke engines is the amount of power when the piston is at the top of its
travel, the cylinder contains a charge of high compressed air. Diesel fuel is
sprayed into the cylinder by the injector and immediately compressed air.

Fig 2: One & Two Stroke Engines

Cycle of Two Stroke Diesel Engine

Intake stroke
As the piston moves upward and approaches 28 before top dead center (BTDC), as measured
by crankshaft rotation, the camshaft lobe starts to lift the cam follower. This causes the
pushrod to move upward and pivots the rocker arm on the rocker arm shaft. As the valve lash
is taken up, the rocker arm pushes the intake valve downward and the valve starts to open.

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The intake stroke now starts while the exhaust valve is still open. The flow of the exhaust
gasses will have created a low pressure condition within the cylinder and will help pull in the
fresh air charge. The piston continues its upward travel through top dead center (TDC) while
fresh air enters and exhaust gasses leave. At about 12 after top dead center (ATDC), the
camshaft exhaust lobe rotates so that the exhaust valve will start to close. The valve is fully
closed at 23 ATDC. This is accomplished through the valve spring, which was compressed
when the valve was opened, forcing the rocker arm and cam follower back against the cam
lobe as it rotates. The time frame during which both the intake and exhaust valves are open is
called valve overlap (51 of overlap in this example) and is necessary to allow the fresh air to
help scavenge (remove) the spent exhaust gasses and cool the cylinder. In most engines, 30 to
50 times cylinder volume is scavenged through the cylinder during overlap. This excess cool
air also provides the necessary cooling effect on the engine parts.

Fig 4: Intake Stroke

Crankcase Compression

A crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine.
In most modern engines, the crankcase is integrated into the engine block. Two-stroke
engines typically use a crankcase-compression design, resulting in the fuel/air mixture

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passing through the crankcase before entering the cylinder. This design of the engine does not
include an oil sump in the crankcase. Four-stroke engines typically have an oil sump at the
bottom of the crankcase and the majority of the engine's oil is held within the crankcase. The
fuel/air mixture does not pass through the crankcase in a four-stroke engine, however a small
amount of exhaust gasses often enter as "blow-by" from the combustion chamber. The
crankcase often forms the lower half of the main bearing journals (with the bearing caps
forming the other half), although in some engines the crankcase completely surrounds the
main bearing journals.

Fig 5: Crankcase Compression

Exhaust stroke

The exhaust stroke is the final stroke and occurs when the exhaust valve is open and the
intake valve is closed. Piston movement evacuates exhaust gases to the atmosphere. As the
piston reaches BDC during the power stroke combustion is complete and the cylinder is filled
with exhaust gases. In piston ported two-stroke engines, moving the top edge of the exhaust
port window towards the cylinder head is called "raising the exhaust port." This advances the
port timing by making the exhaust port open earlier in the downward stroke of the piston
which helps the exhaust gas to escape more quickly. If you raise the exhaust port too much,
the gases will escape too early to give the piston the maximum amount of push. If the sides of
the exhaust port window are made wider, this is called "widening the exhaust port." Doing
this makes the exhaust port window larger, and the larger the exhaust port window is, the

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faster the exhaust can escape the cylinder. At higher RPMs, it is desirable to be able to
evacuate the exhaust gases from the cylinder as quickly as possible.

Fig 6: Exhaust Stroke

Compression stroke

Both valves are closed. This time piston moves from B.D.C. to T.D.C. Air is compressed in
this stroke up to a compression ratio of 15:1 to 22:1 and a very high temperature is produced
due to high pressure. The high temperature is the flywheel. During this stroke the pressure
and temperature attain a high value of 40 to 60 bar and 600º C to 700º C.

Fig 7: Compression Stroke

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Power Stroke

At the top of the stroke, the spark plug ignites the fuel mixture. The burning fuel expands
driving the piston downward, to complete the cycle. (At the same time, another crankcase
compression stroke is happening beneath the piston. In the Diesel Engine Power Stroke, both
valves are closed, and the fresh air charge has been compressed. The fuel has been injected
and is starting to burn. After the piston passes TDC, heat is rapidly released by the ignition of
the fuel, causing a rise in cylinder pressure. Combustion temperatures are around 2336°F.

Fig 3: Cycle of 2 stroke diesel engine cycle

Components of Two Stroke Engine

Piston

A piston is a component of reciprocating engine and pneumatic cylinders among other similar
mechanisms. It is the moving component that is contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight
by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in the
cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a pump, the function is
reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of
compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a
valve by covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder.

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 Fig 8: Piston

Cylinder Head

The top end of the cylinder is closed by means of a removable cylinder head. The inlet valve,
exhaust valve, spark plug and injector are bolted on the cylinder head. The main function of
the Cylinder head is to seal the cylinder block and not permit entry and exist of gases on the
cover of head.

Fig 9: Cylinder Head

Cylinder block

The main function of the cylinder is to guide the piston. It is in direct contact with the
products of the combustion so it must be cooled. For cooling of cylinder a water jacket or fin
are situated at the outer side of the cylinder. So at the upper end of it cylinder head and at the
bottom crankcase is bolted.

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 Fig 10: Cylinder block

Stoke

When the piston moves from TDC to BDC or BDC to TDC then this movement of piston
from TDC to BDC and vice versa is called one stroke

Fuel Injection
The fuel injection system lies at the very heart of the diesel engine. By pressurizing and
injecting the fuel, the system forces it into air that has been compressed to high pressure in
the combustion chamber. The diesel fuel injection system consists of injection nozzle - injects
the fuel into the cylinder.

Fig 11: Fuel Injection

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Carburetor

Model diesel engines are instead a carbureted two-stroke using the crankcase for charge-air
compression. The carburetor supplies a mixture of fuel and air into the engine, with the
proportions kept fairly constant and their total volume throttled to control the engine power.

Fig 12: Carburetor

Piston Pin

It is the parallel spindles fitted through the piston and connecting rod small end. It connects
the piston to the connecting rod. In the internal combustion engines, the gudgeon pin
connects the piston to the connecting rod and provides a bearing for the connecting rod to
pivot upon as the piston moves.

Fig 13: Piston Pin

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Advantages of 2-Stroke Diesel Engines

 Two stroke engines do not have valves which are easy to construct and lowers
their Weight Two stroke engines fire once every revolution. Power is produced
once during 2 strokes of the piston .This gives a significant power boost.
 This two stroke engines lower output in horse power.
 Two stroke engines can work in any position, since oil flow is not a concern with
any valves to worry about.
 2 stroke engines are lighter comparatively.
 Since the power produced by the two-stroke engine is higher, these engines are
small and compact in size.

Uses

 They also were used in automobiles but due to the introduction of the much more
clean breathing 4 stroke engines and also the introduction of strict emission
norms, the 2 stroke engine had to let go off the automotive world.
 A two stroke engine is most commonly used for small load applications such as
pumps, lawn movers, chain-saws, snowmobiles, snow-blowers etc.

Error Analysis

These plugs have two primary functions. Engine spark plug ignites the air/fuel chamber and
removes the heat from engine combustion chamber. Failed starter a bad starter motor will
likely be one of the first things people think of when their car begins to have trouble starting
or completely fails to start. A failed starter will often produce a loud single click, or a series
of click, click, click when you turn the key. This is the sound of a starter actuating but not
being able to engage with the flywheel to spin the motor. A belt driven device that is
responsible for creating spark in the engine as well as charging the vehicle's battery as the car
is running. If the alternator fails the battery will be drained of its power as it takes over
powering the accessories the alternator normally would during vehicle operation and the next

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time you go to start the car it won't fire. Fuel issue in system problems can cause numerous
issues, such as a rough idle, power depreciation and of course cause your car not to start.

Conclusion

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References

 https://auto.howstuffworks.com/dieseltwostroke1.htm#:~:text=The%20twostroke%20
diesel%20cycle,and%20pressure%20inside%20the%20cylinder.&text=This%20is%2
0the%20power%20stroke.
 https://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel-two-stroke1.htm
 https://www.studocu.com/row/document/pakistan-institute-of-engineering-applied-
sciences/hibbeler-engineering-mechanics-dynamics/practical/2-stroke-diesel-engine-
practical/4671581/view
 http://engineering.myindialist.com/2013/to-study-two-stroke-and-four-stroke-diesel-
engines-bme-lab-manual/#.X6odpdxR21s

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