Chapter 1 To 4

CUSTOMER PURCHASING HABITS OF SELECTED ONLINE SHOPPERS TOWARDS
ONLINE PLATFORM: AN ASSESSMENT
A Business Research Study Presented to the Faculty of College

of Business and Financial Sciences
University of Makati
In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

Business Research Methodology
By:
MARIE ANGELOU AGUILAR
ARVIE JIRAH BALDILLO
NOVA CULANCULAN
CHRISLOVE A. DEQUINO
FRANXINE ENRIQUEZ
GELIC IBAŇEZ
ZENILYN N. MARFIL
JANET D. SUPSUP
DANIELA S. TIMBAL
HAYDEE MAE A. YABUT
JUNE 06, 2022

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acknowledgement
Dedication
This research paper is dedicated to our dear parents and family, who provide us with
unwavering support and have been giving us a never ending motivation to do well
throughout our studies. Their continuous moral and financial support lead us to finish this
studies patiently and wholeheartedly. We also dedicated this research to our beloved
research advisor and professor, Mr. Allie Agustin, who is instrumental in making all of this
possible by giving his tremendous effort and guidance to us in every step of the way of our
study and assisting us in understanding the important idea of this research. And lastly, We
honored and dedicate this whole study to the Almighty God, who have been the source of
wisdom, guidance, protection and for giving us a healthy life to be able to carry the weight of
every struggle we had to in this research.In All of this ,We offer to you.
Abstract
This study examines the topic of online purchasing experiences in a virtual
environment. In addition, the relationship between consumers' observed involvement and
actions was studied. The purpose of this study is to evaluate how consumers' characteristics
and their buying goals influence their perception of the website's involvement. The benefits
of time savings, relaxed or comfortable browsing, thorough product information, and the
availability of simple price makes decisions were found to influence respondents'
preferences for online buying over physical shopping. Statistics show that online purchasing
has little effect on gender-based consumer behavior. The findings emphasized age, online
social contacts with friends, and online trust or mistrust as key issues. As a result, this
emphasis is on consumers' whole online buying experiences. Additionally, this enhances the
study of online shopping consumer satisfaction by identifying the variables that may affect a
customer's decision to shop online.

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
People nowadays are deeply immersed in the digital world. In recent years, the internet
has grown in importance in our everyday lives, allowing people to interact, send emails,
search for, and exchange information, and it has become nearly impossible to exist without
it. Everything is connected on the World Wide Web, whether it's business, social interaction,
or even commerce. As the internet has advanced, people's lifestyles have changed as well.
Their methods of doing things have switched from conventional to digital, and even
purchasing has moved to the internet.
Online shopping is a sort of electronic commerce in which a client uses the internet to
purchase products or services. Straight from a vendor through the internet, using only a web
browser or a mobile app. Customers must have an internet connection and a legitimate form
of payment, such as a credit/debit card or an online payment including Gcash, ECpay, or
Paymaya, to complete transactions. If the item is physical, such as books or clothing, the
seller will ship it to the buyer; however, if the item is digital, such as digital audio files of
music or software, the seller will typically send it to the client via the internet.
Shopee and Lazada are the two most popular online shopping platforms in the Philippines.
Filipino internet shoppers are increasingly using e-commerce platforms to make retail
transactions in the Philippines. According to Kemp (2022), DataReportal recorded that the
Philippines' overall population has now reached 111.8 million as of January 2022, indicating
that the Philippines' population has expanded by 1.5 million, or 1.3 percent, between 2021
and 2022. Females account for 49.8% of the Philippines' population, while males account for
50.2 percent. At the start of 2022, the Philippines' internet penetration rate was 68 percent of
the overall population, with 76.01 million internet users. The number of individuals who shop
online has increased, as has the amount of time they spend doing so.
Customers increasingly prefer to shop online since it is more convenient and time-saving.
Consumers' interest in internet shopping has grown as a result of the convenience,
enjoyment, and speed that it provides. Furthermore, price comparisons may be made
quickly and conveniently while purchasing online. Filipino internet shoppers are increasingly
using e-commerce platforms to make retail transactions in the Philippines. These platforms
provide a greater choice of purchasing options as well as reasonable costs. This resulted in
a growing e-commerce market, which is expected to double in size between 2019 and 2025.
Shopee, with around 73.65 million monthly site visits, and Lazada, with roughly 39.43 million
monthly web visitors, were two notable platforms for this industry in the Philippines.
This research aims to analyze the impact of risk on the variables of trust and decision-
making in online purchases. In General, though it may have a lot of perks, we should never
forget the drawbacks it has. Unpredictable consumer behavior and cyber risks, which as
over shopping online or overspending, will lead to addiction, and it can involve scammers
pretending to be legitimate online sellers, either with a bogus website or a fake
advertisement in a legitimate retailer area. Usage of the online platform is solely based on
us. It depends on how we use it. Beneficial or destructive, as teenagers who are born with
an innate talent to adapt to changes, we should be responsible for our words and one-click
actions. However, some customers are unaware of hidden fees and shipping costs. When
customers first see the product on the website, they make the payment right away, even if it
means incurring additional costs such as shipping tax and packaging compared to a local
retailer. These fees will raise the price of the products because what the buyer desires are
fulfilled. Some websites offer free shipping if customers spend a particular amount of money.
Sometimes, just to receive free delivery, customers end up buying more than they need.
This is called "behavioral risk."

As stated by Quiijano (2021), when customers change their purchasing habits to online
platforms, their buying and consumption behaviors have shifted as well. Various elements,
such as the advertising methods used by online shopping application firms, the quality of
products sold, and the sort of service provided by their logistics partners, have influenced
their decisions in shopping applications. Consumers also tend to display diverse buying
behaviors based on the number of things to be purchased as well as the perceived quality of
those products. It's also worth noting that consumers' experiences with online shopping
haven't always been positive, as some have left negative feedback and expressed their
disappointment and displeasure. As a result, one of the most important factors in consumers'
decision–making processes is the type of online shopping experience they've had, as this
might influence whether they buy again or switch brands on their next purchase.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
In a matter of years, the Internet has established itself as a highly strong
platform that has permanently altered the way we do business and interact. The Internet,
more than any other communication medium, has given the globe an International dimension,
or Globalized dimension. Millions of individuals now use the Internet as their primary source
of information at home, school, and work. The internet is always evolving. Two factors in our
viewpoint have lately defined its evolution: the social web and mobile technology. These two
inventions have transformed how people interact with the internet. People have discovered a
new method to communicate on the social web. On the other hand, mobile technology has
enabled the Internet to reach a considerably wider audience. Consumers nowadays rely on
the internet to assist and enhance many parts of their lives, this involves going shopping.
Consumers no longer have to waste time going around to different businesses and waiting in
long lines to receive the items and services they want. They can now easily go online and
look up almost anything they need or desire.
The Philippines remains the world's top internet and social media user, according to
the Trade Secretary's (2021) Digital Report. It also stated that e-commerce usage in the
Philippines grew this year to 80.2 percent, up from 70 percent in 2019 and 76 percent in
2020. The government claimed that the launch of the e-Commerce Philippines 2022
Roadmap will drive the country to become a technical leader in the region. The roadmap
anticipates 1 million e-commerce enterprises by 2022, up from 500,000 last year. It also plans
to educate a digitally savvy workforce to assist the growing e-commerce business.
Online reviews represent one of the most significant effects that the internet has had
on purchasing habits. Consumers can publish product and service evaluations on a variety of
channels, including company websites, review areas of e-commerce sites, social networking
accounts, and blogs. Other customers value these evaluations since they represent real
people's honest opinions and experiences rather than a paid advertisement. People utilize the
internet not just to study products and services, but also to purchase those things and
services that interest them. Almost everything can be purchased online, from toiletries to
major products such as furniture. Rather than wasting time driving to stores and hoping that
the correct item is in stock, consumers may go online, either at home or on the go, and
purchase the right thing at the right price, scheduled to be delivered in a couple of days. The
internet has drastically revolutionized how people shop as well as the sorts of things they buy
daily by facilitating quick online transactions. However, personal risk can affect customers'
behavior. They can be impatient. If a consumer has a question in the store, a salesperson is
on the floor and ready to help, because the customer is looking for a trustworthy retailer
where their data is secure. The downside of e-commerce is that most firms encounter a delay
in responding to client inquiries. The fact is that most clients anticipate a response from a
business on social media within an hour. If you take too long to respond to their message,
they may feel upset and purchase something else instead. They must be available 24 hours a
day, seven days a week.
Having a regular shopping spree is not the same as having a shopping addiction.
Overspending or over shopping can happen to anyone, but a buying-shopping disorder is
defined by an intense need to shop for or seek commercial items. People with buying-
shopping disorders use shopping as a coping method to control their emotions, either through
receiving pleasure or respite from it. Those who are hooked on shopping will frequently
overspend, experience severe post-purchase guilt, and may even shop more to feel better,
creating a vicious cycle. A buying-shopping disorder is associated with depression, anxiety,

and other mood disorders, and it can result in financial difficulties, a sense of loss of control,
and conflict with friends and family.
As explained by Adnanv (2014), the invention of the internet has changed the way
businesses run all over the world. Yörük et al. (2011) show that the use of the internet and e-
commerce has been growing rapidly over the last decade. People use the internet for many
reasons, such as searching for product information, evaluating price and quality, choosing
services, and transferring payments. In various technologically developed countries, the
internet has become an important medium of communication and online shopping. People
may use the internet to search for items and information 24 hours a day, seven days a week,
where a wide selection of products is available, as stated by Moshref et al. (2012). In addition,
as claimed by Ariff et al. (2013), due to the popularity of the internet, the growth of the online
shopping business is increasing every year. From Liang & Lai (2000), the buying process has
different steps similar to physical buying behavior. Online shopping behavior relates to
customers’ psychological states regarding the accomplishment of online shopping (Li &
Zhang, 2002).
It is important to understand how customers acquire attitudes and behaviors regarding
online purchases since consumer attitude toward online purchasing is a crucial element
influencing actual purchasing behavior. When researchers understand the variables affecting
online behavior, it opens up a significant opportunity to build marketing techniques that
convert potential consumers into real customers while also retaining existing ones. However,
customers' desire to purchase online may be influenced by their individual needs, which might
include "Need for Cognition" and "Need to Evaluate."

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
To better comprehend the issue of this study, the researchers acquired relevant literature
and studies from both foreign and local settings and will investigate those inferences.
FOREIGN LITERATURE AND STUDIES
In the study by Shanthi and Kannaiah (2015), they found out that most of their
respondents used flipkart.com to purchase online, followed by eBay, and then Amazon. They
also stated that the consumer's viewpoint on online purchasing differs from person to person,
and it is influenced to some extent by the availability of the right connectivity and access to
online shopping. Depending on personal traits, a consumer's view has similarities and
differences. Based on their research, they reveal that people between the ages of 20 and 25
are most prone to using online shopping; that youngsters are mostly attached to online
shopping compared to older people; and that the majority of people who shop online also
purchase books because it is cheaper with various offers and discounts compared to actual
stores. The study also reveals that the most influential factor on online purchases is the price
of the product; the second is the security of the products; the third factor is guarantees and
warranties.
As mentioned by Ayden and Demir (2011), e-commerce consumers' behaviors and
preferences indicate that those who are 26–35 years of age have a bachelor’s degree, and
have an income of 1500 Turkish Liras or more are more likely to prefer e-commerce. In
Turkey, the online shopping sites that sell the most products are clothing, stationery, online
ticketing, and electronic devices. We must be careful and create strategies to increase the
commitment by observing customers’ online shopping satisfaction and online customer

loyalty. In addition to this, the most preferred shopping websites are trendyol, HepsiBurada,
and Alibaba. They also observed the behavior of civil servants purchasing products from the
internet. It has been found that customers who have a high education level and a high-income
level are shopping more on the internet. The study pointed out that the delay in the delivery of
products and deceptive and misleading advertisements were the major hindrances to online
shopping.
According to Uwemi and Fournier-Bonilla (2016) consumers in industrialized
nations are accustomed to utilizing the internet, and e-commerce has changed their way of
life for the better. Consumers in poor nations, on the other hand, are accustomed to face-to-
face transactions, lack faith in technological procedures, and cannot afford the risk
associated. This circumstance illustrates the necessity for research into the critical elements
that may persuade customers in developing nations to adopt e-commerce in order for them
to experience the same economic and social advantages that industrialized nations now do.
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the major theories about consumer behavior and
decision-making from a social psychology perspective, to comprehend the desire to use an
electronic channel, and in doing so, to identify the early indicators of the desire to make an
online purchase in an emerging economy.
SUBJECTIVE NORM
In a study conducted by Hasbullah et. al (2015), they found that subjective norms have
a significant positive relationship with the intention to buy online. It proves that positive words
from groups of individuals play an important role in the acceptance of those who are closest
to consumers. Information from people might be biased thus customers will seek an opinion
from their trustworthy referent person or group such as peers/friends and family. According to
Fishbein and Ajzen (1975), subjective norm is associated with an individual's normative belief,
which is described as the sense of concern about the probability that an important reference
individual or group would accept or disapprove of the person's behavior.
PROMOTION
According to Nagadeepa et al. (2015), sales promotion has a significant effect on
consumer behavior. purchasing habits that encourage them to make impulsive purchases,
leading to higher sales of the product; this may cause consumers to switch brands.
Promotion influences consumers' behavior directly by motivating them to make purchases.
Ramaya and Ali (2016) claim that consumers keep an eye on the costs of goods and
make decisions based on the choice of whether a product should be ingested. There are
times when In order to encourage consumers to favor buying now over waiting till later, it is
necessary to motivate prefer a specific product over one from a rival, and to purchase more
rather than less.
PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL
Research conducted by Noor et. al., (2020) stated that perceived behavioral control
can affect purchase intention positively and significantly. They also said that the result of
their research is consistent with research done by Nayyar and Gupta (2011) where
perceived behavioral control is the primary driver of first impressions for customers.
Customers are given the sense that there is a well-established organization behind the
screen by a good perception of behavioral control. User-friendly and easy-to-navigate online
stores are important. The processes and procedures should be straightforward. Extremely
complicated processes and requirements should be minimized. Online stores should be
seen as easy to use and should be easy to use in reality; this has an impact on the number
of customers who will make purchases on the site.

As stated by Vijay et al. (2017), both internal and external factors have a direct
impact on website satisfaction. They present its mediating role in explaining why and how
website satisfaction matters in the contribution of shopping values and website atmospheres
to behavioral outcomes. The United States has the highest total revenue from online
shopping of any country on the planet. The United Kingdom, on the other hand, has the
highest per capita e-commerce spending. Chinese citizens spend a greater proportion of their
earnings online than residents of any other country. More than 7000 e-commerce businesses
operate through websites and social media today in Bangladesh, and the best known are
chaldal.com, ekhanei.com, bikroy.com, rokomari.com, pickaboo.com, and daraz.com. (Islam,
2017).
The improvement of ICT infrastructure, online payment systems, as well as the internet
penetration rate in Bangladesh, are all fueling online shopping. In the study conducted by
Rahman & Islam (2018), they found that Bangladesh online shoppers order online because it
saves time, allows home delivery, makes shopping easier, and enables a wider range of
products like clothing, accessories, and tickets than in brick and mortar stores. They mainly
evaluate the price and personal experience to judge the quality of products when purchasing
online and generally prefer cash-on-delivery as a form of payment. People in their country
who mainly shop online seek information via Facebook promotions that are recommended by
their friends and family through word-of-mouth interaction. Meanwhile, the inability to touch
and feel as well as the lack of privacy is the most disliked factors for online shoppers.
According to Crosta et al., (2021), contrasting findings on the link between stress and
consumer behavior may explain why stress affects certain purchasing behaviors negatively,
but others positively, depending on the type of product under investigation. On one hand, it
has been argued that consumers may be more willing to spend money on necessities than
non-necessities by making daily survival products readily.
PERCEIVED RISK
As said by Cox and Rich (1964), perceived risk is the amount of risk perceived by the
consumer as a function of two main factors. First is the amount that is at stake in the
purchasing decision and second is a person's individual feeling that he/she will win or lose the
amount at stake. Donni, et al., (2018) stated that perceived risk is a measurement of
unexpected dissatisfaction and disappointment with purchase decisions based on the
purchase goal, and it is a good predictor of consumer behavior since customers are more
likely to avoid potential failures than to achieve purchase fulfillment.
The authors determine that there are several factors of perceived risk when it comes to
online shopping. Some of these are the following;
Financial Risk
Those who prefer to shop online face significant financial risk when deciding whether
or not to proceed with the purchase, that is due to threats leading to unwanted opinions and
affecting consumer behavior as said by the authors Barnes, et al., (2007); Haider& Nasir,
(2016). Consumers may be concerned about the safety and security of using their credit
cards online and disclosing personal information. As a result, even if customers place an
order online, they prefer to pay using other ways such as cash on delivery, online/offline
banking transfers, and third-party protected payment systems such as PayPal, rather than
credit cards. Authors Adnan, (2014); Abrar, et al., (2017); Saprikis, et al., (2010) said to
previous research, one of the most common concerns while shopping online is the possibility
of credit card fraud

Product Risk
Tham et al., (2019) stated that product risk refers to the performance or quality of the
items and services that online shoppers acquire. Financial loss can also be included in
product risks, as said by Crespo, et al., (2009) because product risks lead customers to feel
that there may be fraudulent activities that result in the loss of their money due to the Internet.
Product risk was caused by the description and display of product quality, which has a
significant impact on the consumer's capacity to understand the product. Consumer fear may
be heightened by the inability to study the goods and insufficient product information
presentation (Dastane, et al., 2018; Wong, et al., 2019).
EFFECT OF PANDEMIC
In the study conducted by Tian et. al (2022) research shows that after the outbreak of
the epidemic, there have been subtle changes in consumer buying groups. Male buying
behavior has changed more. In addition, the elderly no longer rejected purchase behavior
through mobile methods, and many online shopping activities have increased. This also
makes life service companies need to further segment the market in terms of population in the
future, such as adding more preferential activities for online service items for the elderly, so as
to facilitate such people to further enhance their willingness to purchase.
An article written by Bodhi (2022) stated that people all throughout the world have been
affected psychologically and behaviorally by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, customer
purchasing habits have shifted dramatically, and consumer services companies must adapt
their business models to keep up. Due to Covid outbreaks, multiple port locations had
temporarily shut down which led to extreme destabilization of supply chains and severe
delays, and now that congestion has significantly reduced, consumers are becoming further
active with online purchases, making it a pivotal factor in determining profit for
businesses. Most categories including medicine, groceries, jewelry, supplements, footwear,
and more experienced a 15-30 percent growth in consumers who purchased these online.
LOCAL LITERATURE AND STUDIES
According to research by we are social and Hootsuite (2018) Filipinos who shop online
most frequently are Millennials and Gen Zers, who are tech-aware and active social media
users, and are between the ages of 18 and 31. Even though fewer women have credit cards,
more women (12%) than males (8%) shop online. The majority of online Filipino buyers have
middle-class earnings.
ABS-CBN News article talks about retailers betting on ‘bricks and clicks' in the
Philippines, online retailers also gain interest in doing physical stores for the better experience
of the consumers. Frederick Go, Vice Chairman of the Philippine Retailers Association said
that: “A lot of customers who view products online go to the brick and mortar stores for a
better shopping experience. Other businesses offer Omni channel to combine physical, online
store, e-commerce, and social media such as Bench and the largest mall operator, SM, using
LAZADA.
From Eunyu Nis (2014) Online shopping was started in 1979 by an English Entrepreneur
named Michael Aldrich. His system connected a modified domestic TV to a real-time
transaction processing computer via a domestic telephone line. Today, online shopping has
become the hot trend of today’s generation because of the different benefits that it gives to
buyers and sellers. Consumers are more confident about purchasing a product when they
have done their research online. Online shopping has proven to have numerous benefits for
consumers. Online stores are open 24 hours a day, so the issue of a store closing before the
consumer can make it on time is exceptionally efficient during the holidays; shoppers do not
have to bother with the long, exasperating lines. Due to the lack of operating costs, online
retailers can sell goods at lower prices so this makes the experience of online shopping not
only faster and more convenient but is also cheaper than going to the physical store. Even
though there are benefits to purchasing online, there are several drawbacks to doing business
online. Backorder goods can prove to be exceedingly trying for shoppers, especially during
the holidays, shoppers also lose the person-to-person communication that online retailers
cannot provide, as said by Svonavec (2017).
Online shopping allures customers since it offers convenience, savings, and numerous
variations of choices of items on a single website. With less effort, customers can purchase
from the websites by using internet-connected gadgets such as desktops, computers, laptops,
and mobile phones. One of the site's incentives is the offer given in a form of discounts and
savings that can attract and provide leverage for the customer to choose online shopping
rather than a physical store. These conditions will be taken as an opportunity for major
retailers to send out their products efficiently to further create additional revenues as said by
Macarayo (2017).The Philippines’ e-commerce market can expect a stupendous compound
annual growth rate of 101.4 percent from 2013 until 2018, thanks to rising internet and social
media adoption to Ken Research (2014).
SUBJECTIVE NORMS
Previous studies by Liu, Forsythe, and Black (2006) also found that subjective norms
have a strong positive effect on customers' intentions. If the customer feels pleasant and
delighted in using the internet for online shopping, there is a possibility to lead customers’
intention to shop online. In his research, Voicu (2016) asserted that one of the most important
resources that a company or organization needs is information. Online marketers,
entrepreneurs, and businesses can benefit greatly from understanding and taking into
account the different factors that influence customers' decisions to shop online and their
preferences. The consumer's brain conceals some information, such as knowledge of
purchasing habits.
PROMOTION
According to Braza et. al (2022) from the survey conducted on the residents of Laur,
Nueva Ecija, price still plays a significant role in rural consumers' buying behavior, supporting
the idea that they are highly price-sensitive consumers (Chhabra, 2018). It is evident that the
price of products was more valued when it comes to factors that affect their buying behavior,
which relates to the study done by Subbaiah and Sathish (2017) that one of the three
fundamental goals of advertising and marketing is to offer a reasonable price.
Additionally, a study conducted by Narte et al. (2019), shows that online shoppers take
sales Promotion as a primary factor in buying products on the internet. Advertisements,
logistics, social environment, feedback, and payment process are also vital factors to consider
in online shopping as it affects their buying behavior.
According to Kardes, Cronley, and Cline (2012), even if the customer did not make a
purchase, the customer will probably be exposed to marketing information in the form of
advertisements, product information on packages, opinions from friends or family members,
and brand symbols on almost everything. Perceived behavior control comprises all consumer
activities from purchase, use, and disposal of goods and services which are associated with
the consumer’s emotional, mental, and behavioral responses that precede, determine or
follow these activities.
PERCEIVED RISK
As claimed by the authors Chen and Mort (2007); Pavlou&Gefen (2004); Warkentin et
al., (2002) perceived risk is identified as the discomfort of consumers through the impersonal
interaction and intangible effects that come from operating online. Lack of trust, for example,
appears to be the most significant impediment to customers purchasing online. Additionally,
buyers may need to study and feel the things, as well as meet with friends and receive
additional feedback on the products before purchasing. Many severe issues discourage
consumers from shopping online. Past research recommends that fear of fraud, absence of
standard technologies for secure payment, privacy issues, and lack of overall trust in e-
commerce were the major reasons consumers opt out of engaging in an online marketplace
according to Chen and Tan (2004); Hoffman et al., (1999); Lee and Turban (2001); Olivero
and Lunt (2004); Ranganathan and Jha (2009); Riegelsberger et al., (2005).
Privacy risk is a privacy and security are two divergent constructs by Miyazaki and
Fernandez (2001); Belanger et al., (2002). It means that an online vendor may share the
personal information of the customer with external parties or misuse it. Perceived privacy risk
is defined as “the possibility that online businesses might use personal information
inappropriately hence invading a consumer’s privacy”.
Non-delivery risk according to Yu et al., (2007) is “probable loss of delivery associated
with goods lost, goods damaged and sent to the wrong place after shopping”. Online
customers are concerned that delivery will be delayed for a variety of reasons, including the
possibility that the delivery firm will not deliver the product within the amended period to the
customers, or consumers might fear that the goods may be damaged while in transit, or no
proper packaging and handling during transportation.
EFFECTS OF PANDEMIC
According to Patrick Cua (2020) the Managing Director of Nielsin's Retail intelligence
business for the Philippines, Filipino consumer behavior has seen a significant shift since the
start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Online retail shopping and food deliveries have become the
norm in practically every family due to increased health awareness and the desire to stay at
home. As more and more shops develop e-commerce platforms, there have also been
changes in how businesses are run. All of these have suggested that Filipino shoppers are
starting to experiment with new methods of shopping and are learning about all of their
available options.
In another study by (Crosta, Et al., 2021), the pandemic of consumer behavior has
psychological factors that have affected consumers and that the pandemic was not just a
health crisis but has changed the way the entire way of life of consumers. This has created
new factors, which are called utilitarian shopping and refer to necessities products like food,
medicine, clothing, and medical care, while the other is non-necessities, which is called
hedonic shopping. According to the study, customers will purchase both needs and non-
necessities as a result of the covid-19 virus because of the negative emotions—depression,
tension, and anxiety—that they experience.

SYNTHESIS
The Internet is altering the way people purchase products and services and has quickly
become a worldwide phenomenon. The Internet has become the focal point of heated
problems, with many claiming that the internet has a greater impact on people's everyday
lives than in the past. As a result, business-to-business transactions have shifted. In
Southeast Asia, online shopping has become the new normal. Shopping online has overtaken
email and site surfing as the third most popular internet activity. Most individuals prefer to
purchase online using their devices, the majority of which are smartphones, while others are
desktops and laptops. As a result, it is expected that mobile commerce will increase shortly.
Convenience is the primary motivator for customers to purchase online. Another reason
people purchase online is that it is more affordable and convenient. The key elements
influencing e-buying potential are the firm's attitude and conduct regarding online purchases.
Because of the rapid advancement of technology as well as the growing popularity of online
shopping, their purchasing habits are influenced.
Since the pandemic started, consumers have substantially changed their ways of
buying goods in the market as they shoulder e-commerce shopping due to the regulations
and protocol of the government. Until now, Online shopping has been a constant as an
accessible result for the exciting lives of most Filipinos, buying particular items or groceries as
it's a regular exertion for every individual or family. This has always been determined by how
they buy, which has a major impact on their viewpoint and intentions, which may lead to a
possible result as buyers online, particularly as valid users.
The recent study by Ramya & Ali, (2016) Consumer Buying Behavior is dealing with
the buying behavior of the prime consumer, which may also refer to the selection, purchase,
and consumption of goods and services for the satisfaction of what is the want and needs of
an individual. Their study is to embark on the factors or forces that influence consumer buying
behavior, those are the internal or Psychological factors, Social factors, Cultural factors,
Economic factors, and personal factors. Likewise, (Csiszárik-Kocsir et al, 2021,) the research
shows that generation-specific buying and consumption patterns are also related to individual
values. According to Sundström et al., (2019), the study described the buying behavior as
digital and being part of a new generation of multi-screen users. Attitudes change over time
as individuals learn new generalities about the idea or object they're assessing as said by
Shaouf et al., (2016),
It’s better to understand customer behavior in the realm of online purchases to get a
competitive advantage in the market. As a result, to fulfill consumer preferences, it is
necessary to assess and determine the components that motivate people to purchase online.
Aside from the variables that motivate customers to purchase online, the demographics of
online shoppers in terms of age, gender, income, and occupation are also significant to
identify their tactics in accordance. Because online shopping is a new medium, consumer
behavior in the field of online shopping is rather different when compared to conventional
consumer behavior; therefore, it is equally crucial to understand what variables encourage
customers to purchase online. It comprises numerous elements that drive customers to buy
online to achieve a purchasing choice. These elements are critical for shops to compete in the
market and make their products more compatible.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 1
As seen in Figure 1, the theory of planned behavior shows that determining conduct is
one's purpose. This theory aims to explore the impact of perceived behavioral control,
subjective norms, and attitude on the desire to purchase online, as well as its impact on
online purchasing behavior. The theory of planned behavior (figure 1) was proposed by Icek
Ajzen in 1985 in his article "From intentions to actions: A Theory of planned behavior." This
theory was developed from the theory of reasoned action, which was proposed by Martin
Fishbein together with Icek Ajzen in 1975.
The theory's first component is perceived behavioral control, which refers to the motivating
variables that impact conduct (Ajzen, 1991). The higher the desire to engage in a certain
action, the more likely that behavior will be carried out. The second construct is an attitude
toward the behavior, which is the degree to which a person has a favorable or unfavorable
assessment of a certain activity. Attitude is made up of behavioral beliefs and outcome
evaluations. The third concept is the subjective norm, which is a social demand to do or not
performs a specific activity. Subjective norms are formed by the combination of normative
ideas and incentives to conform. Perceived behavioral control, which refers to people's
perceptions of the ease or difficulty of doing the activity of interest, is also important in the
theory of planned behavior. To explain behavior within human control, Ajzen (1985, 1991)
introduced the notion of planned behavior. This viewpoint revolves around a person's intent.
According to Ajzen, our behavior may be anticipated based on our purpose to behave in a
specific way.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
Figure 2
Information and data from study components are essential in comprehending the
theories presented in this work. The first item in the input (figure 2) is the respondents' profile,
which may help the researchers identify their respondents. It includes the decision-buying
habit variables of the respondents. Respondent data is being collected through the use of
survey questionnaires. For the outcome, researchers must understand the tactics for
influencing client purchase behavior via an online platform.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
This study aims to determine the Consumer Purchasing Habits of Online Shoppers.
The following are the problems of the study that researchers aim to find answers to;
1. What is the profile of the respondents among online shoppers with regards to;
1.1 Age,
1.2 Sex,
1.3 Profession,
1.4 Allocated Income,
2. How does the purchasing habit of the respondents be described along with the following variable:
2.1 perceived behavioral control
2.2 attitude
2.3 subjective norm
2.4 Intention
2.5 Behavior
3. Is there a significant difference in the purchasing habits of the respondents when they are
grouped according to their profile?
4. Based on the result of the study, what strategies can be recommended for online shoppers'
for them to utilize the online platform?

HYPOTHESIS
The following hypothesis will be tested at a. 05 level of significance.
Ho: There is no significant difference in the purchasing habits of the respondents when
they are grouped according to their profiles.

SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
This study will primarily focus on assessing the customer purchasing habits of
selected online shoppers from 2021 to 2022. The respondents’ customer purchasing behavior
is examined to see if it affects or aids them in acquiring products and services.
Researchers will conduct data using questionnaire surveys for the non-working and
working who have online shopping IDs that have done or attempted to do their purchasing
online. Upon handling the questionnaire, some of the basic information is required, such as
the respondent's age, sex, and allocated income. The purpose of this study is to learn about
people's online buying choices and preferences to enhance the research results. This study
may be categorized based on several demographic characteristics.
This study defined purchasing habit variables as people's expectations of an
individual's intention to engage in an interesting behavior, such as the state in which a person
has a positive or negative appraisal of a given behavior, which includes behavioral beliefs or
outcome evaluations, as well as social pressure to engage or not engage a person's behavior
when purchasing online.
The research described comprehensively the understanding of consumer behavior
presented and of methods that demonstrate how internet buying influences customer
behavior nowadays, as well as proof that e-commerce has had a significant impact on daily
life. As an outcome, future readers will be able to complete their studies and contribute
information.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This research was created to provide critical information and knowledge about the
chosen issue from respondents, current studies or dissertations, and associated sites that are
required for the expected relevance to the persons as follows:
Students
Students will benefit from this study as it will act as a guide for them to understand how
the content and abilities they received throughout the curriculum will be valuable to them in
the future. The study will assist students in their professional growth as they will be able to
learn faster and more efficiently in the future.
Parents
The research will inform parents since it will allow them to build supportive measures to
assist them in making wise purchasing selections for items or services. The information would
also help them learn about the purchasing habits of specific customer segments.
Business Owners
This research aids business owners by assisting them in understanding and
recognizing how consumer purchasing habits affect the entire output of the firm, as well as
guiding them in knowing specific elements that might influence shoppers to purchase
products or services.
Future Researchers
The study's research will be valuable as reference material and a guide for future
researchers who intend to undertake the same experimental study or any study linked to
Consumer purchasing habits in connection to online consumers as perceived by Supply
Chain Management students.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
The following words are the terms that will be used mostly in this study. It is also
defined according to its use in this research.
An online platform refers to a digital service that makes use of the Internet enabling two or
more individuals to connect (whether companies or private individuals)
Attitude. Refers to the degree to which a person views a particular activity favorably or
unfavorably.
Business to Business. Business-to-business refers to a business that is conducted between
companies, rather than between a company and an individual consumer.
Buying-Shopping Disorder. Is excessive or obsessive buying and shopping behavior, which
causes distress to the affected and those around them.
Electronic Commerce. Refers to the buying and selling of a product or service using an
electronic network which is the internet.
E- Retailers. Is the process of selling goods and services through electronic media,
Particularly the internet.
Logistics Partner. Is your window to internal and external logistics activities and costs. By
supplying complete logistics systems visibility and sharing all information both teams can
collectively establish joint initiatives which will have a far greater project impact and
opportunity for success.
Online shopping. Refers to the act of buying a product through any store with the help of any
website or app.
Perceived Behavioral Control. Refers to the people's views of how easy or difficult it is to
perform the activity of their interest.
Purchasing habits refer to the behavior of buying a certain product repetitively.

Socio-demographic. Refer to a combination of social and demographic factors that define
people in a specific group or population.
Subjective Norm. Refers to a feeling of concern about whether or not a significant reference
group or person would accept or disapprove of the person's behavior. It is related to a
person's ideas regarding whether or not peers and important individuals in his or her life think
he or she should perform a certain activity.
Web Visitor. Is someone who views or goes to your website.

CHAPTER 2
METHODOLOGY
This chapter will discuss the Methodology of the research study. It will present the
study’s design, Population and sampling, Sources of data, and data analysis to further
understand and scrutinize the study undertaken.
RESEARCH DESIGN
This study will be possible if the research design is established. Sunders et al. (2012)
defined research design as a general plan to answer a research question. As a systematic
approach to conducting a scientific inquiry, it brings together several components, strategies,
and methods to collect data and analyze it.
The researchers will use a descriptive type of study. Descriptive research is defined as
an attempt to determine, describe, or identify what way or how something came to be.
The researchers will identify the customer purchasing habits of selected online shoppers
on the various online platforms. The study will determine and describe the result of the study
and the possible reasons for it. Fox median company also described how a goal of descriptive
research is to cast light on current issues through a process of data collection that enables
them to describe the situation more completely. A descriptive research design is a great tool
for producing an output that is well-defined and well presented.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING
The study focused on online shoppers in 2021-2022. The online consumers, working
and non-working individuals who have done or attempted to do their purchase online are the
demographic of the researchers conducting this study. They were chosen as respondents
because they used the online platform and were more informed about these processes.
The population that we chose as respondents is the barangay of West Rembo within
Makati City, which has a total population of 32,427 people. We use the Slovin's sampling
Techniques to find the reasonable accuracy results that are used to evaluate the population,
using the Slovin's sampling Techniques that are applicable to basic random sampling from a
total of 32,427 respondents to a confidence level of 95 percent, and a margin error of 5
percent, the total would be 395 respondent who will be chosen randomly to be used in the
survey where the obtained data from them will be used In addition, they must fit the study's
specific requirements.
a.) Have an online shopping ID
b.) Agreed to take part in the survey and provide limited information
The respondents of the study will be guaranteed full confidentiality of their responses.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT
Questionnaire: The tool that the researchers will use is an online survey
questionnaire. An online survey questionnaire is a primary tool for gathering data from online
shoppers who are the respondents of this research. Due to COVID-19 and restrictions from
the government, researchers and online shoppers could not do a physical survey, so the
questionnaires were prepared online.
Construction. The research instrument to be used is an online questionnaire which is
adopted and composed of two parts. The first part covers the demographic profile of the
respondents. This includes the following;
a. Age
b. Sex
c. Profession
d. Allocated income
e. Type of online shopping app used
The second part of the questionnaire will be using a Likert Scale and it is focused on
the questions that are proper for this research. The questionnaire contains the following
variables; (a.) questions about respondents’ attitudes toward purchasing online, to assess
how likely/willingly they want to shop online; (b.) questions about perceived behavioral
control, to assess the respondent's ease or difficulty of performing online shopping. (c)
Questions about subjective norms

Validation. This research will be validated by the following professionals; Jerome
Samson an Assistant Professor IV, Marichu Busano an Inventory and Outbound Shopee
Assistant Manager, and Vicent Padua Madrid a BDO Unibank, Inc. Senior Marketing
Manager. They will be the ones to approve the said instrument if it is already valid and
constructed in such a way that its outcome will be accurate for its purpose.
Administration and Retrieval of the Questionnaire: The researcher will use Google
forms, a type of questionnaire, as a method for gathering data. Google forms are to be
distributed to all online shoppers who are willing to participate via Facebook, Messenger, or
email. Each of the researchers can send or post the online survey questionnaire via their
social media accounts so that possible respondents can have access to it, and we will ask
them to give us a reply once they are done filling out the google form. Once the respondent
fills out the google form their information/response will automatically appear on our end
(mainly to the account of who created the google form).
Ethical Considerations: This research is important for scientific integrity, human rights
and dignity, and science-society partnership. These principles ensure that study participants'
involvement is voluntary, informed, and safe. The researcher will follow this ethical concern,
which is to respect the study in relation to the participants. On this premise, it is the
participants' right to be recognized as human beings with the right to be valued in a
meaningful way. In general, participants are more than just a means of gathering necessary
information; the researcher also seeks to guarantee that the rights of the individuals
participating are secure and protected at all times. Another crucial and vital aspect of this
study that researchers should consider is privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity. These aided
the study in achieving its goal.

These considerations work to:
 protect the rights of research participants
 enhance research validity
 maintain scientific integrity

DATA ANALYSIS PROCEDURE
The survey questionnaire was distributed using Google Forms, and the results of the
answers will be automatically summarized by the method. Frequencies and Percentage
variances will be given and displayed in the medium's answer section. In SOP 1, percentages
and weighted mean will be utilized to determine the number and corresponding rate of the
different categories in the respondents' demographic profile.
Just for formality, the formula for calculating the Percentage and frequency of the
results can be expressed as follows:
P=(f/n)*100
Where:
P= Percentage
f= Frequency
n= number of respondents
Weighted Mean
The weighted mean is a sort of mean that is determined by multiplying the weight (or
probability) associated with a certain event or outcome by the quantitative outcome and then
adding the results. The data will be analyzed using the weighted mean. The data to be
evaluated will come from SOP 2 and will be scored using a rating scale. The weighted mean
is calculated using the following formula:

where wi is the weighting given to the ith data point, xi is the value of the ith
data point and n is the number of data points in the set, wi could be the
sample size in the ith study, and xi is the effect size for that study.
Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing
The null hypothesis is a statement concerning the value of a parameter (population),
such as the myu or population mean (µ)) or population percentage (p). It consists of the
equality condition and is indicated as H0, often known as H-naught.
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
The various variables that will be included in the study will be examined using Analysis
of Variance (ANOVA). The degree of variation or difference between the variables will be
discussed as a consequence of this test. The ANNOVA test will be focused on SOP 1 and
SOP 2 to answer the inferential question of SOP 3.
Where:
X = individual observation,
= sample mean of the jth treatment (or group),

= overall sample mean,
k = the number of treatments or independent comparison groups, and
N = total number of observations or total sample size.

Chapter 3
RESULTS
This chapter presents the answers to the questions reflected in Chapter 1. The data
are shown in tabular from. Each table is analyzed and interpreted based on findings.
Data Reliability Analysis
I. Profile of the Respondents
Table 1
Summary of Respondents’ Demographic Profile, n=195
Total N = 395
Age F %
16 - 18 41 10.38
19 - 21 122 30.89
22 - 24 142 35.95
25 and above 90 22.78
Total N = 395
Monthly Income F %
2000 below 157 39.75
2001 - 4000 51 12.911
4001 - 6000 54 13.67
6001 - above 133 33.67
Total N = 395
Profession F %
Employed 154 38.99
Student 205 51.90
Unemployed 36 9.11
Total N = 395
Sex F %
Male 133 33.7%
Female 262 66.3%
Table 1 shows that the respondents are not equally distributed in terms of gender. (262
female and 133 male). About 35.95 percent (142 respondents out of 395) were 22-24
years old. In terms of allocated income 39.75 percent belong to the 2000 below category
followed by 6001 above 33.67 percent. Finally in terms of status of employment, 51.90
percent are mostly students followed by 38.99 percent are employed and 9.11 percent are
unemployed.
II. Weighted Mean
Table 2
Purchasing behavioral in terms of Perceived Behavioral Control
1 2 3 4 5 Total Descriptive
Statements
n=80
frequency (f) 0 WM VI
Perceived Behavioral Control
1. The internet is a reliable
way to take care of their 10 25 112 147 101 195 3.77 High
personal affairs.
2. If their wanted to, they
could easily buy things over 0 0 36 182 177 195 4.36 High
the internet on their own.
3. They prefer online
shopping over other 0 28 162 142 63 195 3.61 High
traditional shopping.
4. Privacy and securities
help shoppers to protect 0 11 71 168 145 195 4.13 High
their identities.
5. Companies should not
use personal information
0 8 48 125 214 195 4.38 High
for any purpose other than
the one authorized.
Grand Mean 4.05 High
Table 2 shows that the majority of respondents rated "Companies should not use
personal information for any purpose other than the one authorized" as high in terms of
Perceived Behavioral Control, with a weighted mean of 4.38, pursued by "If they wanted to,
they could easily buy things over the internet on their own" with a weighted mean of 4.36 and
"Privacy and securities help shoppers to protect their identities" with a weighted mean of 4.13.
While "the internet is a reliable means to take care of their personal concerns" and "they
prefer online purchasing over other traditional shopping" had the mean score of 3.77 and
3.61, correspondingly with an aggregate mean of 4.05, this means that respondents agree on
perceived behavioral control. As a result, respondents who trusted in the reliability of the
internet and their personal ability to buy online were more likely to make online purchases
than those who did not.
Table 3
Purchasing behavioral in terms of Attitude
Statements 1 2 3 4 5 Total Descriptive

n=800
frequency (f) WM VI
Attitude
6. They have the resources, knowledge

0 5 50 217 123 395 4.16 High
and ability to buy things over the internet.
7. To satisfy their desires, brighten their

mood, or avoid misunderstandings with
0 43 119 153 80 395 3.68 High
their family or peers, they’re continuous
buying online.
8. As a result of the epidemic, internet

shopping has helped them with their
0 20 94 176 105 395 3.93 High
mental health issues such as anxiety,
stress, sadness, and so on.
9. Making a purchase from Internet helps

0 52 138 135 70 395 3.56 High
them to forget about the day's problems.
10. It believe in the integrity of the

Internet for conducting personal 0 5 115 195 80 395 3.89 High
business.
In table 3, interpret that "They have the resources, knowledge, and ability to buy things
over the internet." received a majority of the respondents with 4.16, accompanied by "As a
result of the epidemic, internet shopping has helped them with their mental health issues such
as anxiety, stress, sadness, and so on." with a total of 3.93 while 3.89 is the mean result of "It
believes in the integrity of the Internet for conducting personal business". "Making a purchase
from the Internet enables them to forget about the day's worries." had a mean of 3.56 and
"Making a purchase from the Internet helps them to satisfy their wishes, improve their mood,
or prevent disagreements with their family or peers." had a mean of 3.68. This suggests that
the respondents agree on attitude with an overall mean of 3.84 high since internet shopping is
the only thing that may help them satisfy their daily demands and expectations.
Table 4
Purchasing behavioral in terms of Subjective Norm.

n=800
frequency (f) WM VI
Subjective Norms
11. The Internet is trustworthy. 0 67 234 70 24 395 3.13 High
12. By using word of mouth shoppers

are influence to buy their desire and 0 18 84 205 88 395 3.92 High
needs.
13. Family and friends are the first

ones who are persuaded to use online 0 20 85 213 77 395 3.88 High
platforms.
14. The Internet doesn't just sell

products or services, but it fascinates 0 9 101 213 72 395 3.88 High
them.
15. People who influence their
behavior would think that they should 0 25 129 187 54 395 3.68 High
buy things over the internet.
The table 4 discusses the respondents of subjective norms in purchasing behavioral
"By using word of mouth shoppers are influence to buy their desire and needs." with the
majority of the respondents of 3.92, followed by "Family and friends are the first ones who are
persuaded to use online platforms" and "The Internet doesn't just sell products or services,
but it fascinates them" with an equal mean result of 3.88, and "People who influence their
behavior would think" This indicates that the participants agree on subjective norms, as seen
by a high aggregate mean of 3.70. This highlights how customer pressure from advertisers,
family, and friends may cause people to purchase or not buy.
Table 5
Purchasing behavioral in terms of Intention.

n=800
frequency (f) WM VI
Intention
16. They would be able to buy things

over the Internet even if there was not 0 47 111 175 62 395 3.64 High
around to show them how to.
17. While shopping online, they prefer to

purchase from a website that provides 0 4 42 188 161 395 4.28 High
safety, ease of navigation, and order.
18. The internet can use to achieve their
goals related that to their personal 0 18 116 189 72 395 3.80 High
affairs.
19. They believe that before buying an

item they should look in rating scale to 0 1 45 146 203 395 4.39 High
reduce the risk of shopping online.
20.They try to consider the Internet

retailer every time the type of products
0 14 134 177 70 395 3.77 High
or services are needed to know their
offers.
In terms of intention, table 5 revealed that the majority of respondents "believe that
before purchasing an item, they should look in rating scale to reduce the risk of shopping
online" with a mean of 4.39 high, pursued by 4.28 "While shopping online, they prefer to
purchase from a website that provides safety, ease of navigation, and order," and 3.80 is the
total mean of "The internet can be used to achieve their personal affairs". While "They attempt
to consider the Internet retailer every time the sort of items or services are needed to know
their offerings" and "They would be able to buy things over the Internet even if no one was
there to explain them how." have a total mean of 3.77 and a 3.64 with an aggregate mean of
3.98, this shows that respondents agree on intention. Understand that the intention is a sort of
information-gathering stage catches customers. They're looking for a solution or educate
themselves on a certain issue.

Table 6
Purchasing behavioral in terms of Behavior.

n=800
frequency (f) WM VI
Intention
21. Buying things online is for yourself

0 4 60 203 128 395 4.15 High
and family.
22. It is important where products are

0 7 46 162 180 395 4.30 High
made.
23. If the person is suffering from an

online shopping disorder they should 0 15 107 166 107 395 3.92 High
stop purchasing.
24. Purchasing items by need based and

0 7 61 160 167 395 4.23 High
not by impulse buying.
25.BSD is a mental illness for a person

0 16 144 154 81 395 3.76 High
who always wants to purchase online.
Table 6 is an essential component variable since it represents the outcome of the shopper's
online buying behavior. "It is important where products are created," according to the majority of
respondents, with a total mean of 4.30, followed by "Purchasing items based on necessity rather than
impulse shopping," with a mean of 4.23, and "Buying things online is for oneself and family," with a
mean of 4.15. "If the individual is suffering from an online shopping disorder, they should cease
purchasing," and "BSD is a mental ailment for a person who always wants to purchase online," are the
3.76 and 3.92 highs. This indicates that the respondents agree on conduct, as seen by a high
aggregate mean of 4.07. This shows why customers recognize the purpose of online
purchasing in their daily lives, and the results prove that online shopping is still useful today.
III. Assessment
Table 7
Age
Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
16-18 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
19-21 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
22-24 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
25 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Statistic Std. Error
Mean 3.9756 .06409
95% Confidence Interval for Lower Bound 3.8461
Mean Upper Bound 4.1051
5% Trimmed Mean 3.9840
Median 4.0000
Variance .168
16-18 Std. Deviation .41035
Minimum 3.20
Maximum 4.60
Range 1.40
Interquartile Range .60
Skewness -.430 .369
Kurtosis -.641 .724
19-21 Mean 4.0341 .07085
Median 4.0000
Variance .206
Std. Deviation .45366
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .345 .369
Kurtosis .284 .724
Mean 4.1024 .07494
Median 4.2000
Variance .230
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.096 .369
Kurtosis .130 .724
Mean 4.1366 .07273
Median 4.0000
Variance .217
25 Std. Deviation .46570
Minimum 3.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.60
Skewness .280 .369
Kurtosis -.871 .724
In the above table present the result of the Descriptive statistic and standard error
result of the Age group in the variable of Perceived behavioral Control.In terms of the
Skewness and Kurtosis for Age group between the skewness of -.430(SE=.369)and the
kurtosis of -.641(SE=.724) for age 16-18,a skewness of .345(SE=.369)and the kurtosis
of .284(SE=.724) for the age 19-21,a skewness of -.096(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of .130
(SE=.724) for the age of 22-24 and a skewness of .280(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of
-.871(SE=.724) for the age of 25 ,in dividing its skewness and kurtosis to its standard error. It
concluded that with data accumulated it was approximately normally distributed, as all the
eight z-values are within negative 1.96 and positive 1.96.
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic df Sig. Statistic df Sig.
16-18 .171 41 .004 .931 41 .016
19-21 .213 41 <.001 .931 41 .015
22-24 .176 41 .003 .950 41 .071
25 .152 41 .018 .949 41 .063
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
The table shows that the Age group of 16-18,19-20,21-24 and 25 of the variable
perceived behavioral control for this test of normality is that the data are approximately
normally distributed where you can see that the p-value or .Sig. ,in the table shown is above
0.05.
Attitude

Cases
Valid Missing Total
16-18 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
19-21 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
22-24 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
25 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.9122 .08640
Lower Bound 3.7376

95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Upper Bound 4.0868

Median 3.8000
16-18 Variance .306
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .222 .369
Kurtosis .545 .724
Mean 3.7024 .09243
Lower Bound 3.5156

19-21 Mean
Upper Bound 3.8892

Median 3.8000
Variance .350
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness .237 .369
Kurtosis -.074 .724
Mean 3.8732 .09545
Lower Bound 3.6803

Mean
Upper Bound 4.0661

Median 4.0000
22-24 Variance .374
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness .005 .369
Kurtosis -.701 .724
Mean 3.8537 .09976
Lower Bound 3.6520

Mean
Upper Bound 4.0553

Median 4.0000
25 Variance .408
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness -.116 .369
Kurtosis -.527 .724
The table shows on the descriptive statistic and standard error of the variable of
Attitude it concluded that regarding to the skewness and kurtosis, our data were a little
skewed and kurtosis .but It does not significantly depart from the normality.In terms of the
Skewness and Kurtosis for Age group between the skewness of .222 (SE=.369)and the
kurtosis of .545(SE=.724) for age 16-18,a skewness of .237(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of
-.074(SE=.724) for the age 19-21,a skewness of .005(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of
-.701(SE=.724) for the age of 22-24 and a skewness of -.116(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of
-.527(SE=.724) for the age of 25 in calculating it the accumulated measured result in our data
was approximately normally distributed as the z value is still neither below negative -1.96 nor
above positive 1.96 which is we needed to find.
Tests of Normality
16-18 .193 41 <.001 .928 41 .012
19-21 .102 41 .200* .972 41 .398
22-24 .119 41 .155 .966 41 .254
25 .152 41 .019 .960 41 .163
*. This is a lower bound of the true significance.

The table above shows the Age group of 16-18,19-20,21-24 and 25 of the variable of
Attitude that for this test of normality the data are approximately normally distributed which we
can see clearly in the table above that the p-value or .Sig. are above 0.05.Therefore a null
hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is below 0.05.

Subjective Norms
16-18 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
19-21 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
22-24 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
25 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.6439 .08338
Lower Bound 3.4754

Mean
Upper Bound 3.8124

Median 3.6000
16-18 Variance .285
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .084 .369
Kurtosis .623 .724
Mean 3.6878 .07226
Lower Bound 3.5418

19-21 95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Upper Bound 3.8339
Median 3.6000
Variance .214
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 4.60
Range 1.80
Skewness .145 .369
Kurtosis -.639 .724
Mean 3.5902 .08351
Lower Bound 3.4215

Mean
Upper Bound 3.7590

Median 3.6000
22-24 Variance .286
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness .236 .369
Kurtosis .066 .724
Mean 3.7171 .09601
Lower Bound 3.5230

Mean
Upper Bound 3.9111
25 5% Trimmed Mean 3.7081

Median 3.8000
Variance .378
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Interquartile Range 1.00
Skewness -.054 .369
Kurtosis -.407 .724
In the table above we compiled the result measured, In terms of skewness and kurtosis
statistics and standard error we measured it by dividing ,to be able to determine if the z
values are within the range of positive nor negative 1.96 .And as per the computation of Age
group from the the skewness of .084 (SE=.369)and the kurtosis of .623(SE=.724) for age 16-
18,a skewness of .145(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of -.639(SE=.724) for the age 19-21,a
skewness of .236(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of .006(SE=.724) for the age of 22-24 and a
skewness of -.054(SE=.369)and the kurtosis of -.407(SE=.724) for the age of 25 ,As the result
accumulated the value of each are still in the range of negative 1.96 and positive 1.96.It can
be concluded that the data are approximately normally distributed .
Tests of Normality
16-18 .153 41 .017 .964 41 .220
19-21 .123 41 .120 .967 41 .270
22-24 .093 41 .200* .978 41 .595
25 .116 41 .180 .971 41 .385

The table above shows the Age group of 16-18,19-20,21-24 and 25 of the
variable Subjective norms for this test of normality the data are approximately normally
distributed which we can see clearly in the table above that those p-value or .Sig. are
above 0.05.Therefore a null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is below 0.05.
Intention

Cases
Valid Missing Total
16-18 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
19-21 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
22-24 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
25 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.0439 .07825
Median 4.0000
Variance .251
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .079 .369
Kurtosis -.074 .724
19-21 Mean 4.0927 .07023
Median 4.0000
Variance .202
Minimum 3.20
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.80
Skewness .009 .369
Kurtosis -.372 .724
Mean 4.0146 .07204
Median 4.0000
Variance .213
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.094 .369
Kurtosis -.107 .724
Mean 4.0341 .08202
Median 4.0000
Variance .276
25 Std. Deviation .52517
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness -.004 .369
Kurtosis .157 .724
There is no significant difference between new data and normally distributed
data.Which means data are normally distributed.
Tests of Normality
16-18 .169 41 .005 .958 41 .138
19-21 .113 41 .200* .972 41 .387
22-24 .146 41 .028 .970 41 .352
25 .160 41 .010 .953 41 .086

The table above shows the Age group of 16-18,19-20,21-24 and 25 of the variable
Intentions for this test of normality the data are approximately normally distributed which we
can see clearly in the table above that those p-value or .Sig. are above 0.05.Therefore a null
hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is below 0.05 and accept the null hypothesis if the p-value
is above 0.05.
Behavior

Cases
Valid Missing Total
16-18 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
19-21 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
22-24 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
25 41 10.4% 354 89.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.1024 .08208
16-18
Lower Bound 3.9365
Upper Bound 4.2683
Mean
Median 4.2000
Variance .276
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.688 .369
Kurtosis -.173 .724
Mean 4.0634 .08623
Median 4.0000
Variance .305
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness -.273 .369
Kurtosis -.170 .724
Mean 4.2000 .06807
Median 4.2000
Variance .190
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.046 .369
Kurtosis .389 .724
25 Mean 4.1463 .07684
Median 4.0000
Variance .242
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .029 .369
Kurtosis -.467 .724
There is no significant difference between new data and normally distributed data.Which means
data are normally distributed.
Tests of Normality
16-18 .178 41 .002 .925 41 .010
19-21 .155 41 .014 .945 41 .048
22-24 .134 41 .061 .957 41 .119
25 .154 41 .016 .954 41 .098
The table above shows the Age group of 16-18,19-20,21-24 and 25 of the variable
Behavior and for this test of normality the data are approximately normally distributed which
we can see clearly in the table above that those p-value or .Sig. are above 0.05. Therefore a
null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is below 0.05 and accept the null hypothesis if the p-
value is above 0.05.

Gender
Percieved Behavioral Control

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Female 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Male 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.0864 .04281
Median 4.0000
Variance .242
Female Std. Deviation .49188
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .246 .211
Kurtosis -.565 .419
Mean 4.0652 .04411
Median 4.0000
Variance .257
Male
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .013 .211
Kurtosis -.239 .419
Tests of Normality
Female .145 132 <.001 .953 132 <.001
Male .138 132 <.001 .960 132 <.001
Attitude

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Female 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Male 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.8379 .05531
Lower Bound 3.7285

Mean
Upper Bound 3.9473

Median 3.8000
Female Variance .404
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .181 .211
Kurtosis -.623 .419
Male Mean 3.8727 .05506
Lower Bound 3.7638
Mean
Upper Bound 3.9816

Median 3.8000
Variance .400
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .097 .211
Kurtosis -.509 .419
Tests of Normality
Female .089 132 .013 .964 132 .002
Male .132 132 <.001 .963 132 .001
Subjective Norms

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Female 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Male 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.6803 .04809
Lower Bound 3.5852

Mean
Upper Bound 3.7754

Median 3.8000
Female Variance .305
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .028 .211
Kurtosis -.211 .419
Mean 3.7742 .04883
Lower Bound 3.6776

Mean
Upper Bound 3.8708

Median 3.8000
Male Variance .315
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .126 .211
Kurtosis -.018 .419
Tests of Normality
Female .109 132 <.001 .976 132 .020
Male .116 132 <.001 .975 132 .016
Intention

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Female 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Male 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.0576 .04073
Median 4.0000
Variance .219
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .169 .211
Kurtosis -.304 .419
Mean 4.0879 .04709
Median 4.0000
Variance .293
Male Std. Deviation .54100
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness -.098 .211
Kurtosis -.392 .419
Tests of Normality
Female .140 132 <.001 .966 132 .002
Male .087 132 .015 .965 132 .002
Behavior

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Female 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Male 132 33.4% 263 66.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.0788 .04333
Median 4.0000
Variance .248
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness -.243 .211
Kurtosis .153 .419
Male Mean 4.1409 .04464
Median 4.2000
Variance .263
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness -.233 .211
Kurtosis -.225 .419
Tests of Normality
Female .123 132 <.001 .964 132 .001
Male .111 132 <.001 .965 132 .002
Allocation Income

Cases
Valid Missing Total
2000 below 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
2001-4000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
4001-6000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
6001 above 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.9714 .07190
2000 below
Lower Bound 3.8269
Upper Bound 4.1160
Mean
Median 4.0000
Variance .253
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .185 .340
Kurtosis -.211 .668
Mean 4.1020 .07264
Lower Bound 3.9560

Mean
Upper Bound 4.2481

Median 4.0000
2001-4000 Variance .259
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .023 .340
Kurtosis -.049 .668
Mean 4.1429 .07890
Lower Bound 3.9842

Mean
Upper Bound 4.3015

4001-6000
Median 4.2000
Variance .305
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.377 .340
Kurtosis -.312 .668
Mean 4.1184 .05800
Lower Bound 4.0017

Mean
Upper Bound 4.2350

Median 4.0000
6001 above Variance .165
Minimum 3.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.60
Skewness .508 .340
Kurtosis -.225 .668
Tests of Normality
.130 49 .036 .966 49 .175
2000 below
.179 49 <.001 .945 49 .022
2001-4000
.133 49 .031 .950 49 .037
4001-6000
.155 49 .005 .946 49 .025
6001 above
We can see from the above table that for the allocated income of the respondents
when it comes to the variable of perceived behavioral control those whose income is 2,000-
below the sig. value is .175. For 2,001-4,000 the sig. value is 0.22, 4,001-6,000 sig.value is
0.37, and lastly, the sig.value of 6,0001-above is 0.25. The Shapiro-Wilk test shows that each
corresponding income of the respondents is greater than 0.05 which means that the data was
normally distributed.
Attitude

Cases
Valid Missing Total
2000 below 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
2001-4000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
4001-6000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
6001 above 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.7306 .09305
Median 3.8000
Variance .424
2000 below Std. Deviation .65135
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness .146 .340
Kurtosis -.633 .668
2001-4000 Mean 3.8653 .09483
Median 3.8000
Variance .441
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness .271 .340
Kurtosis -.922 .668
Mean 4.0571 .08768
Median 4.0000
Variance .377
4001-6000 Std. Deviation .61373
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness -.070 .340
Kurtosis -.605 .668
Mean 3.9347 .08599
Median 4.0000
Variance .362
6001 above Std. Deviation .60192
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness .103 .340
Kurtosis -.267 .668
Tests of Normality
2000 below .095 49 .200* .967 49 .187
2001-4000 .126 49 .051 .939 49 .014
4001-6000 .109 49 .200* .946 49 .026

6001 above .151 49 .007 .955 49 .060

From the above table, we can see that the Sig. Value of each corresponding income of
the respondents is greater than 0.05 as 2,000-below got a sig.value of .187, 2,001-4,000 get
a result of .014, 4,001-6,000 got .026, and lastly, 6,001-above got a result of .060. This
indicates that the data show a normal distribution.
Subjective Norms

Cases
Valid Missing Total
2000 below 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
2001-4000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
4001-6000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
6001 above 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
2000 below Mean 3.6286 .07997
Median 3.6000
Variance .313
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness .174 .340
Kurtosis -.500 .668
Mean 3.7592 .08391
Median 3.8000
Variance .345
2001-4000 Std. Deviation .58734
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness .297 .340
Kurtosis -.102 .668
Mean 3.8082 .08491
Median 3.8000
Variance .353
4001-6000 Std. Deviation .59436
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .023 .340
Kurtosis .187 .668
6001 above Mean 3.6367 .07529
Median 3.6000
Variance .278
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness .291 .340
Kurtosis -.346 .668
Tests of Normality
2000 below .112 49 .164 .976 49 .411
2001-4000 .140 49 .018 .949 49 .033
4001-6000 .129 49 .042 .960 49 .095
6001 above .102 49 .200* .966 49 .163

The table show the normal distribution of the allocated income of the respondents using Shapiro-
Wilk test. It shows that the Sig. Value of each income group is greater than 0.05.
Intention

Cases
Valid Missing Total
2000 below 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
2001-4000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
4001-6000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
6001 above 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.0000 .06281
Median 4.0000
Variance .193
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.294 .340
Kurtosis .093 .668
Mean 4.0490 .07594
Median 4.0000
Variance .283
2001-4000 Std. Deviation .53156
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .127 .340
Kurtosis -.646 .668
Mean 4.0898 .08228
Median 4.0000
Variance .332
4001-6000 Std. Deviation .57599
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.057 .340
Kurtosis -.508 .668
Mean 4.1469 .06436
Median 4.0000
Variance .203
Minimum 3.20
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.80
Skewness .311 .340
Kurtosis -.342 .668
Tests of Normality
2000 below .133 49 .031 .971 49 .273
2001-4000 .149 49 .008 .962 49 .117
4001-6000 .138 49 .020 .940 49 .015
6001 above .167 49 .001 .950 49 .037
According to the above table, when it comes to the variable of intention, those whose
income is 2,000 or less are more likely to vote. The value is.273. Between 2,001 and 4,000,
the sig. value is.117, 4,001-6,000 sig.value is.015, and 6,0001-above sig.value is.037.
According to the Shapiro-Wilk test, each corresponding income of the respondents is greater
than 0.05, indicating that the data was normally distributed.
Behavior

Cases
Valid Missing Total
2000 below 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
2001-4000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
4001-6000 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
6001 above 49 12.4% 346 87.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.1184 .07398
Median 4.2000
Variance .268
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness -.384 .340
Kurtosis .249 .668
Mean 4.0653 .08152
Median 4.0000
Variance .326
2001-4000 Std. Deviation .57065
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness -.563 .340
Kurtosis .337 .668
4001-6000 Mean 4.1755 .08384
Median 4.0000
Variance .344
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.411 .340
Kurtosis -.362 .668
Mean 4.1224 .06871
Median 4.0000
Variance .231
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness -.186 .340
Kurtosis -.315 .668
Tests of Normality
2000 below .106 49 .200* .959 49 .085
2001-4000 .189 49 <.001 .940 49 .015
4001-6000 .158 49 .004 .919 49 .002
6001 above .114 49 .143 .972 49 .296

According to the above table, when it comes to the variable of behavior, those whose
income is 2,000 or less are more likely to engage in risky behavior. The value is.085. Between
2,001 and 4,000, the sig. value is.015, 4,001-6,000 sig.value is.002, and 6,001-above
sig.value is.296. The Shapiro-Wilk test reveals that the respondents' income is greater than
0.05, with the exception of 4,001-6,000, which is less than 0.05. Income of 2,000 or less,
2,001-4,000, and 6,001 or more follows a normal distribution, whereas income of 4,001-6,000
follows a different distribution.
Profession

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Student 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Employed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Unemployed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Student Mean 3.9622 .09518
Median 3.8000
Variance .335
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .264 .388
Kurtosis -.729 .759
Mean 4.2108 .06619
Median 4.2000
Variance .162
Employed Std. Deviation .40262
Minimum 3.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.40
Skewness .548 .388
Kurtosis -.624 .759
Mean 4.2054 .08853
Median 4.2000
Variance .290
Unemployed Std. Deviation .53849
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .060 .388
Kurtosis -.694 .759
Tests of Normality
Student .150 37 .036 .946 37 .073
Employed .186 37 .002 .921 37 .012
Unemployed .180 37 .004 .929 37 .020

Attitude

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Student 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Employed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Unemployed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.7405 .11491
Lower Bound 3.5075

Mean
Upper Bound 3.9736

Median 3.8000
Student Variance .489
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness -.071 .388
Kurtosis -.664 .759
Mean 3.9622 .09643
Lower Bound 3.7666

Mean
Upper Bound 4.1577
Employed 5% Trimmed Mean 3.9529

Median 4.0000
Variance .344
Minimum 3.00
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.00
Skewness .343 .388
Kurtosis -.734 .759
Mean 3.9405 .10901
Lower Bound 3.7195

Mean
Upper Bound 4.1616

Median 4.0000
Unemployed Variance .440
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness .180 .388
Kurtosis -.856 .759
Tests of Normality
Student .101 37 .200* .967 37 .335
Employed .153 37 .028 .927 37 .018
Unemployed .140 37 .065 .943 37 .056

Subjective Norms

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Student 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Employed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Unemployed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 3.6162 .08216
Lower Bound 3.4496

Mean
Upper Bound 3.7828

Median 3.6000
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 4.60
Range 1.80
Skewness .332 .388
Kurtosis -.628 .759
Mean 3.7405 .08798
Lower Bound 3.5621

Mean
Upper Bound 3.9190

Median 3.8000
Employed Variance .286
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness .291 .388
Kurtosis .192 .759
Unemployed Mean 3.8054 .10696
Lower Bound 3.5885
Mean
Upper Bound 4.0223

Median 3.8000
Variance .423
Minimum 2.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.60
Skewness .021 .388
Kurtosis -.080 .759
Tests of Normality
Student .162 37 .016 .951 37 .104
Employed .139 37 .069 .951 37 .103
Unemployed .133 37 .097 .963 37 .253
Intention

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Student 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Employed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%

Unemployed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.1405 .06524
Lower Bound 4.0082

Mean
Upper Bound 4.2729

Median 4.2000
Minimum 3.20
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.80
Skewness .077 .388
Kurtosis .387 .759
Mean 4.1946 .06996
Lower Bound 4.0527

Mean
Upper Bound 4.3365

Median 4.2000
Minimum 3.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.60
Skewness .348 .388
Kurtosis -.432 .759
Mean 4.0324 .07961
Lower Bound 3.8710

Unemployed 95% Confidence Interval for
Mean
Upper Bound 4.1939
Median 4.0000
Variance .234
Minimum 3.40
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.60
Skewness .557 .388
Kurtosis -.684 .759
Tests of Normality
Student .143 37 .053 .969 37 .384
Employed .171 37 .008 .941 37 .051
Unemployed .165 37 .012 .917 37 .009
Behavior

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Student 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Employed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Unemployed 37 9.4% 358 90.6% 395 100.0%
Descriptives
Mean 4.1838 .08360
Lower Bound 4.0142

Student
Mean
Upper Bound 4.3533

Median 4.0000
Variance .259
Minimum 2.80
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.20
Skewness -.408 .388
Kurtosis .741 .759
Mean 4.2703 .07238
Lower Bound 4.1235

Mean
Upper Bound 4.4171

Median 4.2000
Minimum 3.20
Maximum 5.00
Range 1.80
Skewness -.128 .388
Kurtosis -.205 .759
Mean 4.2162 .09440
Lower Bound 4.0248

Mean
Upper Bound 4.4077

Unemployed Median 4.2000
Variance .330
Minimum 2.60
Maximum 5.00
Range 2.40
Skewness -.801 .388
Kurtosis 1.179 .759
Tests of Normality
Student .155 37 .026 .931 37 .023
Employed .136 37 .083 .951 37 .101
Unemployed .164 37 .013 .914 37 .007

AGE ANOVA
Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 41 163 3.97561 0.16839

Column 2 123 487.8 3.965854 0.294234

Column 3 141 577.6 4.096454 0.269487

Column 4 90 371 4.122222 0.212759
ANOVA
Source of
SS df MS F P-value F crit
Variation
Between 0.0626
1.871212 3 0.623737 2.456105 2.62773
Groups 73
Within
99.29598 391 0.253954
Groups

Total 101.1672 394
The table shown that the Perceived Behavioural Control of the 395 respondents has no
significant difference in the purchasing habits since the computed f value of 2.45 was found to
be less than the critical f value of 2.62 at a 5% level of significance. Therefore the null
hypothesis was not rejected as there is no significant difference in the purchasing habits of
the respondents when grouped according to their age.

ATTITUDE

SUMMARY
Varia
Groups Count Sum Average
nce
0.30
Column 1 41 160.4 3.912195
6098
0.39
Column 2 123 459.2 3.733333
388
0.40
Column 3 141 552.4 3.91773
2898
0.40
Column 4 90 346.4 3.848889
028

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
2.10
Between Groups 2.465721 3 0.821907 0.098477 2.62773
9698
Within Groups 152.3278 391 0.389585

Total 154.7935 394
In this table, the attitude of the respondents in their purchasing habits was computed.
Since the result of the f value is 2.10 it was found to be less than the critical f value which is
2.62 at a 5% level of significance. This show that the null hypothesis was not rejected and
there is no significance difference in the purchasing habits of the 395 respondents when
grouped according to age.

SUBJECTIVE NORMS

SUMMARY
Varianc
Groups Count Sum Average
e
149. 0.28502
Column 1 41 3.643902
4 4
448. 0.27480
Column 2 123 3.647154
6 7
523. 0.29670
Column 3 141 3.714894
8 5
0.34988
Column 4 90 339 3.766667
8
ANOVA
1.00022 0.39269
Between Groups 0.902556 3 0.300852 2.62773
9 8
Within Groups 117.6062 391 0.300783

Total 118.5088 394
The respondent’s subjective norms in their purchasing behaviour was computed and
displayed in this table. At a 5% level of significance, the f value of 1.00 was found to be less
than the critical f value of 2.62. This demonstrates that the null hypothesis is not rejected and
that there are no age-related differences in the purchasing behaviours of the 395
respondents.
INTENTION

SUMMARY
Column 1 41 165.8 4.043902 0.251024

Column 2 123 492.6 4.004878 0.292763

Column 3 141 572.2 4.058156 0.254022

Column 4 90 364 4.044444 0.282047

ANOVA
Between Groups 0.196963 3 0.065654 0.241214 0.867569 2.62773
Within Groups 106.4234 391 0.272183

Total 106.6204 394
The table shows that the intention of the respondents in purchasing behaviour was less
than the f crit. Since, the computed F value is 0.24 it was found to be less than the critical F
value at a 5% level of significance. This implies that the null hypothesis was not rejected as
when the respondents are divided into age groups, there is no discernible difference in their
shopping preferences.
BEHAVIOR

SUMMARY
Column 1 41 168.2 4.102439 0.276244
Column 2 123 488 3.96748 0.318934
Column 3 141 581.2 4.121986 0.254727
Column 4 90 372 4.133333 0.233708

ANOVA
Between Groups 2.070228 3 0.690076 2.535387 0.056471 2.62773
Within Groups 106.4215 391 0.272178
Total 108.4917 394
Based on the table, the behaviour of the respondents shows when they are grouped
according to their age there will be no significance difference in purchasing habits as the f
value (2.53) was found to be less than the critical f value (2.62) at a 5% level of significance,
therefore null hypothesis was not rejected.

SEX/GENDER ANOVA

SUMMARY

Column 1 263 1062.8 4.041065 0.257544

Column 2 132 536.6 4.065152 0.256792

ANOVA
Between Groups 0.050991 1 0.050991 0.198183 0.656437 3.865229
Within Groups 101.1162 393 0.257293
Total 101.1672 394
Table shows that the computed f value of perceived behavioural control which is 0.19
was less than the critical f value of 3.86 at a 5% level of significance; hence the null
hypothesis was not rejected as there are no obvious disparities in the respondents’
purchasing habits when they are sorted into sex-based groups.

ATTITUDE

SUMMARY
Column 1 263 1007.2 3.829658 0.390109

Column 2 132 511.2 3.872727 0.400167

ANOVA
Between Groups 0.163032 1 0.163032 0.414352 0.520144 3.865229
Within Groups 154.6305 393 0.393462

Total
154.7935 394
Based on this table, there are no appreciable gender-based disparities in the
respondents’ perceptions towards their purchasing behaviours. As a result of its computed F
value it got a 0.41 which is found to be less than the critical F value of 3.86 at a 5% level of
significance, therefore null hypothesis was not rejected.

SUBJECTIVE NORMS

SUMMARY

Column 1 263 962.6 3.660076 0.290576

Column 2 132 498.2 3.774242 0.314751

ANOVA
Between Groups 1.145537 1 1.145537 3.83592 0.050872 3.865229
Within Groups 117.3632 393 0.298634
Total 118.5088 394
Based on the table, the computed f value of the subjective norms is 3.83 which is less
than the critical f value of 3.86 at a 5% level of significance, and the null hypothesis was
therefore (rejected, not rejected). This shows that the respondents when they are grouped by
sex, there is no significance difference in their purchasing habits.

INTENTION

SUMMARY

Column 1 263 1055 4.011407 0.258648

Column 2 132 539.6 4.087879 0.292676

ANOVA
Between Groups 0.513969 1 0.513969 1.903653 0.168454 3.865229
Within Groups 106.1064 393 0.269991

Total 106.6204 394
In this table, the intention of the respondents in the purchasing behaviour shows that
there is no significant difference when they are group according to sex. The null hypothesis
was not rejected as the computed f value of 1.90 was found to be less than the critical f value
of 3.86 at a 5% level of significance.

BEHAVIOR

SUMMARY

Column 1 263 1062.8 4.041065 0.279223

Column 2 132 546.6 4.140909 0.263046

ANOVA
Between Groups 0.876154 1 0.876154 3.199616 0.074426 3.865229
Within Groups 107.6156 393 0.273831
Total 108.4917 394
The table shows that the behaviour of the 395 respondents has no significance
difference since the computed f value got a 3.19 which is less than the critical f value of 3.86
at a level of significance. Therefore the null hypothesis in this variable was not rejected as
there is no significant difference in the behaviour of the respondents when group according to
sex.
PROFESSION ANOVA

SUMMARY
Column 1 207 826.4 3.992271 0.27528

Column 2 151 617.6 4.090066 0.212634

Column 3 37 155.6 4.205405 0.28997

ANOVA
Between Groups 1.825792 2 0.912896 3.613179 0.027868 3.018743
Within Groups 99.04165 392 0.252657

Total 100.8674 394
Table shows that the perceived behavioral control F value which got a result of 3.61
was found to be greater that the critical F value that got only a 3.01 at a 5% level of
significance. Because the f value was greater than the critical f value therefore the null
hypothesis was rejected. This means that when the respondents are group according to their
profession there is a significant difference in the purchasing habits.

ATTITUDE

SUMMARY
Column 1 207 785.8 3.796135 0.397655

Column 2 151 587.4 3.890066 0.361967

Column 3 37 145.8 3.940541 0.4397

ANOVA
Between Groups 1.13855 2 0.569275 1.467733 0.231711 3.018743
Within Groups 152.0412 392 0.38786
Total 153.1797 394
Based on the table, Attitude of the respondents towards the purchasing behaviour got
less than f value compare to its critical f value. The computed f value of 1.46 was found less
than its critical f value of 3.01 at a 5% level of significance, the null hypothesis was not
rejected as the result shows that there is no significant difference in the purchasing habits of
the respondents when group according to its profession.

SUBJECTIVE NORMS

SUMMARY
Column 1 207 755 3.647343 0.286097

Column 2 151 564.6 3.739073 0.27733

Column 3 37 140.8 3.805405 0.423303
ANOVA
Between Groups 1.212509 2 0.606254 2.052714 0.129764 3.018743
Within Groups 115.7744 392 0.295343
Total 116.9869 394
In this table, computed f value of subjective norms got a 2.05 which is found to be less
than critical f value of 3.01 at 5% level of significance. This implies that the null hypothesis in
this variable was not rejected as this shown that when the respondents are grouped
according to profession, there is no discernible variation in their purchase behaviours.

INTENTION
SUMMARY
Column 1 207 828.2 4.000966 0.28796

Column 2 151 615 4.072848 0.253058

Column 3 37 149.2 4.032432 0.234474
ANOVA
Between Groups 0.451171 2 0.225585 0.836453 0.434016 3.018743
Within Groups 105.7196 392 0.269693

Total 106.1707 394
In this table, the null hypothesis of the intention variable was not rejected because, at a
5% level of significance, the computed f value of 0.83 was found to be lower than critical f
value which got a 3.01. This means that respondents even though they are grouped by
profession, there are no significance difference in their shopping preferences.

BEHAVIOR

SUMMARY
Column 1 207 836.8 4.042512 0.29333

Column 2 151 617.6 4.090066 0.231301

Column 3 37 156 4.216216 0.32973
ANOVA
Between Groups 0.989091 2 0.494546 1.811941 0.164702 3.018743
Within Groups 106.9913 392 0.272937
Total 107.9804 394
Table shows that behaviour variable the f value was less than the f crit. This means
that the null hypothesis of this variable was not rejected since the computed f value of 1.81
was found to be less than the critical f value of 3.01 at a 5% level of significance, which mean
that when respondents are group according to its profession the purchasing preference has
no significant difference.
ALLOCATED INCOME ANOVA

SUMMARY
Column 1 158 624.8 3.95443 0.287846

Column 2 49 201 4.102041 0.258537

Column 3 55 228 4.145455 0.276229
Column 4 133 545.6 4.102256 0.198555
ANOVA
P-
Source of Variation SS df MS F F crit
value
0.022
Between Groups 2.439808 3 0.813269 3.220873 2.62773
729
Within Groups 98.72738 391 0.2525
Total 101.1672 394
In this table, Perceived behavioural control f value and f crit was computed. F value got
a result of 3.22 however critical F value got 2.62 at a 5% level of significance. The computed
F value was found to be greater than the critical F value; this mean that the null hypothesis of
this variable was rejected as there is significant difference in the purchasing habits of the
respondents when group according to the allocated income.
ATTITUDE
SUMMARY
Column 1 158 594.8 3.764557 0.39364
Column 2 49 189.4 3.865306 0.440646

Column 3 55 223.2 4.058182 0.355071

Column 4 133 520.2 3.911278 0.322069
ANOVA
Between Groups 3.929269 3 1.309756 3.54063 0.014805 2.62773
Within Groups 144.6394 391 0.369922
Total 148.5687 394
The table shows that the computed f value of 3.54 was greater than the critical f value
of 2.62 at a 5% level of significance. Thus, the null hypothesis was rejected as when the
respondents are grouped by the amount of income they have been given, there is a
noticeable difference in their purchasing preferences.

SUBJECTIVE NORMS

SUMMARY
Column 1 158 577.8 3.656962 0.30527

Column 2 49 184.2 3.759184 0.344966

Column 3 55 208.4 3.789091 0.347286
Column 4 133 490.4 3.687218 0.260214
ANOVA
Between Groups 0.921325 3 0.307108 1.021192 0.383142 2.62773
Within Groups 117.5874 391 0.300735
Total 118.5088 394
Based on the table, compared to perceived behavioural control and attitude the
variable subjective norms has a f value of 1.02 which is found to be less than the critical f
value of 2.62 at a 5% level of significance. This implies that the null hypothesis of this variable
was not rejected as there is no significant difference of the respondents purchasing habits
when they are grouped according to the allocated income.

INTENTION
SUMMARY
Column 1 158 630.4 3.989873 0.295438
Column 2 49 198.4 4.04898 0.282551

Column 3 55 223.2 4.058182 0.328404

Column 4 133 542.6 4.079699 0.214509

ANOVA
Between Groups 0.625102 3 0.208367 0.768634 0.512125 2.62773
Within Groups 105.9953 391 0.271088

Total 106.6204 394
In this table, intention also has a lower f value. Table above show the computed f value
of 0.76 which is less than the critical f value of 2.62 at a 5% level of significance; making the
null hypothesis not rejected as when the respondents are grouped according to the allocated
income there will be no discernible difference in the shopping preferences.

BEHAVIOR
SUMMARY
Column 1 158 640.6 4.05443 0.295872

Column 2 49 199.2 4.065306 0.325646

Column 3 55 228.4 4.152727 0.345131
Column 4 133 541.2 4.069173 0.2073
ANOVA
Between Groups 0.408128 3 0.136043 0.492144 0.687929 2.62773
Within Groups 108.0836 391 0.276429

Total 108.4917 394
Table shows that at a 5% level of significance critical f value got a 2.62 while f value
got a result of 0.49. In this computation the f value was found to be less than the critical f
value. The null hypothesis of this variable was not rejected as there will be no significant
difference in the respondents purchasing habits even though they are group based on the
amount of income they have.

Chapter 4
Discussion
Executive Summary
The growing use of internet nowadays provides a developing prospect for online
shopping. This research will focus on the data that we gather in the survey that will answer to
our statement of the problem and hypothesis. Based on the result of the demographic profile
that the grand mean of 395 respondents is agree that consumer behavior is said to be an
applied discipline as some decisions are significantly affected by their behavior or expected
actions. Internet is changing the way consumers shop and buy goods and services, and has
rapidly evolved into a global phenomenon. The correspondingly mean of perceived behavioral
is 4.05, interpret that the respondents who trusted in the reliability of the internet and their
personal ability to buy online were more likely to make online purchases than those who did
not. 3.84 high is the overall mean of attitude since the internet shopping is the only thing that
may help them satisfy their daily demands and expectations. The participants on subjective
norms, has a high aggregate mean of 3.70. This highlights how customer influence from
advertisers, family, and friends may cause people to purchase or not buy. The aggregate
mean of intention is 3.98, this shows that respondents understand that the intention is a sort
of information-gathering stage catches customers. They're looking for a solution or educate
themselves on a certain issue. 4.07 is the result of the behavior which indicates that the why
customers recognize the purpose of online purchasing in their daily lives, and the results
prove that online shopping is still useful today. The growing use of internet nowadays
provides a developing prospect for online shopping. If e-marketers known the variables
affecting of behavior of their customer, they can further develop their marketing strategies to
convert potential customer into active ones. This research focus on variables such as
perceived behavioral, subjective norms, attitude, intention, and behavior which influence
consumer perception of online purchasing behavior. (Franxine & Gelic)
Conclusion
Aguilar & Nova
Recommended
Zenily & Daniela
REFERENCES
Bevans, R. (2020). An Introduction to T-Tests.
Retrieved from
https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/t-test/#:~:text=The%20formula%20for%20the%20two,in
%20each%20of%20the%20 groups
Binco, M., et al., (2018). Consumers’ Buying Behavior on Online Shopping: An Utaut and Lum
Model Approach
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/40357641/CONSUMERS_BUYING_BEHAVIOR_ON_ONLINE_SH
OPPING_AN_UTAUT_AND_LUM_MODEL_APPROACH?
msclkid=9a76c15fa92911ecaa9f4edcafa5e2d5&fbclid=IwAR05ErsabPhh3Y61u76s88EFni8xz
O4y_6-e1QfELUIeW7MFxXcd0elqAgY
Boon, L., Fern, Y., Kler, H., & Singh, B. (2021). The Study of Customer Satisfaction of Shopee
Customers in Malaysia
Retrieved from https://journals.researchsynergypress.com/index.php/ijebce/article/
view/602/206?fbclid=IwAR3R-VqMHLHFdCgSFw-4AV3qzSF7vSHHIUbOL_w7Go-
H2UruNOU4vP1BK50
Choudhury, D. (2014). Online Shopping Attitude among the Youth: A Study on University
Students
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/274696373_Online_Shopping_Attitude_among_the_
Youth_A_study_on_University_Students
Demilt, J. (2022). How Has the Internet Changed Shopping Behaviors
Retrieved from https://penningtoncreative.com/internet-shopping-behaviors/?
msclkid=e834da4bb1c711ec944533aed66abb66&fbclid=IwAR3NWCBX-
qpojpVhCN3EbIMZjr24EK49XXrPkIpPhekfMhJ8Hwr69Oxq2sM
Francisco, J., et al., (2019). Impact of Online of Online Shopping on Consumer Buying
Behaviour: A Case Study of Jumia Kenya, Nairobi
Retrieved from
https://www.globalscientificjournal.com/researchpaper/IMPACT_OF_ONLINE_SHOPPING_O
N_CONSUMER_BUYING_BEHAVIOUR_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_JUMIA_KENYA_NAIROBI.p
df?msclkid=4f591fd4a78b11ec8135e470629e5bff&fbclid=IwAR1HCQthdT5xkSrHixZ-
WSYSj7x4uYcjtW2aMlmwehXr0Z0eMEAkZNjtFZ0
Gerber, C., Ward, S., & Goedhals-Gerber, L. (2014). The Impact of Perceived Risk on Online
Purchase Behaviour
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293103820_The_impact_of_perceived_risk_on_on-
line_purchase_behaviour?
msclkid=0cd44007b35d11ec856e384fd394ecd3&fbclid=IwAR05VWzQweJHCYLFLAJr0rVd7
HyumbUCslx7vhEKq6s17jllwunPqMP4ovg
Hasslinger, A., Hodzic, S., & Opazo, C. (2007). Consumer Behaviour in Online Shopping
Retrieved from
http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:231179/FULLTEXT01.pdf29?
msclkid=3f85361fa81011ec98d2d50dda8513dc&fbclid=IwAR0t8a6YQGGEnEWIkTkSIE3oUz
xEb6FocyzlpQcNzLypg9c4nJD5KoHxXIk
Insight, R. (2021). Philippines: Online Purchase Behavior During Covid-19 Pandemic 2020
Retrieved from https://www.statista.com/statistics/1126355/philippines-impact-on-
online-purchase-behavior-covid-19/?
msclkid=3fbe6875b35111ec9fdcdf1b5ca77599&fbclid=IwAR3tUC2fZEg1WjvXkTIcaUBHexlqk
zuuxEnSN7LINrV_A_mTxobAbaadWmE
Jonas, J. (2020). Market Research| Online Shopping Industry in the Philippines
Retrieved from https://www.pinoymoneytalk.com/online-shopping-philippines/?
fbclid=IwAR2T0kbm2ASYxBoAAe2sIhAolpLYL0j2TahAxVYQ-OgQTcfQIuIJHowl_QE
Kemp, S. (2022). Digital 2022: The Philippines - DataReportal – Global Digital Insights.
Retrieved from
https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-philippines
Lakshmi, S. (2016). Consumer Buying Behavior towards Online Shopping

Retrieved from http://granthaalayah.com/Articles/Vol4Iss8/09_IJRG16_SE08_09.pdf?
msclkid=c9bec54ba92211ec985bc66ff5bb5a53&fbclid=IwAR0_9MDHOWoakYsfcgxY5_y6W
OUmHLVE3xyD28-kWmbjH8rhQ8tyy93jeDQ
Lubis, A. (2018). Evaluating the Customer Preferences of Online Shopping: Demographic
Factors and Online Shop Application Issue
Retrieved from https://www.abacademies.org/articles/evaluating-the-customer-
preferences-of-online-shopping-demographic-factors-and-online-shop-application-issue-
7066.html?
fbclid=IwAR086e6hBRGAwJogleVV6LqzVdvv6xCshzVypt8BLzFMTXkudVR5jHzaMGQ
Maheswari, V. (2018). A Study on Customer Purchase Behaviour towards Online Shopping
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/38031920/A_STUDY_ON_CUSTOMER_PURCHASE_BEHAVIOU
R_TOWARDS_ONLINE_SHOPPING?
msclkid=92c741e8a81a11ec94abf0ec4193b438&fbclid=IwAR0bPgMRzOnj-
_SvmXyzwE7BnZOdXECDLLlFBk-wZagway3r1_K920GIDKk
Mascarenhas, J. (2018). Customer Satisfaction in Online Shopping - Retail Industry
Retrieved from
https://esource.dbs.ie/bitstream/handle/10788/3658/mba_mascarenhas_j_2019.pdf?
sequence=1&isAllowed=y&fbclid=IwAR2MruywvdGFrWoQekF0STvvMIj_HlmjhZgVZMtjFHXh
DdiP4rJNSTFywQc
Mokhtar, A., Yusoff, S., Asmuni, S., & Fauzi, N. (2020). An Insight into Online Shopping
Behaviour among Young Adults in Malaysia

Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/50290973/An_Insight_into_Online_Shopping_Behaviour_among_
Young_Adults_in_Malaysia?
fbclid=IwAR05VWzQweJHCYLFLAJr0rVd7HyumbUCslx7vhEKq6s17jllwunPqMP4ovg
Nagra, G., & Gopal, R. (2013). A study of Factors Affecting Online Shopping Behavior of
Consumers
Retrieved from http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-0613/ijsrp-p1853.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR22GhJ7F48MDhlye3ZfnTw5tYKqK_yjYwRObfkvNU4-YrHDnL1T2Lvs_bE
Noor, N., et al., (2020). Online Shopping: The Influence of Attitude, Subjective Norm and
Perceived Behavioral Control on Purchase Intention
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341157360_Online_Shopping_The_Influence_of_Att
itude_Subjective_Norm_and_Perceived_Behavioral_Control_on_Purchase_Intention
Quijano, M. T., Domingo, A. V., & Mina, J. C. (2021). A Study on Consumer Buying
Behavior of Online Shoppers in relation to their ‘Add to Cart’ Experiences.
Retrieved from http://www.aijbm.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/L428087-1.pdf
Rahman, M., et al., (2018). Consumer buying behavior towards online shopping: An
empirical study on Dhaka city, Bangladesh, Cogent Business & Management. (Page
12 and 19)
Retrieved from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/23311975.2018.1514940?
fbclid=IwAR3RQG88goa6KZb_NfzuI82q31nLvhWfHH0MqdR7oy-x_jeIU1o-LMyItNM
Rani, P. (2017). A Dissertation Report on Consumer Buying Behaviour towards Online
Shopping
Retrieved from
https://www.academia.edu/32462617/CONSUMER_BUYING_BEHAVIOUR_TOWARDS_ONL
INE_SHOPPING?
msclkid=46f8bca0b1cd11ecacb3a8712152368c&fbclid=IwAR1ipWmq5RXyaz0MmsG-r-
JEutHzKFMBtPufFDwFG_EgN-5v6mU64cojkrk
Ryantika, M., & Hidayat, R. (2020). Consumer Preference Analysis of using Shopee
Application with Conjoint Method
Retrieved from https://www.scitepress.org/Papers/2020/103541/103541.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR086e6hBRGAwJogleVV6LqzVdvv6xCshzVypt8BLzFMTXkudVR5jHzaMGQ
Shanthi, R., & Kannaiah, D. (2015). Consumers’ Perception of Online Shopping.
(Page 19)
Retrieved from
https://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/39753/1/Dr.%20Desti%20Consumers%20perception%20on
%20Online%20Shopping.pdf?
fbclid=IwAR34evWZj_SoxSrw_JnlskqIIUk3ryNCslDZ8I2e009Rl1i6Td2I3VCJC1o
Singh, R., Mittal, S., & Kukreti, A. (2018). Effects of Online Shopping on Consumer Buying
Behaviour
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324694092_EFFECTS_OF_ONLINE_SHOPPING_
ON_CONSUMER_BUYING_BEHAVIOUR
Singhal, P., & Patra, S. (2018). A Study on Consumer Behaviour towards Online Shopping in
Kolkata
Retrieved from
https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Conf.1802-2018/Volume-3/Innovation%20in
%20Mangement/12.%2091-102.pdf?
msclkid=3f58d4dba92d11ecbf458efb023f9de7&fbclid=IwAR3NWCBX-
qpojpVhCN3EbIMZjr24EK49XXrPkIpPhekfMhJ8Hwr69Oxq2sM
Sullivan, L. Hypothesis Testing - Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
Retrieved from
https://sphweb.bumc.bu.edu/otlt/mph-modules/bs/bs704_hypothesistesting-anova/
bs704_hypothesistesting-anova_print.html#:~:text=The%20test%20statistic%20is
%20the,%2C%20F%3DMSB%2FMSE.
Zaveri, B. (2015). A Conceptual Framework to Understanding Online Consumer Buying
Behavior
Retrieved from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314414728_A_Conceptual_Framework_to_Underst
anding_Online_Consumer_Buying_Behavior
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A: SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE
CUSTOMER PURCHASING HABITS OF SELECTED ONLINE SHOPPERS TOWARDS
ONLINE PLATFORM: AN ASSESSMENT
Greetings!
We are the 4th year students from the College of Business and Financial Science of University of
Makati would like to request for your assistance to participate as a survey respondent.
The data that we will be gathered will be used to analyze our research study titled, “Customer
Purchasing Habits of Selected Online Shoppers Towards Online Platform: An Assessment "
With this, we would like to invite you as a participant in this research study. The process of
answering the survey questionnaire will take approximately 5-10 minutes.
The result of this survey is purposely for academic. Your participation as a respondent is voluntary
and can be withdrawn anytime. Rest assured that all efforts to protect your information and your
identity are to be taken with utmost confidentiality, in accordance with the Data Privacy Act of 2012
or the RA 10173. If you have any question about your data protection, you can contact us via
following Facebook link below:
MARIE ANGELOU AGUILAR

https://www.facebook.com/angelou.aguilar.3
ARVIE JIRAH BALDILLO
https://www.facebook.com/jirah.baldillo/
NOVA CULANCULAN
https://www.facebook.com/avon.culanculan
CHRISLOVE A. DEQUINO
https://www.facebook.com/cl.alarcon98
FRANXINE ENRIQUEZ
https://www.facebook.com/enixnarf
ZENILYN N. MARFIL
https://www.facebook.com/zz1117
ANGELICA S. IBAÑEZ
https://m.facebook.com/xxgeliccc
JANET D. SUPSUP
DANIELA S. TIMBAL
https://www.facebook.com/dnltimbal
HAYDEE MAE A. YABUT
https://www.facebook.com/maemae.deedee.16
FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES ONLY: We are interested in your online purchasing behavior
as well as the characteristics of your actions as an online shopper who has obtained or
attempted to purchase on an online platform. The goal of this study was to assess the level of
influence of customers' purchasing habits among selected online shoppers in Makati City's
barangay of West Rembo for non-working and working online shopper from 2021 to 2022 who
have online shopping IDs that have done or attempted to do their purchasing online. In
general, these questionnaires ask for your personal information, opinion, and agreement or
disagreement on how a respondent's purchasing habits should be described, as well as the
following variables based on your specific beliefs.
I. Respondent’s Profile
Name (Optional): _________________________________
Age:
□ 16-18
□ 19-21
□ 22-24
□ 25 and above
Income
□ 2,000 and below
□ 2,001- 4,000
□ 4,001-6,000
□ 6,001-above
Sex:
□ Male
□ Female
Profession
 Student
 EMPLOYED
 UN-EMPLOYED
What kind of online shopping platform do you use?
 Shopee
 Lazada
 other: ______
How many times do you purchase an item online?
 Once week
 Twice week
 Thrice week
 More than thrice
Which payment method do you prefer for online shopping?
 Cash on hand delivery
 Bank transfer
Would you prepare to buy an item with:
 With promotional code, vouchers, shipping fee and etc.
 Without promotional code, vouchers, shipping fee and etc.

Part 2.1 Respondents are requested to answer the following questions about the perceived
behavior control of shoppers toward online shopping with answers ranging from strongly
agree to strongly disagree.
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
 Strongly Disagree
Part
2.2. Res
p ondents
are
requested
to answer
the
following questions about the attitude-behavior of shoppers toward online shopping with
answers ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
Part
2.3 Res
pondent
s are
requested to answer the following questions about the subjective norms of shoppers toward
online shopping, with answers ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
Part
2.4 Res
pondent
s are
requested to answer the following questions about the Intention of shoppers toward online
shopping, with answers ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
Part
2.5. Re
sponden
ts are
requested to answer the following questions about the behavior of shoppers toward online
shopping with answers ranging from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree."
 Strongly Agree
 Agree
 Neutral
 Disagree
---
Nothing Follows---
Note: The responses will be taken with utmost confidentiality.

APPENDIX B: CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION
University of Makati
College of Business and Financial Science
Academic Year 2021-2022
CERTIFICATE OF VALIDATION
This is to certify that the research questionnaire used by Marie Angelou Aguilar, Arvie Jairah
Baldillo, Nova Culanculan, Chrislove Dequino, Franxine Enriquez, Zenelyn Marfil, Janet
Supsup, Daniela Timbal, and Haydee Mae Yabut of 3 th year Supply Management students,
had undergone validation by experts. The experts can attest that the questionnaire had
passed through careful examination and were proven substantially useful for their thesis
entitled: “Customer purchasing habits of selected online shoppers toward online platform: An
assessment”.
Certified By:
BDO Unibank, Inc. Senior Marketing Manager

Prof. Vicent Madrid
Inventory and Outbound Shopee Assistant Manager
Prof. Marichu Busano
______________________ _________________________
Dr. Allie V. Agustin

Prof. Jerome Samson
Research Advisor
______________________ _________________________
Assistant Professor IV
SUPSUP, JANET D.

Chapter 1 To 4

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 1 To 4

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CUSTOMER PURCHASING HABITS OF SELECTED ONLINE SHOPPERS TOWARDS

ONLINE PLATFORM: AN ASSESSMENT

A Business Research Study Presented to the Faculty of College

In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements in

MARIE ANGELOU AGUILAR

ARVIE JIRAH BALDILLO

HAYDEE MAE A. YABUT

JUNE 06, 2022

environment. In addition, the relationship between consumers' observed involvement and

availability of simple price makes decisions were found to influence respondents'

customer's decision to shop online.

purchasing has moved to the internet.

of payment, such as a credit/debit card or an online payment including Gcash, ECpay, or

Consumers' interest in internet shopping has grown as a result of the convenience,

pretending to be legitimate online sellers, either with a bogus website or a fake

This is called "behavioral risk."

In a matter of years, the Internet has established itself as a highly strong

look up almost anything they need or desire.

to educate a digitally savvy workforce to assist the growing e-commerce business.

day, seven days a week.

Overspending or over shopping can happen to anyone, but a buying-shopping disorder is

creating a vicious cycle. A buying-shopping disorder is associated with depression, anxiety,

and conflict with friends and family.

services, and transferring payments. In various technologically developed countries, the

It is important to understand how customers acquire attitudes and behaviors regarding

online behavior, it opens up a significant opportunity to build marketing techniques that

include "Need for Cognition" and "Need to Evaluate."

FOREIGN LITERATURE AND STUDIES

As mentioned by Ayden and Demir (2011), e-commerce consumers' behaviors and

commitment by observing customers’ online shopping satisfaction and online customer

According to Uwemi and Fournier-Bonilla (2016) consumers in industrialized

decision-making from a social psychology perspective, to comprehend the desire to use an

online purchase in an emerging economy.

individual or group would accept or disapprove of the person's behavior.

According to Nagadeepa et al. (2015), sales promotion has a significant effect on

Promotion influences consumers' behavior directly by motivating them to make purchases.

rather than less.

PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL

screen by a good perception of behavioral control. User-friendly and easy-to-navigate online

complicated processes and requirements should be minimized. Online stores should be

of customers who will make purchases on the site.

chaldal.com, ekhanei.com, bikroy.com, rokomari.com, pickaboo.com, and daraz.com. (Islam,

non-necessities by making daily survival products readily.

unexpected dissatisfaction and disappointment with purchase decisions based on the

likely to avoid potential failures than to achieve purchase fulfillment.

online shopping. Some of these are the following;

of credit card fraud

presentation (Dastane, et al., 2018; Wong, et al., 2019).

to facilitate such people to further enhance their willingness to purchase.

affected psychologically and behaviorally by the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, customer

businesses. Most categories including medicine, groceries, jewelry, supplements, footwear,

LOCAL LITERATURE AND STUDIES

named Michael Aldrich. His system connected a modified domestic TV to a real-time

cannot provide, as said by Svonavec (2017).

Macarayo (2017).The Philippines’ e-commerce market can expect a stupendous compound

media adoption to Ken Research (2014).

preferences. The consumer's brain conceals some information, such as knowledge of

fundamental goals of advertising and marketing is to offer a reasonable price.

sales Promotion as a primary factor in buying products on the internet. Advertisements,

in online shopping as it affects their buying behavior.

PERCEIVED BEHAVIORAL CONTROL

advertisements, product information on packages, opinions from friends or family members,

follow these activities.