IET Microwaves, Antennas & Propagation

Research Article

Compact wearable MIMO antenna with ISSN 1751-8725

Received on 23rd July 2018
Revised 1st December 2018
improved port isolation for ultra-wideband Accepted on 28th December 2018
E-First on 1st February 2019
applications doi: 10.1049/iet-map.2018.5599
www.ietdl.org

Ashim Kumar Biswas1 , Ujjal Chakraborty1

1Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, NIT Silchar, Cachar, Assam, India
E-mail: ashim10@gmail.com

Abstract: In this communication, a compact two-element ultra-wideband (UWB) wearable multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)
antenna with high port isolation is presented. The proposed structure is composed of jeans material in which an ‘8’ shaped stub
is placed on the middle position of the antenna backside and connected to the partially suppressed ground structure to improve
the port isolation characteristics. The antenna covers the frequency range from 2.74 to 12.33 GHz (about 127.27%) with the port
isolation of >26 dB over the entire UWB frequency range. The envelope correlation co-efficient is found to be <0.025 with a high
diversity gain (DG>9.9) throughout the complete operating band. The channel capacity loss for the proposed MIMO antenna is
<0.13 bit/s/Hz. The imprinted optimised UWB MIMO antenna covers the area size of 55 × 35 mm2. The performances of the
proposed antenna by the simulation and experimentation equally designated it a blameless candidate for the UWB applications.

1 Introduction physically larger than an antenna with high dielectric substrates.

Nowadays, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems are
widely engaged in the wireless communication area to expand the
system capability and to overcome the degradation produced by the
multipath fading. Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is gradually
becoming very significant because of offering high data
transmission at a very low power level in the wide-spread
frequency band. The problem of multipath fading existing in the
UWB system is due to the diffraction and reflection between the
interactive antennas. However, that may overcome by
implementing MIMO technology [1, 2]. The high-performance
compact antenna in a wearable device has a tremendous demand in
the field of emergency rescue, health observing, medical care,
telemedicine, physical training and satellite applications [3, 4]. The
emerging UWB technology promises low-cost, short-range with
high-speed communication systems. Therefore, UWB technology
may be a good aspirant for wireless on-body networks with popular
research in on-body transmission channels [5]. These challenging
and amazing features comprise the insertion of more antenna
elements, which find the ability to functioning in several frequency
bands to make the design more compact in dimension. The
multiband and small gadgets are mostly demandable in wireless
strategies and termed as miniaturisation of the multi-antenna
system [6]. MIMO architectures can permit the provision of
effective and trustworthy communications and omit the
interferences of other systems as they use several antenna elements
[7, 8]. The MIMO systems can use the diversity technique to
expand the reliability of the communication systems. Integration of
the MIMO technique with UWB may offer a feasible solution by
mitigating many drawbacks of UWB communications [9–11]. The
MIMO system is widely used due to its capability of contribution
to the advancement in channel capacity with the existing frequency
spectra or transmitted power [12]. The textile antenna is easily
bendable with high flexibility and simply be integrated into the
regular clothing or garments [13]. The design of an antenna on the
wearable device is more difficult due to its set-up on human body,
which is consisting of a lossy intermediate with high permittivity
material. This property will decrease the efficiency of an antenna
[14]. Consequently, exceptional attention is taken due to its
wearable usage and textile integrated strategies [4, 15–17]. The
dielectric constant of textile materials is usually very low. It
reduces the surface wave losses while improves the impedance
bandwidth of the antenna. In addition, the textile antennas are
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 498-504
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019
Some of the major constraints like twisting, folding, bending and
washing are taken care for the design of a wearable textile antenna
[18, 19]. While the MIMO schemes with multiple antennas can
attain a great spectrum efficiency in wireless communications at
both the sender and receiver ends, such systems perform best if the
spatial correlation among the signals on different antenna divisions
is very low [20]. The spatial multiplexing will be higher if the
number of the antenna elements is increased. It is found that the
closely located elements have progressive undesired mutual
coupling with the other antenna elements. This coupling decreases
the performances of the MIMO structure due to a higher
correlation between the channels. The coupling may be reduced by
increasing the gap between the adjacent antenna elements.
However, this technique disturbs the compactness of the design.
Therefore, decoupling or isolation arrangements are used rather
than increased the separation between the elements to incorporate
high isolation without negotiating the design compactness [21]. To
improve the MIMO antenna performances like gain, bandwidth and
port isolation enhancement, different techniques like defected
ground structure (DGS), split ring resonator (SRR), stubs, slots,
electromagnetic band gap (EBG) and so on are integrated with the
antenna structure [22, 23]. Mutual coupling reduction is a most
important aspect in the context of MIMO antenna design. Envelope
correlation coefficient (ECC) is a factor, which should be very low
for maintaining the high value of the diversity gain (DG). The
wearable MIMO antenna design is highly appreciable as it is
appropriate, and liable to use in most suffering environments.
Quite a lot number of MIMO antennas with low mutual
coupling have developed for wearable devices and reported in
several recent literature. However, no wearable MIMO antenna has
reported for UWB application. Therefore, the UWB MIMO
antenna system that provides broad operating bandwidth, high gain
and stable radiation patterns along with high data rate may
contribute a lot in the field of research as well as in application
domain. In this context, UWB MIMO antenna design is highly
important.
In the current article, an approach of mutual coupling reduction
of a two-port MIMO antenna having two simple ring-shaped
antenna elements is presented. The antenna is composed of a
partially etched ground plane (GP) integrated with one ‘8’ shaped
stub connected to the GP. The proposed design covers the
wideband of the frequency range from 2.74 to 12.33 GHz (S11≤
−10 dB) that fulfils the UWB band. We found very low ECC
498

Fig. 1  Configuration of the single-element antenna
(a) Top view, (b) Back view
Fig. 2  Configuration of the MIMO antenna
(a) Top view, (b) Back view with stub
(ECC<0.025) and high DG (DG>9.9) from the investigation of the
antenna. The calculated channel capacity loss is also very low
(CCL<0.13 bit/s/Hz). In the analysis of our proposed prototype, we
observed a very high port isolation (>26 dB) and good stable
radiation patterns over the total operating UWB band. The
prototype is simulated, analysed and optimised using Ansys High-
Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) [24]. A good agreement is
observed between the simulated results and measurement results of
the fabricated prototype. The remaining of the paper is structured
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 498-504
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019
Table 1 Dimensions of the optimised parameters of the
proposed MIMO antenna
Parameters Dimensions, mm Parameters Dimensions, mm
G1 8.6 R1 10.5
G2 5.9 R2 5
G3 5.5 Ws 55
G4 21 Ls 35
G5 4.5 Lf 9.6
G6 18 Wf 3
G7 7 W1 26
G8 3 D1 5
as follows. The whole design process of the antenna that is
explored in Section 2 and the simulated and measurement results
along with the antenna properties are discussed in Section 3,
followed by a brief conclusion in Section 4.
2 Antenna structure and design
The basic single-element antenna and the proposed UWB wearable
MIMO antenna are shown in Figs. 1a and b and Figs. 2a and b,
respectively. The MIMO antenna consists of two ring-shaped patch
elements on the top of the substrate. The patch elements of the
MIMO are printed on a low-cost easily-available Jeans material
having relative dielectric constant (ɛr) of 1.6, loss tangent (tan δ) of
0.02 and height of 1.5 mm. The material parameters of the Jeans
are investigated by the practical design and measurement of two
simple printed prototypes on the Jeans substrate. The overall size
of the antenna is about 0.36λ × 0.56λ × 0.015λ considering f0 as 3.1 
GHz. The designed MIMO system is incorporated with an etched
‘8’ shaped stubs connected to the GP to enhance the port isolation.
The bottom layers of the MIMO antenna before integrating the
stub and after adding the stub are shown in Figs. 1b and 2b,
respectively. The top view of the antenna demonstrates the two
antenna elements along with their feed mechanism. The back view
displays the GP where an adjusted structure is used in the proposed
MIMO antenna. The antenna elements are placed with a separation
of around 0.052λ between them. The principal objective of
inserting the ‘8’ shaped stub on the middle of the bottom layer is to
achieve a higher level of mutual decoupling between the ports. The
optimised dimensions of the proposed MIMO antenna are
summarised in Table 1.
3 Results and discussions
The proposed ring-shaped dual-element textile MIMO antenna is
fabricated in-house using a piece of copper foil with a thickness of
0.07 mm. To examine experimentally single-element antenna and
the dual-element MIMO without the stub on the GP are also
fabricated. The top view and back view of all three fabricated
prototypes are represented in Figs. 3a–f. Ports are connected with
50 Ω SMA connectors for the excitation of the elements of the
antenna. The measured outcomes and antenna performances
together with simulated results are discussed in the continuing
subsections.
3.1 Single-element antenna design
Before reaching the final strategy, we have tested the single-
element prototype in a systematic stepwise design aspect. At first, a
simple antenna is designed with a ring-shaped single-element patch
on the top surface of the Jeans material substrate. The size of the
GP of the antenna is tuned to realise the wideband response. The
single-element antenna is simulated and optimised using Ansys
HFSS and investigated experimentally. The whole volume of the
single-element antenna is 55 × 35 × 1.5 mm3 as shown in Figs. 1a
and b.
The simulation of the single-element antenna exhibits the
frequency spectra from 1.51 to 12 GHz (S11 ≤ −10 dB) which
covers the UWB band. The fabricated prototype is tested using the
499

Fig. 3  Fabricated prototypes
(a) Top view – single-element antenna, (b) Back view – single-element antenna, (c)
Top view – dual-element MIMO antenna without stub, (d) Back view – dual-element
MIMO antenna without stub, (e) Top view – dual-element MIMO antenna with stub,
(f) Back view – dual-element MIMO antenna with stub
Anritsu Vector Network Analyser model no. MS2037C/15/509.
The measured S11 parameter of the fabricated antenna having
single ring-shaped element along with the simulated result is
depicted in Fig. 4. The measured S11 (dB) characteristic covers the
frequency spectra of 2.35–11.79 GHz (S11≤−10 dB). A good
agreement is found between both the simulated and measured
results. In the next step, we have designed a two-element MIMO
antenna with the help of this single patch element and its design
procedure is discussed in the next section.
3.2 Two-element MIMO antenna design
Now, the challenge is to design a MIMO antenna with better
antenna characteristics while meeting the same UWB as obtained
in the single-element patch antenna. We designed a dual-element
MIMO antenna and placed the elements in such a way without
changing the GP so that it also exhibits the same UWB spectrum.
The designed prototype is simulated and investigated
experimentally. The top view of the structure is shown in Fig. 2a,
whereas the back view is same as Fig. 1b.
The antenna exposes the frequency spectra from 2 to 12.2 GHz
(S11 ≤ −10 dB) during simulation. This MIMO antenna was also
examined using the vector network analyser. The simulated and
measured S-parameters are plotted and shown in Fig. 5. The
fabricated prototype covers the frequency range from 2.64 to
12.28 GHz (for S11 ≤ −10 dB) which provides a good agreement
with the simulated results. However, when we investigate the
MIMO characteristics, it indicates a very high mutual coupling
between the ports. Therefore, some methodology is to be
implemented into the present MIMO to achieve high port isolation
along with acceptable divergence parameters like ECC, DG, CCL
500
Fig. 4  S-parameter of the single-element antenna
Fig. 5  Simulated and measured S-parameters of the MIMO antenna
without stub on the GP
and so on. In this context, the GP is slightly modified by inserting
an ‘8’ shaped stub and corresponding design process is discussed
in Section 3.3.
3.3 MIMO antenna design with ‘8’ shaped stub
An ‘8’ shaped stub is etched on the bottom surface of the MIMO
and connected with the GP to enhance the mutual coupling
between the ports. To design the stub, its longer dimension (G2 + 
G6) is considered as λ/4 where λ is the guided wavelength at the
lowest frequency of the UWB band (3.1 GHz). The top and back
view of the antenna are shown in Figs. 2a and b, respectively. The
design is simulated again and is tested experimentally.
3.3.1 Scattering parameters: We take the optimised final
fabricated prototype integrated with the ‘8’ shaped stub on the GP
and verified using the vector network analyser. The measured and
simulated S11 (dB) characteristics reveal a very good agreement
which is shown in Fig. 6. The simulated and measured frequency
ranges are from 2.74 to 12.33 GHz and 2.66 to 12.28 GHz,
respectively (for S11≤−10 dB).
From Fig. 6, we observed that the simulated and measured S12
parameters are less than −26 dB and −28 dB, respectively, through
the entire UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) band. In the designed MIMO
antenna, the lowest isolation of 26.1 dB is found at 6.75 GHz,
whereas the isolation is higher in all other frequencies over the
application band. The insertion of the stub improves the port
isolation about 9 dB (minimum) at 6.75 GHz and about 26.4 dB
(maximum) at 5.316 GHz. The measured results support to accept
the simulation results in all the parameters (S11 and S12). The
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© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019
characteristics of the proposed MIMO antenna are summarised in
Table 2. The small discrepancy arises due to the fabrication
tolerances and some minor errors for the measurement tolerances.
We have compared our proposed work with some other current
works of UWB MIMO antenna which is illustrated in Table 3.
3.3.2 Characterisation of ECC and DG: The diversity and
multiplexing is the principle functioning area of the MIMO
antenna. Therefore, the investigation of the diversity and
multiplexing performances is more important than reflection,
isolation and radiation performances [28]. In a MIMO antenna
system, the ECC is a major aspect to assess the diversity
performance. To check the proficiency of the proposed MIMO
antenna, we should confirm that the ECC is very low, preferably
below 0.5, which specifies that the designed prototype can offer a
good form of diversity [25]. The depth of the ECC expresses the
extent of isolation and correlation among the communication
channels. The computation of this ECC is evaluated by using the
following equation [26]:
*S12 + S21
S11 *S22 2
ECC = 2 (1)
(1 − ( S11 + S21 ))(1 − ( S22 2 + S12 2))
2
Consequently, the prototype approves good multiplexing
achievement with improved data level, which is very much
essential in the modern communication system.
Another essential parameter that cannot be neglected is the DG.
In this paper, the DG is evaluated with the help of the following
equation [27]:
DG = 10 1 − (ECC)2 (2)
The envelope correlation estimates the diversity performance of the
proposed MIMO antenna. The effectiveness of diversity is
determined in terms of DG. The DG of the proposed MIMO is
shown in Fig. 7. It is noticed from the figure that the proposed
MIMO antenna offers a very high DG (DG>9.9).
3.3.3 Channel capacity loss: The CCL is a very important
parameter to characterise the capacity of the MIMO channel. The
responsibility of the CCL is the correlation between the closely
positioned patch elements in MIMO systems. CCL is computed
from the S-parameters for a multipath environment bearing high
signal-to-noise ratio using the subsequent equation [29]

CCL(loss) = − log2 det ΨR (3)

The ECC of the proposed MIMO is calculated from the measured
S-parameters. Fig. 7 demonstrates the ECC features of the designed Provided, ΨR is a 2 × 2 correlation matrix and the elements of the
MIMO antenna. It is cleared from the ECC curve that the value of
matrix are obtained in terms of S-parameters of the MIMO system
ECC is <0.025 through the entire operating UWB band.
from the following equations:
2 2
Ψii = 1 − Sii + Si j (4)

Ψi j = 1 − Sii*Si j + S*ji S j j (5)

where i and j are 1 or 2. Normally, very low value of CCL is

desirable to achieve the high channel capacity. The threshold value
of the CCL of the MIMO antenna is considered as 0.4 (bit/s/Hz)
[30]. The simulated and measured results of CCL are shown in
Fig. 8. From the figure, it is observed that the CCL is very low
(CCL<0.13 bits/s/Hz) through the entire UWB band for both the
cases. Therefore, it signifies a very good message broadcasting
with a high data rate over the communication channel with a
nominal CCL. Therefore, the proposed MIMO antenna is an
appropriate device for the applications in a wearable system.

3.3.4 Surface current distributions: We have investigated the

surface current distributions of the proposed textile made MIMO
Fig. 6  Simulated and measured S-parameters of the proposed antenna antenna. This investigation is required for an understanding of the
with stub on the GP mutual coupling reduction between the ports. Figs. 9a–d illustrate

Table 2 Summarisation of some of the characteristics of the proposed MIMO antenna

Op. Freq., GHz S11 minima, dB S12 minima, dB Gain, dB
Sim. Msd. Sim. Msd. Sim. Msd.
3.1 −11.97 −25.6 −26.6 −32.8 7 6.9
5.316 −18.28 −30.4 −41.5 −33.8 3.1 3.4
6.75 −12.75 −16.8 −26.1 −29.5 4.5 3.8
8.02 −11.48 −11.9 −33.2 −29.9 5.3 5.1
10.6 −15.01 −18.5 −30.2 −37.5 5.1 5.2

Table 3 Comparison with some of the recent UWB MIMO antenna papers
Design Board, mm2 No. of elements Substrate, ɛr Max. gain Gap between elements, mm Port isolation, dB
[1] 45 × 45 4 FR4, 4.4 3 dB 6 >17
[8] 22 × 26 2 FR4, 4.4 3.8 dBi 8 >18
[9] 25 × 30 2 FR4, 4.4 5.2 dBi 16 >20
[25] 35 × 35 4 FR4, 4.4 not provided not provided >20
[26] 58 × 58 2 Rogers RT /Duroid6035HTC,3.6 2.2 dBi 2.83 >14
[27] 50 × 30 2 FR4, 4.4 4.3 dB not provided >20
proposed 55 × 35 2 Jeans, 1.6 6.9 dB 6 >26

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Fig. 7  ECC and DG variation of the antenna with ground stub

Fig. 8  CCL variation of the antenna with ground stub

the current distributions with and without stub on the GP. We

reviewed the current scatterings at four different frequencies within
the operating band. It is observed that the amount of current
flowing (when ‘8’ shaped stub is integrated and connected with the
ground through a strip) from the input exciting port 1 to port 2 is
very negligible or small and this leads to very low mutual coupling
between two ring-shaped antenna elements. The proper insertion of
the stub provides the stop band characteristics and reduces the
current flowing towards the other port. This helps to couple the
second radiator a lesser amount of current to achieve higher port
isolation [27]. The surface current distributions at around 5.316,
6.75, 8.02 and 10.6 GHz for both the MIMO antennas (with and
without ‘8’ shaped stub) are depicted in Figs. 9a–d, respectively.

3.3.5 Radiation properties: We have investigated the radiation

performance of the proposed textile UWB MIMO antenna in E-
plane and H-plane. Figs. 10a–c show the normalised measured and
simulated 2D radiation patterns at 3.8, 5.8 and 8.5 GHz. It is
observed that the antenna provides monopole radiation
characteristics at 3.8 and 5.8 GHz, whereas it contributes dipole
type radiation properties at 8.5 GHz. The measured and simulated
radiation patterns confirm a good agreement between them. The
simulated and measured gain with the frequency variation is
plotted and is shown in Fig. 11. In the designated UWB band, the
maximum realised MIMO antenna gain is noticed around 6.9 dB at
3.1 GHz.
3.3.6 Effects on the S-parameter for on-body attachment of
the proposed MIMO antenna: To study the S-parameters for the
on-body condition, we attached the proposed textile MIMO
antenna on different body locations and measured the scattering
parameters using the vector network analyser. We have taken the
outcome when the antenna is positioned at chest, wrist and
shoulder of the human body. These results along with off-body
Fig. 9  Current distributions of the MIMO antenna
(a) 5.316 GHz, (b) 6.75 GHz, (c) 8.02 GHz, (d) 10.6 GHz
outcome are compared in Fig. 12. We observed that in all the cases,
the antenna covers the full UWB (3.1–10.6 GHz) bandwidth.
The low profile textile MIMO antenna does not provide only
the wearable properties, but also exhibit the UWB characteristics
with very high (>26 dB) port isolation over the entire band. This is
the novelty of this work.
4 Conclusion
In this paper, a compact ring-shaped two-element UWB textile
MIMO antenna is investigated and discussed. Throughout the
UWB band, the antenna provides very high port isolation (>26 dB)

502 IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 498-504
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Fig. 10  Simulated and measured normalised radiation patterns of the
proposed antenna at
(a) 3.8 GHz, (b) 5.8 GHz, (c) 8.5 GHz
Fig. 11  Simulated and measured gain of the proposed antenna with
frequency variation
due to the integration of an ‘8’ shaped stub in the GP of the
antenna. The uniqueness of the work is that the wearable design
offers very high port isolation of 26 dB through a wideband with
the element spacing of only 0.052λ. The proposed antenna offers
very low ECC (ECC<0.025) and CCL (CCL<0.13 bit/s/Hz) along
with high DG (DG>9.9) over the entire UWB band. The measured
results agreed well with the simulated outcomes. Furthermore, the
on-body measurement shows that the antenna system provides a
large bandwidth covering the whole UWB band as obtained in the
off-body conditions.
IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 498-504
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019
Fig. 12  Measured S-parameters of the proposed antenna on chest, wrist,
shoulder and off-body
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IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2019, Vol. 13 Iss. 4, pp. 498-504
© The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2019