ᵣ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚĞůĞŬƚƌŽƚƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕Ϯϱ϶ǀĞϭĂƚŵďĂƐŦŶĕƚĂƂůĕƺůĞŶĚĞŒĞƌĚŝƌ͘ ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘

ᵣ ^ŦĐĂŬůŦŒŦŶĂnjĂůŵĂƐŦŝƐĞĚĞŶŐĞLJŝƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjĂƌĂŬƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝĂƌƚŦƌŦƌ͘ ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůĂĐĂŒŦŶ
ĂƐŦŶĕƚŬŝƐŝ ᵣ ĂƐŦŶĕĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝďƵĚĞŒĞƌŝĚĞĚĞŒŝƔƚŝƌĞĐĞŬƚŝƌ͘ OGM
Z7b7DW7>>Z7
ŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶe bozulur ve pil potansiyeli artar.

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ᵣ ĂƐŦŶĕĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝƐĂĚĞĐĞ^,ŝĕĞƌĞŶŐĂůǀĂŶŝŬƉillerde etkilidir.
ᵣ ĂƐŦŶĕĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝďƵĚĞŒĞƌŝĚĞĚĞŒŝƔƚŝƌĞĐĞŬƚŝƌ͘
ᵣ ƵĚƵƌƵŵĚĂ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝŝůĞĂĕŦŬůĂŶŦƌ͘
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
MATERYAL
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
'(5ûÄû03û//(5û
ůĞŬƚƌŽƚůĂƌŦĂLJŶŦ͕ĞůĞŬƚƌŽůŝƚĚĞƌŝ
ORTAP)Zd7D'E>DmmZ>m)m
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů

denir.
(OHNWURWODU¿D\Q¿HOHNWUROLWGHUL-
ÅLPOHULIDUNO¿RODQHOHNWURNLP\DVDO
϶Ɖŝů͗ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕
ᵣ ĂƐŦŶĕĚĞŒŝƔŝŵŝƐĂĚĞĐĞ^,ŝĕĞƌĞŶŐĂůǀĂŶŝŬƉillerde etkilidir. SLOOHUHGHULÅLPSLOLGHQLU
KONU (/(.7527/$59((/(.752.ý0<$6$/+˜&5(/(5 WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉ
ᵣ ƵĚƵƌƵŵĚĂ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝŝůĞĂĕŦŬůĂŶŦƌ͘ ཙ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌŶů
Ŷ͗,ƺĐƌĞƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞĂůŦŶĂŶLJĂĚĂǀĞƌŝůĞŶƚŽƉůĂŵĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶƐĂLJŦƐŦ͕
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘ 2 ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƉĕƂnjƺŶƺƌƐĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
϶Ɖŝů͗ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕
6WDQGDUW(OHNWURW3RWDQVL\HOLQL ❋ 6DINDW¿YHV¿Y¿ODU ýONHVLÜQHJ²UHGHQJHUHDNWLIOHU
(WNLOH\HQ)DNW²UOHU ᵣ YĐ͗WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶŝŶĚĞƌŝƔŝŵůĞƌƚƺƌƺŶĚĞŶĚĞŶŐĞŬĞƐƌŝĚŝƌ͘YĐĚĞŒĞƌŝϭĕŦŬĂƌƐĂ
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WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝl
D]DO¿U
❋ 1HUQVWHÅLWOL½LVWDQ-
R
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GDUWROPD\DQÅDUWODUGD ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
➸%\DU¿K¸FUHVLQHELUPLNWDU
GX½XÅDUWODUGDYHGHULÅLPL0RODQ ᵣ YĐ͗WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶŝŶĚĞƌŝƔŝŵůĞƌƚƺƌƺŶĚĞŶĚĞŶŐĞŬĞƐƌŝĚŝƌ͘YĐĚĞŒĞƌŝϭĕŦŬĂƌƐĂ
KHP\DU¿K¸FUHSRWDQVL\H-ཙ &X&ONDW¿V¿LODYHHGLOLS£²]¸Q¸UVH
LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌƵů2 ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƉĕƂnjƺŶƺƌƐĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝ
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OLQLQKHPGHSLOSRWDQVL- ƵϸЀ
artar.
W¿U%XGH½HUOHUGHQKHUKDQJLELUL
GH½LÅWL½LQGHHOHNWURWSRWDQVL\HOL
GHGH½LÅLU
6WDQGDUWHOHNWURWSRWDQVL\HOL
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ED½O¿GH½LOGLU
6¿FDNO¿N(WNLVL
❋ (OHNWURNLP\DVDOSLOOHUGHJHU- ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘ᵣ
£HNOHÅHQWHSNLPHOHUGHQJHWHSNL-
PHVLGLUYHEXWHSNLPHOHUGHQJH\H
XODÅPDH½LOLPLQGHGLU
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VL\HOLV¿FDNO¿NODWHUVRUDQW¿O¿ROGX-
Ϯϱ϶͛ĚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝLJůĞĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝϭD͛ĚĂŶĨĂƌŬůŦŽůĂŶ;Ɛtandart
VXGDGHULÅLPLDUWDU
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞ
ůŽŐϭсϬŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶƉŝůс϶ƉŝůŽůƵƌ͘
\HOLQLQKHVDSODQPDV¿QGD 3LOWHSNLPHVLQGH/H&KDWHOLHUýO-
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
ᵣ Nernst ĞƔŝƚůŝŒŝƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŽůŵĂLJĂŶƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂŚĞŵLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝŶŚĞŵĚĞƉŝů
NXOODQ¿O¿U
ᵣ ^ĂĨŬĂƚŦǀĞƐŦǀŦůĂƌĚĞŶŐĞŬĞƐƌŝŶĚĞLJĂnjŦůŵĂnj͘
❋ $\DU¿K¸FUHVLQHVDI ❋%XSLOOHUGHHOHNWUROLWGHULÅLPL
ཙ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌƵů2 ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƉĕƂnjƺŶƺƌƐĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵ
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝŶŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŵĂƐŦŶĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘
VXLODYHHGLOLUVHEXK¸F-
϶Ɖŝů͗ ^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕ NHVLÜQHJ²UHGHQJH¸U¸QOHUOHKLQH
artar. ᵣ Bu pillerde elektrolit deƌŝƔŝŵŝŬ
N¸£¸NRODQ\DU¿K¸FUHDQRWE¸\¸N
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů
RODQ\DU¿K¸FUHNDWRWJ²UHYLQGHGLU
ᵣ Nernst ĞƔŝƚůŝŒŝƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŽůŵĂLJĂŶƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂŚĞŵLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝŶŚĞŵĚĞƉŝů
potansiyeli artar. ER]XOXUYHSLOSRWDQ-
ŐƂƌĞǀŝŶĚĞĚŝƌ͘
❋'HULÅLPSLOOHULQGH]DPDQOD
Ŷ͗,ƺĐƌĞƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞĂůŦŶĂŶLJĂĚĂǀĞƌŝůĞŶƚŽƉůĂŵĞůĞŬƚƌŽŶƐĂLJŦƐŦ͕ VL\HOLDUWDU
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝŶŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŵĂƐŦŶĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘ ཙ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌEĂ DQRW\DU¿K¸FUHVLQLQGHULÅLPLDUWDU
2^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůĚŝŒŝŶĚĞ
➸$\DU¿K¸FUHVLQH
ELUPLNWDU Na ^NDW¿V¿ NDWRW\DU¿K¸FUHVLQLQGHULÅLPL
ᵣ ĞƌŝƔŝŵƉŝůůĞƌŝŶĚĞnjĂŵĂŶůĂĂŶŽ
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝ
2
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OHKLQHER]XOXUYHSLOSRWDQVL\HOL ůŽŐϭсϬŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶƉŝůс϶ƉŝůŽůƵƌ͘ potansiyeli artar.
ᵣ WŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĚĞ^,͛ŶŝŶďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞĚĞ,
D]DO¿U 2 ŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦĂƌƚŦƌŦůŦƌƐĂĚĞŶŐĞ WHSNLPHVLJHU£HN- ĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
❋%LUGHULÅLPSLOLQGHDQRWYH
^ĂĨŬĂƚŦǀĞƐŦǀŦůĂƌĚĞŶŐĞŬĞƐƌŝŶĚĞLJĂnjŦůŵĂnj͘ ཙ OHÅLU NDWRW\DU¿K¸FUHOHULQLQGHULÅLPOHUL
LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌEĂ2^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůĚŝŒŝŶĚĞ
❋ +JD]¿Q¿QEDV¿QF¿D]DW¿O¿UVD HÅLWOHQLQFHSLOSRWDQVL\HOLV¿I¿UROXU
GHQJH¸U¸QOHUOHKLQHER]XOXUYHSLO ᵣ Nernst ĞƔŝƚůŝŒŝƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŽůŵĂLJĂŶƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂŚĞŵLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝŶŚĞŵĚĞƉŝů ᵣ ŝƌĚĞƌŝƔŝŵƉŝůŝŶĚĞĂŶŽƚǀĞŬĂƚŽ
SLO£DO¿ÅPD]
ᵣ WŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĚĞ^,͛ŶŝŶďƵůƵŶĚƵŒƵLJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞĚĞ,
ᵣ H2 SRWDQVL\HOLDUWDU ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶŝŶŚĞƐĂƉůĂŶŵĂƐŦŶĚĂŬƵůůĂŶŦůŦƌ͘2 ŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦĂƌƚŦƌŦůŦƌƐĂĚĞŶŐĞ
ŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦĂnjĂƚŦůŦƌƐĂĚĞŶŐĞƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
❋=Q6NDW¿V¿Q¿QVX- ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝƐŦĨŦƌŽůƵƌ͕ƉŝůĕĂůŦƔŵĂ
ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌ͘ “UQHN
ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
'HULÅLP(WNLVL
GDNL£²]¸Q¸UO¸½¸D] Cu2+L\RQXQXQVWDQGDUWLQGLU-
R&ÜGHVWDQGDUWSLOSRWDQVL- ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌ͘ Cu 2+
2+ iyonunun standart indirgenmeHpotansiyeli + H+ iyonunun st
ᵣ Ŷ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŶŦŶƐƵĚĂŬŝĕƂnjƺŶƺƌůƺŒƺĂnjŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶĕƂŬĞƌǀĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝ
ROGX½XQGDQ£²NHUYH Cu iyonunun JHQPHSRWDQVL\HOL
standart indirgenme L\RQXQXQ potansiyeli H+ iyonunun
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½XQGDQ/H&KDWHOLHUýONHVLÜQHJ²UH VWDQGDUWROPD\DQSLOSRWDQVL\HOL
olmayan) pil
ᵣ H2 ŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦĂnjĂƚŦůŦƌƐĂĚĞŶŐĞƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘ ŶϸЀ
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůĂĐĂŒŦŶĚĂŶ>Ğ
VXGDGHULÅLPLD]DO¿U
Örnek:
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĚĞŶďƺLJƺŬŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶŬĂďŦŬĂƚŽƚ͕ŬĂďŦĂŶŽƚƚƵ
VWDQGDUWLQGLUJHQPHSRWDQVL\H-
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝŝůŝƔŬŝ͖
HN]RWHUPLNELUGHQJHWHSNLPHVL
RODQSLOWHSNLPHOHULQGHV¿FDNO¿NDU-
W¿Å¿GHQJH\LUHDNWLIOHUOHKLQHER]DU 1HUQVWHÅLWOL½LGHQLU
YHSLOSRWDQVL\HOLQLD]DOW¿U
ĞƔŝƚůŝŒŝŝůĞďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘ƵĞƔŝƚůŝŒĞEĞƌŶƐƚĞƔŝƚůŝŒŝdenir.
❋ 6¿FDNO¿½¿QD]DOPDV¿LVHGHQJH\L
¸U¸QOHUOHKLQHER]DUDNSLOSRWDQVL-
ƵĞƔŝƚůŝŬƚĞ͕
\HOLQLDUW¿U¿U
%DV¿Q£(WNLVL Ɖŝů͗^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŽůŵĂLJĂŶƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕
❋ 6WDQGDUWHOHNWURWSRWDQVL\HOL
R&YHDWPEDV¿Q£WD²O£¸OHQ
GH½HUGLU
❋ %DV¿Q£GH½LÅLPLEXGH½HULGH
GH½LÅWLUHFHNWLU
UHGH ŶϸЀ VXGDGHULÅLPLD]DODFD- ᵣ ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌ͘
Ŷ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŶŦŶƐƵĚĂŬŝĕƂnjƺŶƺƌůƺŒƺĂnjŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶĕƂŬĞƌǀĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĚĞŶďƺLJƺŬŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶŬĂďŦŬĂƚŽƚ͕ŬĂďŦĂŶŽƚ
3LOWHSNLPHVLQGH/H&KDWHOLHUýO- OLQGHQE¸\¸NROGX½XQGDQ$NDE¿
Cu iyonunun standart indirgenme potansiyeli H iyonunun standart indirgen
2+ +
DUDV¿QGDNLLOLÅNL
ĞƌŝƔŝŵƚŬŝƐŝ ŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶe
½¿QGDQ/H&KDWHOLHUýONHVLÜQHJ²UH ᵣ bozulur ve pil potansiyeli artar.
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝŶĚĞŶďƺLJƺŬŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶŬĂďŦŬĂƚŽƚ͕ŬĂďŦĂŶŽƚƚƵƌ͘
Ŷ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŶŦŶƐƵĚĂŬŝĕƂnjƺŶƺƌůƺŒƺĂnjŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶĕƂŬĞƌǀĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
NDWRW%NDE¿DQRWWXU
HÅLWOL½LLOHEXOXQXU%XHÅLWOL½H GHQJH¸U¸QOHUOHKLQHER]XOXUYH
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůĂĐĂŒŦŶĚĂŶ>Ğ
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
SLOSRWDQVL\HOLDUWDU
Ϯϱ϶͛ĚĞƐƚĂŶĚĂƌƚƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝLJůĞĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝϭD͛ĚĂŶĨĂƌŬůŦŽůĂŶ;Ɛtandart WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ
olmayan) ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞ
%XHÅLWOLNWH
ŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶe
❋ %\DU¿K¸FUHVLQHVDIVXLODYH bozulurpil
NHVLÜQHJ²UHGHQJH¸U¸QOHUOHKLQH
ve pil potansiyeli
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ artar.
ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů
ER]XOXUYHSLOSRWDQVL\HOLDUWDU
potansiyeli artar.
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂƌĂƐŦŶĚĂŬŝŝůŝƔŬŝ͖
(SLO6WDQGDUWROPD\DQÅDUWODUGD HGLOLUVHEXK¸FUHGHƵϸЀ (suda) WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ
potansiyeli artar.
➸%\DU¿K¸FUHVLQHELUPLNWDU I.,HH JD]¿Q¿QEDV¿QF¿DUWDUVD/H
ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů
ŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦĂƌƚĂƌƐĂ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞ
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůĂĐĂŒŦŶĚĂŶ>Ğ
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
GHULÅLPLD]DO¿U I. 2
H&KDWHOLHUýONHVLÜQHJ²UHGHQJH
2
2 ŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦĂƌƚĂƌƐĂ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ŐƂƌĞ
ཙ
potansiyeli artar.
1D6NDW¿V¿LODYHHGLOGL½LQGH I. H
bozulur ve pil potansiyeli artar.
2 ŐĂnjŦŶŦŶďĂƐŦŶĐŦĂƌƚĂƌƐĂ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ŐƂ
ŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƺƌƺŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶe
3LOWHSNLPHVLQGH/H&KDWHOLHU ཙ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌEĂ
bozulur ve pil potansiyeli artar.
LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌEĂ 2 ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůĚŝŒŝŶĚĞ͕
bozulur
^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůĚŝŒŝŶĚĞ͕ ve pil potansiyeli
//͘ŶŽƚŬĂďŦŶĚĂ
¸U¸QOHUOHKLQHER]XOXUYHSLOSR- artar.
WHSNLPHVLJHU£HNOHÅLU 2 bozulur ve pil potansiyeli artar.
ཙ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌEĂ ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůĚŝŒŝŶĚĞ͕
ᵣ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞƐĂĨƐƵŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƌƐĞďƵŚƺĐƌĞĚĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘ 2 WDQVL\HOLDUWDU
//͘ŶŽƚŬĂďŦŶĚĂ
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů //͘ŶŽƚŬĂďŦŶĚĂ ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌŬĞŶĕƂnjĞůƚŝĚĞ, ŝLJŽŶůĂƌŦŶŦŶĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂƌƚĂĐĂŒŦŶ
,,$QRWNDE¿QGD
+
SLOSRWDQVL\HOL ĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
R ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
(ĞƔŝƚůŝŒŝŝůĞďƵůƵŶƵƌ͘ƵĞƔŝƚůŝŒĞEĞƌŶƐƚĞƔŝƚůŝŒŝdenir.
SLO6WDQGDUWÅDUWODUGDSLOSR- ❋&X6NDW¿V¿Q¿QVXGDNL£²]¸Q¸U- III. <ĂƚŽƚŬĂďŦŶĚĂ
ýONHVLÜQHJ²UHGHQJHUHDNWLIOHU ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌ͘
ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌ͘ WHSNLPHVLJHU£HNOHÅLUNHQ£²]HO-
WDQVL\HOL WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌ͘
O¸½¸D]ROGX½XQGDQ£²NHUYH ƵϸЀ
ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌŬĞŶĕƂnjĞůƚŝĚĞ,
ƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌŬĞŶĕƂnjĞůƚŝĚĞ,
+ ŝLJŽŶůĂƌŦŶŦŶĚĞ
+ ŝLJŽŶůĂƌŦŶŦŶ
tepkimesi ŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌŬĞŶƵŬĂƚŦƐŦŽůƵƔƵƌ͕ĞůĞŬƚƌŽƚLJƺnjĞLJŝŶĚĞďŝƌŝŬŝ
OHKLQHER]XOXUYHSLOSRWDQVL\HOL WLGH+L\RQODU¿Q¿QGHULÅLPLDUWDFD-
ƵĞƔŝƚůŝŬƚĞ͕
Q+¸FUHWHSNLPHVLQGHDO¿QDQ\D
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
D]DO¿U ᵣ
❋ %DV¿Q£GH½LÅLPLVDGHFH6+(
L£HUHQJDOYDQLNSLOOHUGHHWNLOLGLU
❋ %XGXUXPGD/H&KDWHOLHUýONH- OHUW¸U¸QGHQGHQJHNHVULGLU4F
VXGDGHULÅLPLD]DO¿U
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞ ŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů
ᵣ ĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
Ƶ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŶŦŶƐƵĚĂŬŝĕƂnjƺŶƺƌůƺŒƺĂnjŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶĕƂŬĞƌǀĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
Ƶ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŶŦŶƐƵĚĂŬŝĕƂnjƺŶƺƌůƺŒƺĂnjŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶĕƂŬĞƌǀĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵ
ůĞŬƚƌŽĚƵŶŬƺƚůĞƐŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
ᵣ Ƶ^ŬĂƚŦƐŦŶŦŶƐƵĚĂŬŝĕƂnjƺŶƺƌůƺŒƺĂnjŽůĚƵŒƵŶĚĂŶĕƂŬĞƌǀĞƵϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
ĂnjĂůŦƌ͘ ĞǀĂƉ/ǀĞ///͛ƚƺƌ͘
½¿QGDQS+D]DO¿U
GDYHULOHQWRSODPHOHNWURQVD\¿V¿ ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘ 3LOWHSNLPHVLQGH/H&KDWHOLHUýO- III. <ĂƚŽƚŬĂďŦŶĚĂ
➸
ཙ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌŶů
$\DU¿K¸FUHVLQHELUPLNWDU III. <ĂƚŽƚŬĂďŦŶĚĂ
,,, .DWRWNDE¿QGD
=Q&ONDW¿V¿LODYHHGLOLS£²]¸Q¸UVH 2 ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƉĕƂnjƺŶƺƌƐĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
❋Ɖŝů͗^ƚĂŶĚĂƌƚŽůŵĂLJĂŶƔĂƌƚůĂƌĚĂƉŝůƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝ͕
4F3LOWHSNLPHVLQLQGHULÅLP- Sorular
tepkimesi ŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌŬĞŶƵŬĂƚŦƐŦŽůƵƔƵƌ͕ĞůĞŬƚƌŽƚLJ
VLLOHD£¿NODQ¿U
❋ 3LOSRWDQVL\HOLQGH6+(ÜQLQ
EXOXQGX½X\DU¿K¸FUHGH+JD]¿Q¿Q ROXU
ŶϸЀVXGDGHULÅLPLDUWDU NHVLÜQHJ²UHGHQJHJLUHQOHUOHKLQH 1) WHSNLPHVLJHU£HNOHÅLUNHQ&X
tepkimesi ŐĞƌĕĞŬůĞƔŝƌŬĞŶƵŬĂƚŦƐŦŽůƵƔƵƌ͕ĞůĞŬƚƌŽ
GH½HUL£¿NDUVD ཙ LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌŶů WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ŐŝƌĞŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ŐŝƌĞŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝů
ORJ ROGX½XQGDQ(SLO ( ཙ
2 ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƉĕƂnjƺŶƺƌƐĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
3LOWHSNLPHVLQGH/H&KDWHOLHU ůĞŬƚƌŽĚƵŶŬƺƚůĞƐŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
NDW¿V¿ROXÅXUHOHNWURW\¸]H\LQGH
R
SLO LJĂƌŦŚƺĐƌĞƐŝŶĞďŝƌŵŝŬƚĂƌŶů2 ŬĂƚŦƐŦŝůĂǀĞĞĚŝůŝƉĕƂnjƺŶƺƌƐĞŶϸЀ;sudaͿĚĞƌŝƔŝŵŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
ER]XOXUYHSLOSRWDQVL\HOLD]DO¿U
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
ůĞŬƚƌŽĚƵŶŬƺƚůĞƐŝĂƌƚĂƌ͘
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ŐŝƌĞŶůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞ
ĞǀĂƉ/ǀĞ///͛ƚƺƌ͘
ELULNLU(OHNWURGXQN¸WOHVLDUWDU
ĞǀĂƉ/ǀĞ///͛ƚƺƌ͘
ƉŽƚĂŶƐŝLJĞůŝĂnjĂůŦƌ͘
Z7b7DW7>>Z7  &HYDS,YH,,,ÜW¸U
WŝůƚĞƉŬŝŵĞƐŝŶĚĞ>ĞŚĂƚĞůŝĞƌ7ůŬĞƐŝ͛ŶĞŐƂƌĞĚĞŶŐĞ͕ƌĞĂŬƚŝĨůĞƌůĞŚŝŶĞďŽnjƵůƵƌǀĞƉŝl
Z7b7DW7>>Z7