5/10/22

Chapter 16:
● Studying samples compared to other samples from the same population
● Sample variability

In a population:
p= proportion of population
“P hat” (p with ^ over it) represents proportion from a sample, not the population.

● The center of fluctuation changes with the sample size

● The center of proportion doesn’t change with sample size

Box models: represent what happens in each single measurement and variability in each
measurement

⬅ the “box”

Let’s use the example of flipping a coin.

1. How many tickets should be in the box? As many as there are outcomes in the single
measurement. In our case, 2 (heads and tails).

⬅ Box with 2 tickets

2. What numbers go in each ticket? Arbitrary in our case, we will assign 0 for tails and 1 for
heads

3. Then calculate the AVG of all of the numbers in all of the tickets and the SD for all of the
numbers in the tickets

AVGbox: 0.5
SDbox: 0.5

Shortcut for when you have only 2 numbers in your tickets:

SDbox= (bigger # - smaller #) x √ (fraction of the bigger # x fraction of smaller #)

For example:

2 3
SDbox= (3-1) × 5
× 5

SDbox tells you on average how far each individual result is from the average of the box.