SARS-COV2 Wuhan strain (Wuhan-Hu-1)
[SUMMARY]
Virus Morphology
- Genus: Coronavirus
- Family: Coronaviridae
- Genome: non-segmented single-
stranded positive-sense RNA
genome
- With reverse transcriptase
- Beta-coronavirus
- Structure :
o Similar to SARS-CoV
o Virion Size: 70-90nm
o Enveloped
o
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10.1007/978-981-15-4814-7_3?
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Occurrence and Distribution
- SARS-CoV-2 virus was first spotted
in Wuhan, China
- In its onset, SARS-CoV-2 has been
declared as a pandemic, with
1,844,683 confirmed cases and
117,021 deaths globally by 14th
April 2020
- Worldwide: Currently, there have
been a total 647,972,911 confirmed
cases of COVID-19, including
6,642,832 deaths as of December
16, 2022, as reported by WHO
- National As of December 18, 2022,
DOH reports a total of 4,056,239
cases and currently 17,900 active
cases. 3,973,275 cases have
recovered since then. However, a
total of 65,064 people have died
Disease
Disease Associated
- Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)
Infection Cycle
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https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/97
8-981-15-4814-7_3?
fbclid=IwAR0Imvt2n2VyqIHUUdlIWoUpjv1U
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Primary Mode of Transmission
- Transmitted through respiratory
droplets and direct contact
- As of this strain, there was no
evidence of aerosol transmission
Clinical Manifestation
- Common signs and symptoms of
those who first contracted the
disease are fever, cough, headache,
diarrhea, hemoptysis, and dyspnea
Complication Vaccines available
- May develop acute respiratory - Vaccine available (approved and
disease, secondary infections, acute authorized sa US)
heart injury, and o mRNA vaccines: Pfizer-
BioNTech and Moderna
Laboratory Diagnosis COVID-19
Specimen o Protein subunit vaccine:
- Nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal Novavax COVID-19 vaccine
samples from the upper respiratory o Viral Vector vaccine:
tract Johnson & Johnson’s
Janssen (J&J/Janssen)
Laboratory Methods and Expected Results COVID-19
- Real time RT-PCR – detects viral
nucleic acids
- Rapid Antigen Tests – however it is
not sensitive enough to detect
antibodies during the first few weeks

Prevention and Control

Treatment
- symptomatic treatment, with organ
support in intensive care for
seriously ill patients
o bed rest
o immunomodulating therapy
o organ function support,
o respiratory support,
o bronchoalveolar lavage
(BAL),
o blood purification and
extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation (ECMO)

Preventive Measures
- Use of chemical disinfectants ( ex.
Sodium hypochlorite) and aseptics
(ex. Ethyl alcohol) since they are
easily destroyed by these
- Proper handwashing
- Social Distancing
- Vaccination

[Unsummarized Notes]
Virus Morphology
- SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh member
of the family coronaviruses, which is
the beta-CoV (animals are the
sources) with over 70% similarity in
genetic sequence to SARS-nCoV
- large family of enveloped RNA
viruses that possess crown-like
surface glycoprotein projections
- non-segmented single-stranded
positive-sense RNA genome
- expresses a heavily glycosylated
spike protein (S-protein) on its
envelope
- belongs to genus Coronavirus and
family Coronaviridae
- The structure of SARS-CoV-2 is
found to be similar to SARS-CoV
with virion size ranging from 70 to 90
nm. Spike, membrane, and envelope
surface viral proteins of coronavirus
are embedded in host membrane-
derived lipid bilayer encapsulating
the helical nucleocapsid comprising
viral RNA. The genome comprises of
6–11 open reading frames (ORFs)
with 5′ and 3′ flanking untranslated
regions (UTRs)
- virus particle sizes ranging from 70
to 90 nm
Occurrence and Distribution  aerial droplets and contact.
- The SARS-CoV-2 virus was first
identified in the Chinese city of
Wuhan, where the pandemic was
firstly spotted
- Rf. COVID Live. Coronavirus
Statistics - Worldometer.
https://www.worldometers.info/coron
avirus/ [Ref list]
- Rf. (World Health Organization
[WHO] Covid Dashboard)
- nfection was originated in Huanan
seafood and animal market in
Wuhan city of Hubei province and it
provided some link to an animal to
human transmission through the
sale of seafood and live animals
- SARS-CoV-2 has been declared as
a pandemic, with 1,844,683
confirmed cases and 117,021
deaths globally by 14th April 2020
(World Health Organization 2020
- As of December 16, 2022, there
have been 647,972,911 confirmed
cases of COVID-19, including
6,642,832 deaths, reported (WHO
COIVD-19 dashboard)
- As of December 18, 2022, DOH
reports a total of 4,056,239 cases
and currently 17,900 active cases.
3,973,275 cases have recovered
since then. However, a total of
65,064 people have died
Disease 
Disease associated
- Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19)
Infection Cycle
Primary Mode of Transmission
- Respiratory droplet transmission is
the main route of transmission, and
it can also be transmitted through
infectious droplets can spread to a
distance of 1-2 meters and may
remain viable on surfaces for days in
a favorable environment
- asymptomatic cases, which may
play a critical role in the transmission
process
- As of that moment, there is no
evidence for aerosol transmission of
CoVID-19

Clinical Manifestation (Signs & Symptoms)
- mild, moderate, to severe and
rapidly progressive and fulminant
disease. Most of the patients with
SARS-CoV-2 were normal and mild,
and their mortality was lower than in
SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV.
- Symptom of CoVID-19 are non-
specific and the disease
presentation can range from no
symptoms (asymptomatic) to severe
pneumonia and death
- Common symptoms: fever, cough,
myalgia, sputum, headache,
hemotypsis, and diarrhea. About half
of patients have dyspnea.
Lymphocytopenia was observed in
63% of patients. All patients had
pneumonia
Complication (If applicable)
- Complications included acute
respiratory distress syndrome (29%),
acute heart injury (12%), and
secondary infections (10%); 32% of
patients required treatment in the
ICU.
Laboratory Diagnosis
Specimen
- CDC advocates collecting samples
from the upper respiratory tract
(nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal
samples), and if possible from the
lower respiratory tract.
- e nasopharyngeal swabs are
advocated to be collected by using
synthetic fiber swabs with plastic
shafts [34,35]. The use of calcium
alginate swabs is not advisable as it
is inhibitory to viruses and interferes
with PCR testing [35]. The collection
of a sputum sample from patients
with cough and the Broncho-alveolar
lavage (BAL)/endotracheal tube
aspirates in mechanically ventilated
patients is recommended [35]. The
samples are needed to be stored at
2-4 °C
Laboratory Methods & Expected Results
- Chest X-ray examination
o show multiple small patchy
shadows and interstitial
changes
o Severe cases can further
develop to bilateral multiple
ground-glass opacity,
infiltrating shadows, and
pulmonary consolidation
- Chest CT scan:
o Pulmonary lesions are shown
more clearly by CT than X-
ray examination, including
ground-glass opacity and
segmental consolidation in
bilateral lungs, especially in
the lung periphery. In
children with severe infection,
multiple lobar lesions may be
present in both lung
- Real time RT-PCR – detection of
viral nucleic acids
- Rapid antigen test and antibody
tests are also available. However,
there are higher chances of missing
an active infection with the antigen
test. Antibody tests only detect
antibodies the immune system
develops in response to the virus. It
generally takes one to two weeks to
develop enough antibodies to be
detected by a test and hence it
should not be used to diagnose an
active infection
Prevention and Control
Treatment
- The mainstay of clinical
management is largely symptomatic
treatment, with organ support in
intensive care for seriously ill
patients (Zumla et al., 2020).
- The general strategies include bed
rest and supportive treatment,
including antiviral therapy (Arabi et
al., 2018), antibioic application,
immunomodulating therapy (Arabi et
al., 2020), organ function support,
respiratory support, bronchoalveolar
lavage (BAL), blood purification and
extracorporeal membrane
oxygenation (ECMO) (Wang et al.,
2020).
Preventive Measures
- they are readily destroyed by
chemical disinfectants such as
sodium hypochlorite, ethyl alcohol,
hydrogen peroxide, and others
- Vaccine available (approved and
authorized sa US)
o mRNA vaccines: Pfizer-
BioNTech and Moderna
COVID-19
o Protein subunit vaccine:
Novavax COVID-19 vaccine
o Viral Vector vaccine:
Johnson & Johnson’s
Janssen (J&J/Janssen)
COVID-19
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
(2020, February 11). COVID-19
Vaccination.
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/201
9-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines/
overview-COVID-19-vaccines.html
Department of Health. (n.d.). COVID-19
tracker.
https://www.doh.gov.ph/covid19track
er
Dwivedi, R., Sharma, P., Farrag, M., Kim, S.
B., Fassero, L. A., Tandon, R., &
Pomin, V. H. (2022). Inhibition of
SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (Wuhan-Hu-
1) and Delta (B.1.617.2) strains by
marine sulfated glycans.
Glycobiology.
https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwac0
42
Kumar, S., Nyodu, R., Maurya, V. K., &
Saxena, S. K. (2020). Morphology,
Genome Organization, Replication,
and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
2 (SARS-CoV-2). Medical Virology:
From Pathogenesis to Disease
Control, 23–31.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-
4814-7_3
World Health Organiztion. (n.d.). WHO
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Dashboard. https://covid19.who.int/
Wu, D., Wu, T., Liu, Q., & Yang, Z. (2020).
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak: What
we know. International Journal of
Infectious Diseases, 94, 44–48.
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004