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CO2 HCO3-

aldehydes ketones
The arrangement of cellulose in plant cell walls
Chitin Cellulose
N-acetylglucosamine
Polysaccharide
Starch Iodine test

Reducing sugar Benedict s Test ( + Na2CO3 + Na C H O

(Reducing sugar)
Monosaccharide
Disaccharide
Maltose Lactose
H H O
N C C
H OH
R

Amino Carboxyl
group group
:
1. Primary structure
2. Secondary structure
3. Tertiary structure
4. Quaternary structure
polypeptide
(primary structure) (secondary structure)

(quarternary structure) (tertiary structure)


The primary
structure of a protein

Primary structure
amino acid
Pleated sheet
Tertiary structure of a protein
Tertiary structure polypeptide
R group R group

H-bond
ionic bond
Hydrophobic interaction
Van der Waals interaction
covalent bond disulfide
bridges sulhydryl (-SH) cysteine
polypeptide
tertiary structure polypeptide

:
Polypeptide
chain Collagen fibrous
protein
polypeptide 3

connective
tissue
Hemoglobin polypeptide 4
pH
amino acid polypeptide
Denaturation
Protein
Protein Biuret test CuSO4 NaOH KOH
Cholesterol, a steroid
Cholesterol precusor
steroid hormones
Nucleic acid
(Informational polymer)
DNA mRNA

DNA

mRNA

protein
DNA
DNA

DNA

nucleotide DNA

nucleotide
nucleic acid polymer
nucleotides
Nitrogen base

Pyrimidines

Purines
DNA RNA
DNA A, G, C, T
RNA A, G, C, U
pentose
RNA ribose
DNA deoxyribose
(5 ) pentose phosphate group
pentose + nitrogen base + phosphate group nucleotide
DNA

RNA polynucleotide

DNA polynucleotide 2

double helix
DNA

DNA

H-bond
A T G C
base
complementary

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