Compendium Final

SOMALIA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (SNBS)
COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS
COMPENDIUM
REER WAA LOO SAHAN TAGAA
XOG LA HELYAABA TALO LA HEL

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If we have data, let’s look at the data. If all we have are opinions, let’s go with mine
Contents
List of Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................... 4
LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................................. 5
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics.................................................................................................. 9
CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS ............................................................... 12
1. Census and Survey Implementation Related Concept and Definitions .............................................. 12
CHAPTER TWO: SOCIAL STATISTICS ................................................................................................... 26
2. Social Sector Related Statistics Concepts and Definitions ................................................................ 26
2.1. Education Related Concept and Definitions ............................................................................... 26
2.2. Health Related Concepts and Definitions ....................................................................................... 42
2.2. Labor and Employment Related Concepts and Definitions........................................................ 54
CHAPTER THREE: POPULATION STATISTICS....................................................................................... 62
3.1. Demography and Population Statistics ....................................................................................... 62
3.2. Gender Related Concept and Definitions .................................................................................. 66
CHAPTER FOUR: DECENTRALIZATION AND COMMUNITY INFORMATION ............................ 72
4. Community Information statistics concepts and definitions ......................................................... 72
4.1. Crime Related Concept and Definitions .................................................................................... 72
4.2. Civil Registration and Vital Related Concepts and Definitions .................................................. 78
4.3. Migration Related Concept and Definitions ............................................................................... 82
4.4. Cartography and GIS Related Concepts and Definitions ........................................................... 86
CHAPTER FIVE: TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT.......................................................................................... 95
5. Tourism and Transport Related Concepts and Definitions ............................................................... 95
1.1. Tourism Related Concepts and Definitions ............................................................................... 95
1.2. Transport Related Concepts and Definitions ............................................................................. 98
CHAPTER SIX: FOREIGN TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS .................................................... 103
6. Foreign Trade, Industrial, Price and Poverty related Concepts and Definitions.............................. 103
6.1. Industrial Related Concepts and Definitions ............................................................................ 103
6.2. Foreign Trade Related Concepts and Definitions .................................................................... 105
6.2. Finance and Price Related Concept and Definitions...................................................................... 109
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6.3. Living Conditions Related Concepts and Definitions ............................................................... 117

CHAPTER SEVEN: ENERGY, MINING AND QUERRYING .................................................................. 120
7. Energy and Mineral Related Concepts and Definitions .................................................................... 121
CHAPTER EIGHT: AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT .................................................................. 127
8. Agriculture, Food Security and Environment Concepts and Definitions ....................................... 127
8.1. Agriculture and Food Security Related Concepts and Definitions............................................... 127
8.2. Livestock, Fishery and Poultry Related Concepts and Definitions........................................... 136
8.3. Environment Related Concepts and Definitions .......................................................................... 139
CHAPTER NINE: INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND LAND ............................................................... 145
9. Infrastructure, Technology and Land Related Concepts and Definitions ........................................ 146
9.1. Construction and Sea Related Concept and Definitions .......................................................... 146
9.2. Communication Related Concepts and Definitions ................................................................. 150
9.3. Land Management and Use Related Concept and Definitions ................................................. 157
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The Somali Compendium of Statistical Concepts and Definitions produced by the National
Bureau of Statistics of Somalia (NBS).
Additional information about The Somalia Compendium of Statistical Concepts and Definitions
may be obtained from e-mail: snbs@nbs.gov.so; Website: http:// https://www.nbs.gov.so
National Bureau of Statistics of Somalia (NBS), The Somalia Compendium of Statistical Concepts
and Definitions, January 2021.
Mogadishu, Somalia; Telephone: (252) 61 3700080
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List of Abbreviations
Acronym Definition
NSS National Statistical System
NBS National Bureau of Statistics
MDAs Ministries, Departments, and Agencies
UNFPOS United Nations Fundamental Principles of Official
Statistics
ISCED International standard classification of education
ISCO Rev4 International standard classification of occupations
ICD International Classification of Diseases
SITC Standard International trade classification
ISIC Rev4 International Standard Industrial Classification
(SNA) 2008 System of National accounts
ICP International Comparison Program
FDES 2013 Framework for the Development of Environment
Statistics and a Core Set of Environment Statistics
UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council
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LEGAL FRAMEWORK
The National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS) was established under the Statistics law no.24 of 2020.
The SNBS is mandated to conduct collection, compilation, coordination, analysis, evaluation and
dissemination of National Statistical Information. It is also responsible for coordinating,
monitoring and supervising the National Statistics System. Specifically, one of the major functions
of the Bureau of Statistics as articulated in section1 (b) is that the Bureau shall be responsible for
“establishing, harmonizing and standardizing definitions, classifications and statistical methods
used in production and dissemination of official statistics to ensure uniformity in quality, adequacy
of coverage and reliability of statistical information”.
Section 8(1) establishes a Board of directors for the Bureau that shall be responsible for
monitoring, supervising and advising on the affairs of the Bureau to the country on statistical
policies and programs. As section 8 of the law establishes the major functions of the board
includes, formulation and monitoring implementation policies of the bureau, recruitment of
bureau personal (permanent and additional staffs) in accordance of Somali civil service law, take
effective and appropriate disciplinary steps for the staff that contravenes or fail to act in
accordance with the provision of the statistics law, nomination of the administrative committee
of the bureau, provision of time to time bureau structure and staffing level etc.
In order to support good decision and policy making, the Bureau of statistics is required to ensure
that official statistics produced follow internationally acknowledged statistical processes and
procedures and are of the highest quality.
As the overall coordinator of the National Statistics System, the Bureau of Statistics is responsible
for developing and customizing relevant internationally and regionally recognized statistical
instruments and tools for adoption and use by the entire National Statistics System in data
collection, data analysis, and dissemination of official statistics. This is in acknowledgement of the
need for all statistical concepts, definitions, and techniques to be harmonized and standardized.
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Foreword
To be efficient and effective and well-coordinated, producers of official statistics should adhere
to the same concepts and definitions so as to guard against the inconsistencies in data production,
reporting and interpretation.
However, one of the most well-known stumbling blocks in the National Statistical System (NSS)
is the tendency for definitions of concepts, variables, and classifications used in data production
tend to differ. This familiarizes divergences that make trend analysis and comparison difficult, if
not impossible.
For the first time in Somalia's history, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) has published a
compendium of concepts and definitions of statistical terms and definitions. The Somalia National
Statistical System (SNBS) is the coordinator of the country’s National Statistical System, an
independent government entity charged with collecting, collating, compiling, and disseminating
official statistics.
We hope that this compendium will increase the trustworthiness of official statistics of Somalia
and make easier the production, dissemination, and evaluation of statistics.
The Somalia National Bureau of Statistics looks forward to working with producers and users of
statistics to support evidence-based decision-making.
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INTRODUCTION
Official Statistics are produced by the Somalia National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS), Government
line Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs), academic and research institutions, and UN
agencies in Somalia for evidence-based decision making, planning, monitoring, and evaluation of
development policies, programs, and projects.
There have been deliberate initiatives aimed at enhancing the availability, accessibility, and
integration of trustworthy statistics into policy decision making for the successful coordination
of the National Statistical System (NSS) and its development in general.
In this context, the Somalia National Bureau of Statistics, through partnership with other NSS
members, published this compendium to harmonize the usage of statistical definitions and ideas
in Somalia, as well as to provide users and producers with relevant guides for statistical
production. SNBS as the leader in the production of official statistics and the coordinator of the
National Statistical System, took the lead in coordinating the development of this Compendium
of Statistical Concepts and Definitions for Somalia.
This compendium is intended to provide statistical concepts and definitions for all institutions
that gather, handle, analyze, and produce data. The publication will help to improve the
standardization and harmonization of ideas and definitions used in the creation of official statistics,
which has been a major difficulty for our NSS up to now.
"The adoption of international ideas, classifications, and methodologies by statistical agencies in
each country increases the uniformity and efficiency of statistics systems at all levels of
government" (UN, 1994).
The Formulation of the Compendium is also aligned with the guidance of many other international
standards for statistics including but limited, the United Nations Fundamental Principles of Official
Statistics (UNFPOS), African Charter on Statistics and many others.
It is greatly acknowledged that most of the concepts and definitions were developed making
reference to international documents produced under the auspices of the international
organizations. The referenced international documents included, Glossary of Statistical Terms
Book (OECD) contain over 6700 definitions of key terminology, concepts and commonly used
acronyms in statistics, International standard classification of education (ISCED), International
standard classification of occupations (ISCO Rev4), International Classification of Diseases (ICD),
Standard International trade classification(SITC),
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC Rev4), System of National accounts (SNA)
2008, International Comparison Program(ICP) tools and guidelines, Framework for the
Development of Environment Statistics and a Core Set of Environment Statistics (FDES 2013).
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In addition, authoritative regional compendium is being used as reference with particular

reference to compendiums of countries such as Ethiopia, Uganda, Rwanda, South Africa, Egypt,
Kenya and Tanzania.
This first edition of the Compendium has outlined the major concepts and definitions used in the
production of statistics by various producers of data in the country.
The Compendium is divided into various chapters which include:
o Social Sector Related Concepts and Definitions of Statistical Terms
o Economy Sector Related Concepts and Definitions of Statistical Terms
o Governance Sector Related Concepts and Definitions of Statistical Terms
o Infrastructure Sector Related Concepts and Definitions of Statistical Terms
o Environment Sector Related Concepts and Definitions of Statistical Terms
o Purely Statistics and Survey Related Concepts and Definitions of Statistical Terms
This is by no means an exhaustive list, and it is subject to revisions as needed in the creation of
future Compendium editions. More institutions are expected to give inputs in the future, in
addition to developing data needs, to make it more comprehensive for the needs of all data
producers and users.
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Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics

The essential principles of official statistics set out below were first developed in the UNECE region
were agreed by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) in 1992. These
principles were later accepted at the worldwide level by the United Nations Statistical Commission in
1994. The Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics were endorsed by the Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC) in 2013 and accepted by the General Assembly in January 2014.
This acknowledgement at the highest political level emphasizes the importance of official statistics, which
provide trustworthy and objective data for decision-making.
1. Relevance, Impartiality and Equal Access
Relevance, impartiality and equal access Official statistics provide an indispensable element in the
information system of a democratic society, serving the government, the economy and the public with
data about the economic, demographic, social and environmental situation. To this end, official statistics
that meet the test of practical utility are to be compiled and made available on an impartial basis by
official statistical agencies to honor citizens' entitlement to public information.
2. Professional Standards and Ethics
To retain trust in official statistics, the statistical agencies need to decide according to strictly
professional considerations, including scientific principles and professional ethics, on the methods and
procedures for the collection, processing, storage and presentation of statistical data.
3. Accountability and Transparency
To facilitate a correct interpretation of the data, the statistical agencies are to present
information according to scientific standards on the sources, methods and procedures of the
statistics.
4. Prevention of Misuse
The statistical agencies are entitled to comment on erroneous interpretation and misuse of statistics.
5. Sources of Official Statistics
Data for statistical purposes may be drawn from all types of sources, be they statistical surveys or
administrative records. Statistical agencies are to choose the source with regard to quality,
timeliness, costs and the burden on respondents.
6. Confidentiality
Individual data collected by statistical agencies for statistical compilation, whether they refer to
natural or legal persons, are to be strictly confidential and used exclusively for statistical purposes.
7. Legislation
The laws, regulations and measures under which the statistical systems operate are to be made
public.
8. National Coordination
Coordination among statistical agencies within countries is essential to achieve consistency and
efficiency in the statistical system.
9. Use of International Standards
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The use by statistical agencies in each country of international concepts, classifications and methods
promotes the consistency and efficiency of statistical systems at all official levels.
10. International Cooperation
Bilateral and multilateral cooperation in statistics contributes to the improvement of systems of
official statistics in all countries.
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GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS OF STATISTICAL TERMS
“THINGS GET DONE ONLY IF THE DATA WE GATHER CAN INFORM AND
INSPIRE THOSE IN A POSITION TO MAKE DECISIONS”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

1. Census and Survey Implementation Related Concept and Definitions
This chapter details a comprehensive list of general concepts and definitions of pure statistical
terms and indicators.
S/No Term or indicator name Definition
1. National Statistical System The national statistical system (NSS) is the ensemble of statistical
(NSS) organizations and units within a country that jointly collect,
process and disseminate official statistics on behalf of national
government
2. Survey A survey is a type of research that involves gathering data from a
predetermined group of people in order to get knowledge and
insights about a variety of issues.
Rather than a census count, this entails gathering specific
information from a subset of a population.
3. Survey Month This is a whole calendar month, which may or may not correspond
to the start and last days of the regular month (e.g. 1st of January
31st of January).
A survey month could be from the 10th of June to the 9th of July,
or from the 3rd of April to the 2nd of May, for example.
4. Survey Round The Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES), was
conducted on a ‘survey round’ basis where a survey round was a
period of 30 consecutive days.
5. Census A comprehensive total counts of units of interest at a specific time
in a defined area, region, territory or country. Population and
Housing Censuses, Agricultural Censuses, Census of Business
Establishments, and other censuses are examples Census.
6. Population Census The collection of basic, social, demographic and economic data for
the entire population of the country. It normally takes place every
10 years in most countries. There are two types of Population
Census namely Defacto and Dejure Census.
7. Defacto Population Census The collection of census data on persons who spend the census
night in the specified household i.e. persons are counted according
to their actual place of residence during the census reference time
irrespective of their usual place of residence.
8. Dejure Population Census The collections of census data on persons according to their usual
place of residence irrespective of their current place of residence
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i.e. household visitors at census night are not counted; in contrast

temporally absent household members are counted.
9. Census Coverage An estimate of how complete a census was of a given population.
10. Census Night The night preceding the population census day.
11. Household A person or number of persons living together and sharing
common catering arrangement. Households with two or more
members may or may not have a common budget; they may or
may not have a blood relationship; or they may have both.
NB:
o A housing unit is a home, an apartment, a mobile
home, a group of rooms, or a single room that is
occupied or unoccupied but meant to be occupied.
o Separate living quarters are those in which the
inhabitants live apart from the rest of the building's
occupants and have direct access from the street or
through a shared hall.
o A single family, a single person living alone, two or
more families sharing living quarters, or any other
group of related or unrelated persons sharing living
quarters could be among the occupants.
12. Usual Household Member A person who has been a member of the household for at least
six (6) months or who has joined the household with the intention
of staying for at least six (6) months. She/he could be related to
the other members of the home by blood, marriage, or as a
housekeeper or farm laborer. A typical household member lives
in a house or other closely related premises with other members
of the household and eats from the same kitchen.
13. Household Member A person who normally lives in a household and is either present
or temporarily away from the household for a period of less than
six months at the time of total enumeration
14. Household Listing The process of recording all households, in a systematic manner,
in a given area for the purpose of creating a sampling frame.
15. Respondent The person who answers the interviewer's questions, as well as
the person who records the answers in a self-administered
questionnaire. The individual should be mature and knowledgeable
about the enumeration unit and its characteristics.
16. Reference Period A Reference Period is the time period for which statistical
results are collected or calculated and to which, as a result, these
values referred.
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17. Cross-Sectional Survey A survey that collects data on variables of interest at a particular
period of time.
18. Longitudinal (Panel) Survey A survey where data is collected on the variables of interest from
the selected sample repeatedly over time in order to study the
trend of behavior of such variables.
19. Estimate An approximate value from the sample of the true population
parameter. The value obtained from a sample which is used, with
a known margin of error, as an approximation for a population
characteristic.
20. Margin of error The amount of random sampling error in a survey's results is
described by this statistic. When the margin of error is large, there
is less confidence that the survey results accurately reflect what
would have been discovered if the complete population was
surveyed.
21. Master Sample Frame A master sample frame is used to choose samples for various
surveys or for different rounds of a continuous or periodic survey.
22. Statistical Information Any organized quantitative and/or qualitative information obtained
from statistical data that facilitate understanding of economic,
political, demographic, social, environmental and cultural trends,
and gender and governance etc. related issues.
23. Sample It is a subset of a population made up of one or more sampling
units. It is a selected portion of a population drawn to provide
information on the population as a whole or units of interest.
24. Sampling Frame A comprehensive list of distinct and distinguishable units within a
population from which a sample is drawn. Sampling frames can
either be list frames or area frames.
25. Methodology A description of the way in which data is collected for part or all
of a research project.
26. Non- Response Means failure to obtain a measurement on the study variables for
one or more elements selected for the survey. The term
encompasses a wide variety of reasons for non-response “Non-
contact”, “Not at home”, “Incapacity”, “Hard core refusal”,
“Inaccessible”, “Unreturned questionnaire” and others.
27. Non-contact This where the housing is occupied but you cannot find anyone at
home throughout your visits during the census period.
28. Statistics Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection,
organization, analysis, interpretation, presentation and
dissemination of data obtained from Censuses, Statistical Surveys
and or administrative records.
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29. Data Cleaning Refers to a process by which survey data is subjected to statistical
processes of editing and coding data, cross tabulation to validate
the data in readiness for analysis.
30. Data Collection Data collection is the process of gathering data for purposes of
measuring information on variables of interest in an established
systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research
question, test hypothesis and evaluate outcomes.
31. Date of Registration The day, month and year when the entry of an event or entity is
made in the civil Register.
32. Enumeration Refers to the act of collecting data about a person (or household),
irrespective of whether this occurs with the direct participation
of that person (or household) through a field operation, or
indirectly using data that is already recorded in administrative
registers.
33. Enumeration Phase The data collection stage, when census, survey enumerators
complete census, or survey schedules for all households and
institutions in the country.
34. Enumerator An enumerator is a survey or census worker who is responsible
for counting interview and listing persons or entities as part of an
enumeration, or conducting a questionnaire by interviewing
respondents and recording their answers/responses, thereby
completing the questionnaire.
35. Data Data are individual pieces of factual information recorded and
used for the purpose of analysis. It is the raw information from
which statistics are created.
36. Primary Data These are the data that are collected for the first time by an
investigator for a specific purpose
37. Secondary Data They are the data that are sourced from someplace that has
originally collected it. This means that this kind of data has already
been collected by some researchers or investigators in the past
and is available either in published or unpublished form
38. Discrete Data These are data that can take only certain specific values rather
than a range of values. For example, data on the blood group of a
certain population or on their genders is termed as discrete data
39. Continuous Data These are data that can take values between a certain range with
the highest and lowest values. The difference between the highest
and lowest value is called the range of data. For example, the age
of persons can take values even in decimals or so is the case of
the height and weights of the students of your school
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40. Error of Commission This is an error that results when the respondent gives
information they were not asked for. Errors of commission arise
due to misunderstanding of questions or incorrect assumptions.
They can also occur when the enumerator commit error in
writing a wrong answer by mistake. For example, writing 69
instead of 96. An error of commission can also take place in
data entry, where the data entry clerk, captures a wrong entry
by
41. Focus Groups Discussions A method of gathering information that allows a group of people
to express their thoughts and ideas about a topic. The discussion
is moderated by a qualified facilitator who follows a preset
discussion guide and raises themes for debate with the group that
are relevant to the researchers' objectives.
42. In-depth Interviews A conversation conducted by trained staff that usually collects
specific information when not much is known about the
population to get preliminary ideas from the participants
43. Interviewer Are associated with effects on respondent’s answers stemming
Errors from the different ways that interviewers administer the same
survey. Examples of these errors include
o The failure to read the question correctly (leading to
response errors by the respondent)
o Delivery of the question with an intonation that influences
the respondent’s choice of answer and
o Failure to record the respondents answer correctly
44. Item non-Response Occurs when a respondent provides some, but not all of the
requested information, or if the reported information is not
usable.
45. Item Response Rate The ratio of the number of eligible units responding to an item to
the number of responding units eligible to have response to the
item.
46. Measurement Error Errors in survey responses caused by the data collection process,
the respondent, or the questionnaire (or other instruments). It
includes errors in survey responses caused by respondent
o Confusion, ignorance, carelessness, or dishonesty;
o Interviewer errors caused by poor or inadequate training,
prior expectations about respondent responses, or
o Deliberate errors; and errors caused by the wording of
the questionnaire questions,
o The order or context in which the questions are
presented, and the method used to obtain the responses.
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47. Sampling Error A sampling error arises when a sampler or analyst fails to select a
sample that accurately represents the full population of interest.
As a result, the results acquired in the sample do not necessarily
reflect the results that could be obtained from the total
population.
48. Non-sampling Errors Occur in the production of statistical data and are not due to
sampling methodology. Errors can be caused by a variety of
factors, including the respondent, questionnaire, interviewer,
processing, and so on and so forth
49. Out-of-scope Units Are units that should not be included in the sampling frame
because they do not belong to the target population in the
reference period. If enumerated, they cause over-coverage.
50. Outlier/Extreme value An outlier is a data point that differs considerably from other
observations in statistics. An outlier can be the result of
measurement variability or it can be the result of experimental
error; the latter is sometimes eliminated from the data set. In
statistical analysis, an outlier might generate major consequences.
51. Parameter Any numerical value describing a characteristic of a population.
52. Qualitative Research Empirical study in which the researcher uses textual data rather
than quantitative data to investigate relationships. Qualitative
research includes case studies, observations, and ethnography.
Results are rarely generalizable, although they are frequently
transferable.
53. Quantitative Research Empirical research is when a researcher uses numerical data to
investigate relationships. A survey is commonly thought of as a
type of quantitative study. Although this is not always the case,
results can often be generalized.
54. Response Bias Inaccuracy of data collected caused by respondent error.
55. Response Rate For interviews
This is the number of completed interviews divided by the
number of eligible units in the survey.
Online survey
The response rate for an online survey may be calculated by
dividing the number of clicks on the URL by the number of
invitations sent.
Postal or mail surveys
This is the number of completed questionnaires returned divided
by the number of questionnaires sent out.
Telephone survey
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It is the number of completed interviews divided by the number

of eligible units.
56. Standard Error Measures the variability of an estimator (or sample statistic) from
sample to sample
57. Sampling intensity(Sampling This is the ratio of the number of units in the sample to the total
Fraction) number in a population. It is also called the sampling fraction (f).
If there are N units in the target population and n units are
selected, then f=n/N
58. Sampling Unit An element or group of elements within a population which is
convenient for selecting samples. A sampling unit can be persons,
households, establishments, enterprise or administrative areas or
any other element of interest.
59. Statistic Any numerical value describing a characteristic of a sample.
60. Statistical surveys Are general methods to gather quantitative and qualitative
information about a particular population group.
61. Structure Is a free standing building that can have one or more dwelling, for
residential, commercial or other use.
62. Unit response rate The ratio, expressed in percentage of the number of interviews to
the number of eligible units in the sample. The weighted response
rate calculates the ratio using the inverse probability of inclusion
in the sample as a weight for each unit. In some occasions a value
that reflects the importance of the unit is also used as a weighting
factor (like size of workforce for establishment).
63. Sampling weights A sampling weight is the relative importance of a sampling unit to the
overall population of interest. A survey weight of a sampling unit is the
inverse of the probability of selection of that unit. Let the probability of
n
selecting a sampling unit be f =
N
Where f is the probability of selection (sampling fraction), n is the units
selected for inclusion in the sample and N is the total number of
elements in the target population, The weight of the ith unit, Wi , is equal
n 1
to or
N f
64. Weights Are used to assign greater relative importance to some sampled
elements than to others in survey analysis. They are needed when
elements are selected by unequal probability sampling.
65. Weighting Sampled element i selected with probability pi “represent” 1/pi
elements in the population. Count element i, 1/pi times in the
analysis, that is, give the element a weight of wi = 1/pi. For
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example, a sampled element selected with probability 1/100

represents 100 elements in the population.
66. Authorized Officer Refers to:
a) Staff of the Bureau performing any function under this law;
b) Any other authorized person carrying out activities assigned
for collection and compilation of statistics figures
67. Bulk data Refers to data containing a large volume or high-variety
information sets that demand cost-effective, innovative forms of
information processing for appropriate decision-making
68. Bureau Refers to the “Somali National Bureau of Statistics” mandated
statistical coordination
69. Board of Directors Refers to the Board of Directors appointed under section 8th of
Somali Statistics Law.
70. Director of the Bureau of Refers to the administrative head of the Somali National Bureau
Statistics of Statistics
71. Civil Society Refers to Non-governmental or Non-profit organization;
operating within communities and always pursuing communal
interests in all matters, including culture, education, health and
other similar services.
72. Publication Refers to the direct or indirect printing, sale or issuance of official
data or other matters relating to statistics.
73. Next of Kin The nearest relative who has the right to deal with the affairs of
another person in the event of need.
74. Open-Ended question Questions for which the respondent is asked to provide his or her
own answers. In-depth qualitative interviewing relies almost
exclusively on open-ended questions.
75. Closed-Ended Questions Questions in which the respondent must choose from a list of
options presented by the researcher. They’re popular in survey
research because they produce more consistent results and are
easier to process than open-ended questions.
76. Computer Assisted Personal The CAPI method is where the enumerator conducts an interview
Interview (CAPI) with the respondent using an electronic questionnaire on a mobile
device, such as a personal digital assistant, tablet, laptop or
smartphone which the enumerator uses to record the responses.
77. Computer Assisted The CATI is a method that collects data for the respondents or
Telephone Interview households by telephone, with the operator located at a central
(CATI): level reading and completing the questionnaire on the computer.
CATI can be used to follow-up non-response from mail-out/mail-
back or face-to-face enumeration.
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78. Computer-Assisted Self- The CASI refers to the method that collects data by means of
Interview (CASI) questionnaires placed on the internet using secure methods and
completed by a knowledgeable respondent. The respondent is
usually assigned a special password or security code to access the
questionnaire, which allows the statistical office to track responses
and to ensure that the questionnaire for a given household is
submitted only once
79. Household survey is survey in which the household is the sampling
Household Survey
unit of enumeration or unit of enquiry.
80. Income and expenditure survey, also known as household Budget
survey, collects data on sources and amounts of income as well as
Income and Expenditure
expenditure by major categories including food, beverage,
Survey
clothing, and footwear, housing, medical care, transport and
communication and miscellaneous items.
81. Labor force survey collects data on employment, unemployment
and underemployment and particulars of the employed and
Labor Force Survey underemployed including working industry type, occupation,
nature and stability of employment, level of skills and training,
income from employment as well as particulars of unemployment.
82. Health and nutrition survey collects data on health indicators like
morbidity, injury, consultations, impairment; nutrition status
Health and Nutrition Survey
including anthropometric measurements, frequency or meals,
child care, breast feeding and clinical attendance, etc.
83. The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) is survey Program
Demographic and Health
that collects and disseminating accurate, nationally representative
Surveys
data on health and population.
84. Ever married women or men are persons who have been married
Ever Married at least once in their lives although their current marital status
may not be 'Married'.
85. Never married women or men are persons who have never been
Never Married
married in their lives.
86. Refers to the quality of measurement process or methodology
that tends to have inclination towards a particular direction, such
Bias
that the resulting value is a misrepresentation of what is being
measured.
87. Refers to the discrepancy of the target population between the
population that is actually surveyed (or enumerated) and the
Coverage Error
sampled population (or population expected to be enumerated as
per the sample). In most cases the source of the coverage error
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is due to inadequate sampling frame or flaws in the implementation

of the data collection
88. The confidence or risk level is based on ideas encompassed under
the Central Limit Theorem. The key idea encompassed in the
Central Limit Theorem is that when a population is repeatedly
sampled, the average value of the attribute obtained by those
samples is equal to the true population value. Furthermore, the
Confidence Level
values obtained by these samples are distributed normally about
the true value, with some samples having a higher value and some
obtaining a lower score than the true population value. In a normal
distribution, approximately 95% of the sample values are within
two standard deviations of the true population value (e.g., mean).
89. Obligation or responsibility to uphold the privacy of
Data Confidentiality data/information provided by the respondent to avoid
unauthorized disclosure.
90. Kish 1965 describes design effect (deff) as the ratio of the variance
of the estimate obtained from a complex sample design to the
Design Effect
variance of the estimate obtained from Simple Random Sampling
(SRS) of the same number of units (sample size).
91. An open and simple platform that facilitates dissemination an
Electronic Media
electronic data exchange.
92. This is an observed value of an estimator. It is an approximate
Estimate
value (from the sample), of the true population parameters.
93. Estimator A statistic used in estimating a parameter.
94. A level of measurement describing a variable whose attributes
Interval Measure are rank-ordered and have equal distance between adjacent
attributes. An example of interval measure is temperature.
95. The level of precision, sometimes called sampling error, is the
range in which the true value of the population is estimated to
be. This range is often expressed in percentage points, (e.g., ±5
Level of Precision percent). Thus, if a researcher finds that 60% of farmers in the
sample have adopted a recommended practice with a precision
rate of ±5%, then he or she can conclude that between 55% and
65% of farmers in the population have adopted the practice.
96. A miscalculation or inaccuracy arising from misinterpretation of
Non Sampling Error questionnaires or failure to record the correct answers by
interviewers and giving wrong answers by respondents.
97. A description of how something will be done. It describes a set
Methodology
of analytical methods, procedures and techniques used to collect
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and analyze information appropriate for evaluation of the

particular programme, component or activity.
98. Any sampling method where some elements of the population
have no chance of selection, or where the probability of
selection cannot be accurately determined. The types of Non-
Random Sampling Designs include:
o Quota Sampling: A sample, usually of human beings, in
which each investigator is instructed to collect information
from a predetermined number of individuals (the quota)
but the selection of individuals is left to the investigator’s
choice.
Non-Random Sampling
o Snowball Sampling: In this type of sampling, the
Design
researcher asks the initial subject to identify another
potential subject who also meets the criteria of the
research.
o Convenience sampling: With convenience sampling, the
samples are selected because they are easily accessible to
the researcher.
o Judgmental/Purposive sampling: In this type of
sampling, subjects are chosen to be part of the sample with
a specific purpose in mind.
99. Design in which every unit in the population has an equal chance
of being selected, and the probability that any particular unit
Random Sampling Design
being selected in the sample can be accurately determined. The
types of random sampling designs include the following examples
100. Under SRS, the desired elements are selected by a chance or
Simple Random Sampling
probability process and each element in the population has the
(SRS)
same probability of selection.
101. The elements are consecutively numbered and the first unit (k)
in the sample is selected randomly. The sample is then selected
Systematic Sampling by taking the kth, (k + s) th, (k + 2s) th, etc., where k is not larger
than the sampling interval(s). The sampling interval is obtained by
dividing the total population by the sample size (n).
102. Random Sampling without The element that has been drawn/selected is removed from the
Replacement population for all the subsequent draws.
103. At any draw, all the members of the population are given an
Random Sampling with
equal chance of being drawn no matter how often they have
Replacement
already been drawn.
104. In cluster sampling; the elements are not selected individually
Cluster Sampling:
but rather in groups, often based on proximity. The elements
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within the cluster should be as heterogeneous as possible. All

the elements in the selected group are included in the sample.
105. In Stratified Sampling, the population is divided into mutually
exclusive homogeneous sets or strata with respect to the
characteristics being studied and a random sample is selected
Stratified Sampling from each stratum independently. In stratified sampling the
population of N units is first divided into mutually exclusive
subpopulations of N1, N2, NL units respectively. These sub-
populations are often referred to as strata.
106. A point in time or definite time frame relevant for a particular
Reference period:
subject/issue or condition.
107. A subset of a population made up of one or more sampling units.
Sample It is a selected portion of a population drawn to provide
information on the population as a whole or units of interest.
108. The mechanism used to select a sample. Sampling designs are
Design divided into two categories namely; random and non-random
sampling designs.
109. Sampling Error A miscalculation or inaccuracy resulting from sampling.
110. The number of observations, elements or replicates to include in
Sample Size
a statistical sample.
111. A sampling unit is one of the units into which an aggregate is
divided for the purpose of sampling, each unit being regarded as
individual and indivisible when the selection is made, Definition of
Sampling Unit
unit may be made on Some natural basis, e.g., household, persons,
units of product, tickets, etc., or upon some arbitrary basis, e.g.,
areas defined by grid co-ordinates on a map.
112. Statistic Any numerical value describing a characteristic of a sample
113. A statistical operation in which only a selected part (sample) and
not all units (whole population) of interest are enumerated.
There are two types of sample surveys namely:
 Longitudinal (Panel) Survey: A survey where data is
Statistical Sample Survey collected on the variables of interest from the selected
sample repeatedly over time in order to study the trend
of behavior of such variables.
 Cross-Sectional Survey: A survey that collects data on
variables of interest at a particular period of time.
114. The actual population from which the survey data are collected,
Survey Population
given the restrictions from data collection operations.
115. The error reported consistently over time and/or between
Systematic Error
responding units (generally undetectable by editing). A
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phenomenon caused either by the consistent misunderstanding

of a question on the survey questionnaire during the collection
of data or by consistent misinterpretation of certain answers in
the course of coding.
116. The characteristic of a unit being observed that may assume
more than one set of values to which a numerical measure (e.g.
income, age, weight) or a category from a classification (e.g.
“occupation”, “industry”, “disease”, etc.) can be assigned.
Variable Variables can either be Dependent or Independent.
a. Independent variable: one whose values are not
influenced by changes in the values of other variables.
b. Dependent variable: one whose values are influenced
by changes in the values of other variables.
117. A set of elements for which information is wanted and estimates
Target Population
are required.
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SOCIAL SECTOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS OF STATISTICAL TERMS
“YOU CANNOT HAVE INFORMATION WITHOUT DATA”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER TWO: SOCIAL STATISTICS

2. Social Sector Related Statistics Concepts and Definitions
The use of statistical tools or systems for the study of human behavior in a social setting is known
as social sector statistics. This can be accomplished through polling a group of people, evaluating
a subset of data obtained about a group of people, or by observation and statistical analysis of a
set of data that relates to people and their behaviors. The general terms and definitions used in
social statistics fields of demographics, health, education, migration, and gender statistics, and
qualitative assessment are presented in this section of the compendium.
2.1. Education Related Concept and Definitions
S/No Term or Indicator Name Definition
1. Education Defined as organized and sustained communication designed to
bring about learning.
Communication in this context requires a relation between
two or more persons involving the transfer of information
(messages, ideas, knowledge, strategies, etc.).
Organized means planned in a pattern or sequence with
established aims or curricula and which involves an educational
agency that organizes the learning situation and/or teachers
who are employed (including unpaid volunteers) to consciously
organize the communication.
Sustained means that the learning experience has the elements
of duration and continuity.
Learning is taken as any change in behavior, information,
knowledge, understanding, attitudes, skills, or capabilities which
can be retained and cannot be ascribed to physical growth or
to the development of inherited behavior patterns.
2. Education System The overall network of institutions and programmes through
which education of all types and/or all levels is provided to the
population.
3. Universal Primary Education (UPE) The Government policy allowing all children in the Primary
School-going age to attend a Government Aided School. Under
this arrangement, pupils are exempted from paying tuition fees.
4. Educational Programme A set of organized and purposeful learning experiences with a
minimum duration of one school or academic year, usually
offered in an educational institution.
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5. Compulsory Education A situation where children and youths of school going age are
legally obliged to attend school for a given number of years. In
Somalia, the legal minimum age is 6 years.
6. Formal Education o The education attained in nurseries, primary, secondary
schools and, tertiary institutions that follow a given approved
curriculum or.
o Education that is institutionalized, intentional and
planned through public
organizations and recognized private bodies, and – in their
totality – constitute the formal education system of a country
including nurseries, primary, secondary and tertiary institutions
7. Course A planned series of learning experiences in a particular subject
matter.
8. Levels of Education The notion of ‘levels’ of education is represented by an ordered
set, grouping education programmes in relation to gradations of
learning experiences, as well as the knowledge, skills and
competencies which each programme is designed to impart. In
Somalia there are four levels of formal education namely
primary, secondary, and tertiary.
9. General Education Defined as education programmes that are designed to develop
learners’ general knowledge, skills and competencies, as well as
literacy and numeracy skills, often to prepare the learner for
more advanced education programmes at the same or a higher
ISCED level and to lay the foundation for lifelong learning.
10. Public Educational Institutions Institutions controlled, managed and operated by a public
education authority or government agency or by a governing
body (council, board, committee) most of whose members are
either appointed by a public authority or elected by public vote.
11. Educational Institution An establishment or body whose primary function is providing
education services. Such institutions are normally accredited, or
sanctioned, by a public or Government authority.
12. Private Educational Institutions These are educational institutions controlled and managed by a
private body or have a governing board most of whose members
are not selected by a public agency or elected by public vote.
Private educational institutions operate within generally
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acceptable regulations (they have to follow guidelines used by

public institutions).
13. Vocational Education Education programmes that are designed for learners to
acquire the knowledge, skills and competencies specific to a
particular occupation, trade, or class of occupations or trades,
such programmes may have work based components e.g.
apprenticeships, dual-system education programmes.
14. Pre-primary Education (ISCED 0) is defined as the initial stage of organized instruction, designed
primarily to introduce very young children to a school-type
environment, that is, to provide a bridge between home and a
school-based atmosphere.
15. Primary Education The first stage of compulsory education which provide
pupils with basic literacy and numeracy principles, and a
foundation in science, mathematics, geography, history and
other social sciences. It is preceded by pre-school or nursery
education.
Sometimes called elementary education, refers to educational

programmes that are normally designed on a unit or project
basis to give pupils a sound basic education. The entry age for
primary education usually varies between five and seven years
(usually seven years). In Somalia this level covers eight(8yrs)
years of full-time schooling.
16. Secondary Education The level immediately after the primary school level. Education
at the second level based on at least four years of instruction at
the first level and providing general or specialized instruction or
both, such as secondary school, high school, teacher training
school at this level and vocational or technical school. In Somalia,
this level is ordinary level lasting four years.
17. Tertiary Education Education at the third level such as universities, teachers’
colleges and higher-level professional schools requiring as a
minimum condition of admission the successful completion of
education at the second level or evidence of the attainment of
an equivalent level of knowledge.
18. Cohort Survival Represents a life span of a group of pupils as they enter primary
schooling in the same year. The survival of pupils is observed in
the final grade of primary level and considers how the pupils
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were affected by drop outs and repetitions as they progressed

to the final year.
19. School-Age Population The number of children in the officially defined primary school
age-group, whether enrolled in school or not.
20. Early Childhood Development Programmes offering a structured and purposeful set of learning
activities either in a formal institution (pre-school) or as part of
a non-formal childcare programme.
21. Completion Rate The number of learners who have successfully completed a given
grade (in a given year), expressed as a percentage of the total
number of learners of official school age for that grade.
22. Education Attainment This is the proportion of the pupils/students that have achieved
different levels of education i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary.
23. Educational Level The highest rank of formal training attained by an individual or
group of people following a prescribed curriculum.
24. Educational Programme A set of organized and purposeful learning experiences with a
minimum duration of one school or academic year, usually
offered in an educational institution
25. Enrolment Those pupils who were admitted or re-admitted and fully
recorded in the school’s register at the beginning of the first
term. It includes all those pupils whose names appear on the
school register (including repeaters and those temporarily
absent).
26. Drop-Out An individual who leave school without completing the current
level or having completed a level but not continuing to the next.
27. Drop-Out Rate by Grade (DR) Proportion of pupils from a cohort enrolled in a certain grade
in a given school year that is no longer enrolled in the following
school year.
28. Absenteeism In Education The persistent absence of pupils, students and teachers from
schools or other institutions.
29. Accessibility Rate The proportion of children with access to education to the total
children in the official school admission age.
30. Age Specific Enrolment Ratio (Enrolment of the population of a specific age divide by
Population of that specific age) *100.
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Age Specific Enrolment Ratio (ASER) is percentage of the

population of a specific age enrolled. It shows the extent of the
population of a specific age cohort in educational activities.
31. Age Specific Enrolment Rate (ASER) Enrolment of a specific single age enrolled, irrespective of the
level of education, as a percentage of the population of the same
age. (Purpose: To show the extent of the educational
participation of a specific age cohort.)
32. National literacy rate Literate people aged 15 years to 65 and above. Literate means
they are able to read, write as well as interpret information given
to them.
33. Literacy Rate The proportion of population of a given age group who are able
to read and write with understanding in any language expressed
as a percentage of the total population in the country. Generally,
‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to make
simple arithmetic calculations.
34. Adult Literacy Rate Adult literacy is defined as the percentage of the population aged
15 years and over who can both read and write with
understanding a short simple statement on his/her everyday life.
35. Illiteracy The inability of a person to read and write with understanding a
short, simple statement in any language.
36. Youth Literacy Rate The number of persons aged 18 to 35 years who can both read
and write with understanding a short simple statement on their
everyday life, divided by the population in that age group.
Generally, ‘literacy’ also encompasses ‘numeracy’, the ability to
make simple arithmetic calculations.
37. Average Class Size Total Number of learners enrolled per stream divided by
number of classes created.
38. Apparent Intake Rate (AIR) Apparent Intake Rate is the total number of new entrants in the
first grade of Primary education regardless of the age, expressed
as percentage of the population(Children) at the official Primary
School entrance age.
o AIR indicates the general level of access to primary
education.
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o It also indicates the capacity of the education system to

provide access to Standard one for the official school entrance
age population.
39. Graduate A student who successfully completes first tertiary education
irrespective of whether one was full or part time provided that
he/she fulfilled the awarding requirements of that institution.
40. Grade A stage of instruction attained in one school year for a particular
education level usually covered in one school year.
41. Grade Specific Enrolment Ratio The ratio of the Enrolment in a specific class to the total
Enrolment at all levels.
42. Gross Enrolment Rate (GER) Total enrolment in a specific level of education (pre-primary,
primary, secondary, tertiary), regardless of age, expressed as a
percentage of the eligible official school-age population
(theoretical age group) corresponding to the same level of
education in a given school year.
43. Educational Attainment The highest level of an educational programme the person has
successfully completed.
44. Gross Enrolment Rate for Primary Number of pupils enrolled in a given level of education,
regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the population
in the theoretical age group for the same level of education;
Total enrolment in primary / Population of that specific age
group 6-13yrs) *100.
45. Gross Enrolment Rate for Secondary Total enrolment in a specific level of education, regardless of
age, expressed as a percentage of the eligible official school-age
population(secondary) corresponding to the same level of
education in a given school year. Total enrolment in Secondary
/ Population of that specific age group 13-17yrs) *100.
46. Gross Intake Ratio (GIR) In the First Grade Total number of new entrants in the first grade of primary
of Primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
population at the official primary school entrance age.
o The purpose of the GIR is to indicate the general level
of access to primary education. It also indicates the capacity of
the education system to provide access to grade 1 for the
official school-entrance age
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47. Gross Intake Ratio in the Last Grade of Total number of new entrants in the last grade of primary
Primary education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
population at the theoretical entrance age to the last grade of
primary.
48. Gross Primary Graduation Ratio (GPGR) Total number of graduates from the last grade of primary
education, regardless of age, expressed as a percentage of the
population at the theoretical graduation age for primary.
49. Net Enrolment Rate - Primary Number of pupils in the theoretical age group for a given level
of education enrolled in that level expressed as a percentage of
the total population in that age group.; Enrolment of specific age
group 6-13 years/ Population of that specific age group 6-13yrs)
*100
50. Net Enrolment Rate - Secondary Number of pupils in the theoretical age group for a given level
the total population in that age group.; Enrolment of specific age
group 13-17 years / Population of that specific age group 13-
17yrs) *100
51. Net Enrolment Ratio (NER) (Enrolment of specific age group/ Population of that specific age
group) *100.
o A high NER denotes a high degree of participation of the
official school-age population. The theoretical maximum value
is 100%. Increasing trends can be considered as reflecting
improving participation at primary education. If the NER is
below 100%, then the complement, i.e. the difference with
100% provides a measure of the proportion of children of
official primary school age not enrolled at primary education.
52. Net Enrolment Number of pupils in the theoretical age group for a given level
the total population in that age Group.; Enrolment of specific
age group 3-5 years/ Population of that specific age group 3-
5yrs) *100
53. Expected Gross Intake Ratio in the Last Total number of new entrants to the first of primary in a given
Grade Of Primary (EGIRLG) year, regardless of age, who are expected to reach the last grade
of primary education, regardless of repetition, expressed as a
percentage of the population at the official entrance age to
primary education in the same year.
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54. Expected Gross Primary Graduation Ratio This is the total number of new entrants to the first grade of
(EGPGR) primary in a given year, regardless of age, who are expected to
graduate from the last grade of primary education, regardless of
repetition, expressed as a percentage of the population at the
official graduation age from primary education in the same year.
55. Net Enrolment Rate (NER) Enrolment of the official age group (theoretical age group) for
a given level of education expressed as a percentage of the
corresponding population.
o The purpose of the NER is to show the extent of
coverage in a given level of education of children and youths
belonging to the official age group corresponding to the given
level of education
56. Net Intake Rate (NIR) In the First Grade of New entrants in the first grade of primary education who are of
Primary the official primary school entrance age, expressed as a
percentage of the population of the same age. NIR precisely
measures access to primary education by the eligible population
of primary school-entrance age.)
57. New Entrant A pupil or student who joins an education system for the first
time.
58. Pupil A learner of school going age who is enrolled in an educational
pre and primary programme.
59. Pupil-year A non-monetary measure of educational inputs or resources.
One pupil-year denotes the resources spent to maintain a pupil
in school for one year.
60. Student A student is a person of either sex, not classified as usually
economically active, who attends any regular educational
institution, public or private, for systematic instruction at any
level of education.
61. Graduate Employment Rate The proportion of graduates employed full time within 12
months after graduation, to the total number of graduates of
that same group. The indicator measures the proportion of
Tertiary Education graduates, out of the total number who
graduated that particular year, who get employed within a given
period of time (e.g. one year after graduating). This indicator
focuses on the number who get employed within a specified
period of time e.g. one year.
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o N.B. The Human Resource Development

Board/Institution mandated to do so will carry out tracer
studies periodically but Tertiary Education Institutions will also
be required to carry out their own tracer studies on an annual
or bi-annual basis.
62. Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research The total amount invested in conducting research and
and Development (R&D) as a percentage innovation measured as a percentage of the GDP. The
of GDP (lag) investment of R&D will be established based on annual
expenditure on the national research priorities carried out by
research institutions, universities, private companies and any
other players.
63. Graduation Rate for Technical and Total number of graduates who satisfied the requirements of
Vocational Education training (TVET) studies in a given year, regardless of repetition, expressed as a
percentage of the population who were expected to graduate in
that year. The indicator measures the proportion of learners in
the final year (regardless of repetition) of any programme that
managed to graduate or acquire the qualification / certificate for
that level. The graduates are at all the different levels of
education offered in TVET Institutions
64. Pupil-Teacher Ratio Total number of pupils enrolled in a given school divided by the
total number of teachers in the same school.
65. Pupil-stance Ratio The number of pupils in the school divided by the total number
of latrine stances in the school.
66. Pupil-textbook Ratio The number of pupils using a single textbook.
67. Pupil-classroom Ratio Average number of primary school pupils per primary school
classrooms
68. Class A stage of instruction in primary or secondary, that is, Primary
one through Primary seven and Senior one through Senior six.
69. Child Friendly School A school that has facilities that can cater for all categories of
children. For example, separate toilet facilities for boys and girls.
70. Informal Education A non-curriculum education based on people’s experiences.
Non-formal education may take place both within and/or
outside educational institutions set of skills, usually offered by an
educational or training institution or programme for one or
more pupils.
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71. Non-Formal Education Any organized educational activity outside the established
formal system - whether operating separately or as an important
feature of some broader activity - that is intended to serve
identifiable learning clienteles and learning objectives.
72. Functional Literacy A person functionally literate is one who can engage in all those
activities in which literacy is required for effective function of his
or her group and community and also for enabling him or her
to continue to use reading, writing and calculation of one’s
personal or own community development
73. Basic Education A whole range of educational activities that take place in
different settings that aim at meeting basic learning needs as
defined in the “World Declaration on Education for All”
(Jomtien, Thailand, 1990). It thus comprises both formal
schooling (primary and sometimes lower secondary) as well as
a wide variety of informal public and private educational
activities offered to meet the defined basic learning needs of
groups of people of all ages.
74. Complementary Education Any organized systematic and quality education and training
programs outside the formal school system that is consciously
aimed at meeting specific learning needs of children, youth and
adults. The goal of Comprehensive Education is to provide
quality education and related services to all who by choice or
circumstance are outside the formal education system.
75. Coefficient of Efficiency A measure of the internal efficiency of an education system. It is
a ratio of the ideal number of pupil-years required for a pupil
cohort to complete a level or cycle of education (e.g. the
primary level) to the estimated total number of pupil-years
actually spent by the same pupil cohort. The reciprocal of the
coefficient of efficiency is the input-output ratio. A coefficient of
one indicates maximum internal efficiency.
76. Teacher Persons who, in their professional capacity, guide and direct
learners in gaining knowledge, attitudes and skills that are
stipulated by a defined curriculum programme.
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77. Full-time Teacher A person engaged in teaching for a specified number of hours
per week according to official regulations in the country (48
hours per week)1.
78. Part-time Teacher A person whose working load and associated financial
remuneration are less than that of a full-time teacher.
79. Pedagogical Staff This includes non-teaching staff like headmasters (Head
Teacher) and school administrators, supervisors, school ealth
personnel and librarians working in education institutions.
80. Intake Rate The proportion of children, out of all children of admission age,
who are joining school for the first time.
81. Late Starters Rate The total number of new entrants to grade one at primary level,
who are over the official admission age (over 6 years), divided
by the total population of official admission age (6 years).
82. Transition Rate The proportion of pupils who progress from the final grade of
one level to the first grade of the next level, expressed as a
percentage of those enrolled in the final grade of the preceding
school year.
83. Repeater A pupil/student who is enrolled in the same grade for more
than one school year.
84. Repetition Rate The percentage of pupils who are enrolled in the same grade in
the current school year as in the current school year.
85. Promotion rate The percentage of pupils advancing to the next grade in the
following school year to the total number of pupils in an
institution.
86. Out-of-school children Children in the official school-age group who are not enrolled
in a school as adopted by the Ministry of Education and any
other government entity mandated to do so.
87. Retention Rate The number of learners completed, divided by the number of
learners who started the qualification, excluding transfers out.
For programmes of study of two years or more, retention is
1 ILO International Labor Standards on Working time
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calculated across the whole programme, i.e. from the start to

the end of the qualification. The retention rate (completers
only) will be lower than the retention rate (inc. continuers)
when a significant amount of learners are recorded as
"continuing or intending to continue the learning activities
leading to the qualification aim" beyond their expected end date.
88. Special Needs Education Educational interventions and other support designed to
address special learning needs. This term has come to replace
the older term ‘special education’, which referred mainly to the
education of children with disabilities, usually in special school
or institutions. Moreover, the concept of ‘children with special
educational needs’ now extends beyond those who have
physical or other disabilities to cover also pupils who are failing
in school for a wide variety of other reasons.
89. Number of Adults Illiterates Population aged 15 years and above who cannot both read and
write with understanding a short simple statement on their
everyday life.
90. Numeracy Rate This is the percentage of pupils who can use numbers, make
additions, subtraction, simple multiplication, division, undertake
weights and measures, count money and tell time.
91. Out of School Children Primary (OOS) Children in the official primary school age range who are not
enrolled in either primary or secondary schools.
92. Education System The overall network of institutions and programmes through
which different education types or levels is provided to the
population in the country.
93. Number of Learners Participating in Out of School Learners engaged in Income Generating Projects
Income Generating Projects for specified period of time.
94. Pass Rate-Primary Percentage of candidates with Grade C or better
95. Pass Rate Secondary School Percentage of candidates with Cs or better
96. Percentage of Female Teachers The number of female teachers at a given level of education
expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers (male
and female) at the same level in a given school year
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97. Percentage of Private Enrolment Enrolment in private educational institutions at a given level of
education expressed as a percentage of total enrolment at the
same level.
98. Percentage of Public Primary and The percentage of Public Primary and Secondary Schools that
secondary schools that have functional have functional desktop computers or lap-top computers or
computers tablets.
99. Percentage of Schools with functional The percentage of Public Primary Schools that have functional
computer labs Primary computers.
100. Percentage of Schools with functional The percentage of Public secondary Schools that have functional
computer labs secondary computers.
101. Percentage of Teaching Staff in Private Number of teachers in private educational institutions at a given
Educational Institution level of education expressed as a percentage of the total
teaching staff in all types of institutions at the same level of
education
102. Percentage Distribution of Students in Enrolment in tertiary education at each ISCED level as a
Tertiary Education by ISCED Level percentage of total enrolment in tertiary education. It shows the
distribution of tertiary students by ISCED levels. It also helps to
understand the way in which degrees and qualification
structures for tertiary education are organized within countries.
103. Percentage of Teachers Accredited for Number of senior secondary schools accredited by Somalia
Multiple Pathways delivery Qualifications Authority in readiness for the implementation of
multiple pathways
104. Percentage of Teachers Trained on Number of teachers trained on content and pedagogy
Content and Pedagogy
105. Percentage of leaders trained on Number of leaders trained on governance and leadership
Governance and Leadership
106. Percentage of Tertiary Institutions that Number of Tertiary Institutions that have developed
have developed institutional plans institutional plans over total number of tertiary institutions in a
given a year
107. Percentage of TVET ETPs that meet Number of TVET ETPs that meet the national accreditation
national accreditation standards requirements measured as a percentage of the total number of
institutions nation - wide. According to the National Credit
Qualification Framework (NCQF), all education and training
institutions as well as their structures, including the human
resource, should be accredited in order for them to operate.
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108. Percentage of Trained Teachers Number of teachers who have received the minimum organized
teacher training (pre-service or in-service) required for teaching
at the specified level of education in the given country,
expressed as a percentage of the total number of teachers at
the same level of education. This is a measure of the proportion
of teachers trained in pedagogical skills, according to national
standards, to effectively teach and use the available instructional
materials.
109. Gender Parity Index (GPI) This is a social-economic index designed to measure the relative
access to education of male and female pupils or students. It is
calculated as the quotient of the number of females by the
number of males enrolled in a given level of education.
110. Performance Index This is an index that measures the quality of passing at all
levels of Education.
111. Progression Rate Proportion of learners from a cohort enrolled in a given school
year who progressed to different subsequent grades until they
reach the last grade of the level.
o The rate measures the performance of the education
system in progression of a cohort from first grade to final grade,
thus measuring the internal efficiency of educational systems
112. Progression Rate in Primary The rate at which learners proceed from one standard to the
other within Primary Education
113. Promotion Rate by Grade (PR) Proportion of pupils from a cohort enrolled in a given grade at
a given school year who studies in the next grade in the
following school year.
114. Proportion of Undergraduates Enrolled in Number of under-graduates enrolled in programmes aligned to
Programmes Aligned to Priority Areas priority areas measured as a percentage of the total under-
graduates. Priority skills are identified annually by HRDC to
guide the development of human resource in an effort to reduce
the gap between demand and supply of skills. Institutions
develop their institutional plans in which they indicate their
enrolments plans and that will include for programmes that are
priority skills. For details on the priority skills, refer to HRDC
Human Resource Plans.
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115. Text-Book Pupil ratio for core subjects The availability of core textbooks across levels per student in
any given subject and school.
116. Tertiary Education Enrolment Rate Number of students enrolled at the various levels of post -
secondary education regardless of their age, out of the
population eligible (here, the Ministry of Education should
specify the age range of the population eligible). This will be
helpful in the calculation methodology) for enrolment.
117. School Life Expectancy The total number of years of schooling which a child of a certain
age can expect to receive in the future, assuming that the
probability of his or her being enrolled in school at any particular
age is equal to the current enrolment ratio for that age.
118. Gross Enrolment Ratio The ratio of total enrolment in a specified level of education
regardless of age expressed as a percentage of the total official
age population for that level.
119. Pupil Teacher Ratio It represents the average number of pupils per teacher in a
specified level of education in a particular year. This indicator
should be lower since a high ratio indicates a large number of
pupils to be attended by one teacher
120. School Attendance Is defined as regular attendance at any regular accredited
educational institution or programme, public or private, for
organized learning at any level of education at the time of the
census or, if the census is taken during the vacation period at
the end of the school year or during the last school year
121. School Attendance Ratio The measure looks at the average number of days’ students
attend lessons per academic term or year.
122. School Counsellor-to-Student Ratio This indicator measures the Number of Students per School
Counsellor
123. Crude Enrollment Ratio The percentage of the total enrollment at all levels to the total
population. It is obtained by total enrollment at all levels (crude
enrollment) divided by the total population. Where, enrollment
includes those attending primary, secondary and tertiary
institutions.
124. Grade Specific Enrollment Ratio The ratio of the enrollment in a specific class to the total
enrollment at all levels.
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125. Educational Survival Rate The percentage of a pupil cohort that enters together in the first
grade of primary education that reaches a given grade (e.g.
Grade 5) or the final grade of an education cycle either with or
without repeating a grade.
126. Official School Age Population Number of children in the officially defined school age group,
whether enrolled in school or not. in Somalia the official School
age is 6yrs and above.
127. Proportion of population by educational The proportion of population of 6 years of age and over who
qualification carries a specific academic or specialized certificate relevant to
number of population of 67 years of age and over, usually
expressed as a percentage.
128. Proportion of Qualified teachers It is the proportion of teachers who hold academic certificates
in the field of specialization relevant to the total number of
teachers in the specific educational stage. Source:
Educational Administrative Records.
129. Public Spending on Education, (% of It is the total public education expenditure (current and capital)
Government Expenditure) expressed as a percent of total government expenditure for all
sectors in a given fiscal year. Public education expenditure
includes government spending on educational institutions (both
public and private), education administration, and subsidies for
private entities (students/households and other private entities).
130. Educator Any person who teaches, educates or trains other persons or
who provides professional educational services.
131. Highest Level of Education The highest grade completed at school or the highest post-
school qualification obtained. Synonym is educational
attainment.
132. Home Education Definition A programme of education that a parent of a learner(s) may
provide to his/her child at their own home.
133. Distance learning Study by means of correspondence, telecommunication media
or computer programmes
134. Field of Study Definition The area of concentration of tertiary studies.
135. Citation Index Per Capita Output In comparison to other countries, the amount of citations and
Citations Index (CI) referrals by other researchers indicates the quality of Somalia
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Data production, research and published papers from SNBS,

MDAs, Universities and other research institutions.
2.2. Health Related Concepts and Definitions

1. Health A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, and
not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
2. Health Facility A structure that has a roof and walls, and stands more or less
permanently in one place with in-patient services
3. Anthropometry The use of the age, height and weight of children less than five
years to determine their nutritional status
4. Underlined cause The Underlying Cause of Death is

a) The disease or injury which initiated the train of events
leading directly to death, or
b) The circumstances of the accident or violence which
produced the fatal injury.
5. Life Expectancy Life expectancy is a statistical measure of the average time an
organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its
current age, and other demographic factors including sex. This
can be derived for either male or female and is, in most
populations, slightly higher for females. The commonly used life
expectancy is that at birth. Life expectancy can be derived at
any other age based on the current death rates.
6. Survivorship Primarily a condition where an individual or group remains alive
after a specified interval.
7. Survival rate The proportion of persons in a specified group (age, sex, or
health status) alive at the beginning of an interval (such as 5-
year period) who survive to the end of the interval.
8. Morbidity The frequency of disease, illness, injuries, and disabilities in a
population.
o Morbidity Incidence Rate: Number of persons contracting

a disease per 1,000 populations at risk, for a given period of
time.
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o Morbidity Prevalence Rate: Number of persons having a

particular disease at a given point in time per 1,000 population
at risk.
9. Incidence Incidence measures the appearance of new infections among
the part of the population hitherto not infected.
10. HIV Prevalence The percentage of a given population whose blood samples
tested positive for HIV.
11. Morbidity Incidence Rate Number of persons contracting a disease per 1,000 populations
at risk, for a given period of time.
12. Morbidity Prevalence Rate Number of persons having a particular disease at a given point
in time per 1,000 populations at risk.
13. Antenatal Attendance Coverage The number of new clients attending antenatal clinics as a
proportion of the total number of estimated pregnancies in the
service population.
14. Communicable Disease An infectious illness or ailment that can be transmitted from
one individual to another either directly by contact or
indirectly by fomites and vectors.
15. Community Health Workers These are personnel who are chosen by community members
or organizations to provide basic health and medical care to
their communities.
16. Caesarian Section An operation for delivering a child by cutting through the wall
of the abdominal.
17. Catchment Population Refers to totality of population subgroups to be served by
Health Service Area regarding treatment of infections.
18. Cardiovascular Diseases These are diseases of circulatory system which include
hypertension, heart diseases, cerebro-vascular disorders
(including stroke) and others.
19. Digestive Diseases These are diseases of digestive system including diarrhea
without dehydration, diarrhea with dehydration,
gastroenteritis, gastrointestinal ulcers, intestinal parasites and
others.
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20. Contraceptive Prevalence Rate The percentage of women, or women whose husbands use any
form of contraception. The Contraceptive Prevalence Rate is
recorded for women aged 15-49 years.
21. Doctor-Patient Ratio The number of patients per registered doctor.

22. Epidemic The occurrence an illness, specific health related behavior or
other health related events clearly in excess of normal
expectancy in a given community or region.
23. Mortality Refers to deaths that occur within a population.

24. Foetal Mortality Death of foetus prior to the complete expulsion or extraction
from its mother
25. Neonatal Mortality Rate The probability of dying within the first month of life.
26. Maternal Mortality Rate Number of maternal deaths in a given time period per 100,000
woman aged 15-49 years.
27. Maternal Mortality Ratio Number of maternal deaths in a given time period per 100,000
live births during the same time period.
28. Mean Age at Child Bearing The mean age of mothers at the birth of their children if
(MACB) women were subject throughout their lives to the age-specific
fertility rates observed in a given year. It is computed as the
sum of age-specific fertility rates weighted by the midpoint of
each group.
29. Post Neonatal Mortality Rate The arithmetic difference between infant and neonatal
mortality.
30. Neonatal Mortality (NM) The probability of dying within the first 28 days of life per 1,000
live births.
31. Net Reproductive Rate (NRR) Refers to the average number of female births born to women
aged 15-49 years that would survive to the end of their
reproductive period after experiencing the prevailing fertility
and mortality levels.
32. Non Communicable Disease A medical condition or disease that is not caused by infectious
agents (non-infectious or non-transmissible). Also referred to
as a chronic disease of long duration and generally slow
progression. The four main types of NCDs are
o Cardiovascular diseases,
o Cancer,
o Chronic respiratory diseases and
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o Diabetes.
33. Notifiable Disease Any disease that is required by law to be reported to
government authorities. The collation of information allows the
authorities to monitor the disease, and provides early warning
of possible outbreaks.
34. Nurse Midwife Patient Ratio Total number of Midwife nurses divided by the total number of
pregnant patients, at a given period. For example, 1: 4 meaning
one nurse to 4 pregnant patients. This is an average, therefore
measures potential care not actual care
35. Nurse Patient Ratio The number of patients per registered nurse.
36. Out-Patient Department The number of outpatient visits to health facilities during one-
Utilization Rate year relative to the total population of the same geographical
area. Health facilities include all public, private, non-
governmental and community-based health facilities in which
general health services are offered.
37. Passive surveillance A system by which, a health institution receives routine reports
submitted from health facilities (hospitals, clinics, public health
units, or community or other sources).
38. Outbreak The occurrence of more cases than expected in a defined
geographic area or time.
39. Reproductive Health A complete physical, mental and social well-being in all matters
relating to reproductive system and its functions and processes.
40. The Underlying Cause of Death Is defined as

a) The disease or injury which initiated the train of
morbid events leading directly to death, or
b) The circumstances of the accident or violence which
produced the fatal injury
41. Out-patient Patient who receives examination and treatment without being
admitted or occupying a bed in the health institution
42. In-patient Patient who admitted and occupied a bed in the health
institution for diagnosis and treatment
43. Other Conditions Defined as those conditions that coexist or develop during the
episode of health care and affect the management of the
patient.
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44. Patient Bed Days The number of days during which a person is confined to a bed,
and in which the patient stays overnight in a hospital.
45. Patient Bed Occupancy Rate The number of patient bed days in a given period (e.g. quarter
or year) divided by the product of number of beds in an
institution and number of days in time period under review.
o It measures the extent to which in-patient facilities are

being utilized
46. Pandemic An outbreak of an infectious disease that affects people or
animals over an extensive geographical area. Is also an
epidemic over a wide geographical area and affecting a large
proportion of the population?
47. Active surveillance It involves an ongoing search for cases in the community or
the health facilities. This may involve regular contacts with key
reporting sources, such as telephone calls to health care
workers at a facility or laboratory or physically moving to the
source and records review of data.
48. Acute Respiratory Infection A serious infection that may interfere with normal breathing
(ARI) function. It usually begins as a viral infection in the nose, trachea
(windpipe), or lungs. It can affect just your upper respiratory
system, which starts at your sinuses and ends at your vocal
chords. It can also affect just your lower respiratory system,
which starts at your vocal chords and ends at your lungs.
49. Acute Any disease having a rapid (sudden) onset and following a short
course
50. Amenorrhea The temporal cessation of menstruation, for normal or
pathological reasons, usually the latter. It is not used to refer
to old age or pre-puberty, but may be used to refer to
pregnancy or the post-partum condition.
51. Discharged patient Patient who is discharged from the health institution after being
diagnosed and/or treated
52. Delivery attendance It is the service given to pregnant woman during delivery
53. Antenatal Care Coverage Percentage of women 15-49 years who had a live birth in a
given period preceding the survey who attended antenatal care
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(ANC) and the number of antenatal care visits for the most
recent birth.
54. Antenatal Care From a Skilled Percentage of women aged 15-49 years, who had a live birth in
Provider a given period preceding the survey, who were attended to, at
least once during pregnancy by skilled health personnel
(doctor, nurse-midwife, nurse).
55. Antenatal Care Antenatal care (ANC) can be defined as the care provided by
skilled healthcare professionals to pregnant women and
adolescent girls in order to ensure the best health conditions
for both mother and baby during pregnancy
56. Average Antenatal Attendance Number of visits to the antenatal clinic by a pregnant woman
for that particular pregnancy.
57. Attack rate Defined as the proportion of those who became ill after a
specified exposure
58. Body Mass Index (BMI) A statistical measure of the weight of a person scaled according
to height, used to estimate if a person is underweight or
overweight. Body Mass Index (BMI) is expressed as a ratio of
weight in kilograms to the square of height (kg/m2 ).
59. Case based surveillance Case-based surveillance involves the ongoing and rapid
identification of identifiable cases for purpose of case follow-
up.
60. Case fatality rate Is a measure of the severity of a disease and is defined as the
proportion of reported cases of a specified disease or condition
which are fatal within a specified time
61. Catchment/Service Area In human geography, a catchment area is the area from which
a city, service or institution attracts a population that uses its
service.
62. Cause Specific Death Rate The number of deaths from a given cause or group of causes
during a given year per 100, 000 of the midyear population
63. Child Immunization coverage The percent of children aged 12-24 months who received
specified vaccines as stipulated in the WHO and national
immunization guidelines at any time before the survey.
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64. Chronic Any health condition that develops slowly or of long duration
and tends to result in some functional limitation and need for
ongoing medical care.
65. Community Based Surveillance Is defined as the surveillance system that collects community-
(CBS) based health information; and the entire community population
is under surveillance, and not simply a segment of the
community.
66. Health Workers Workers who respond to national definition of health care
providers and are neither physicians nor midwives, nurses,
dentists or pharmacists.
67. Completed Family Size (Mean The number of children ever born to women who have
Parity) completed their reproduction, i.e., those aged 50 and older
68. Confirmed case A suspected or confirmed case verified by laboratory analysis.

69. Contraception Prevalence Rate The percentage of currently married women using a method of
contraception
70. Disease An illness or medical condition, irrespective of origin or source,
which presents or could present significant harm to humans, to
animal and plants.
71. Delivery Beds Number of hospital beds intended for delivery

72. Hospital Beds A bed used for patients (as in hospital) that can be adjusted,
especially to raise the head end, foot end or middle as required.
73. Diagnosis Is an art of identifying a disease from its signs and symptoms.
74. Disease Incidence Rate An incidence rate is the number of new cases of a disease
divided by the number of persons at risk for the disease per
1000 of the persons at risk
75. Disease Prevalence Rate A prevalence rate is the total number of cases of a disease
existing in a population divided by the total population at risk
76. Vaccination Any incurable agent or preparation containing bacteria or virus
so treated as to give immunity from specific diseases when
injected into the subject.
77. Chronic malnutrition A condition of nutrition deficiency of long term often combined
with persistent ill health
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78. Elimination Reduction to zero (or a very low defined target rate) of new
cases in a defined geographical area.
79. Endemic A disease or condition regularly found among particular people
or in a certain area
80. Doctor Patient Ratio The number of patients per registered doctor
81. Disease-specific surveillance Involves surveillance activities aimed at targeted health data for
a specific disease for vertical surveillance
82. Epidemiology The study of the distribution and determinants of health related
states and the application of this information to controlling
public health problems.
83. Etiology Refers to the cause, set of causes, or origin of a disease or
condition.
84. Event- based surveillance (EBS) Organized and rapid capture of information about events that
are of potential risk to public health.
85. Facility-based surveillance All reporting units (e.g., health facilities) are required to report
on a weekly, monthly, quarterly or annual basis to the next
level based on the categories of the diseases, conditions and
events. Additionally, they are also required to report
immediately, any epidemic prone disease to the next level.
86. Foster Child A child under the age of 18 2 not living with his/her parents
regardless of whether the parents are alive or dead.
87. Kafala Child In Islamic law, the term ‘Kafala’ is used to describe a situation
similar to adoption, but without the break off the family ties
including the transference of inheritance rights, or the change
of the child’s family name.
88. Health insurance Financial protection against the health care costs arising from
disease or accidental bodily injury. Such insurance usually
covers all or part of the costs of treating the disease or injury.
Insurance may be obtained on either an individual or a group
basis.
2
Somalia Federal Government Constitution
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89. Health Management Information A monthly reporting system for diseases, conditions, and risks
System (HMIS) that is reported to the MOH from every healthcare facility
electronically or on paper.
90. Immunization The process whereby a person is made immune or resistant to
an infectious disease, typically by the administration of a
vaccine. Vaccines stimulate the body’s own immune system to
protect the person against subsequent infection or disease.
91. Infectious disease hazards Known, new and unknown infectious disease threats.
92. Integrated Disease Surveillance It is an approach that aims at collecting health data for multiple
diseases using standardized tools.
93. Intermittent Preventive Treatment A full therapeutic course of antimalarial medicine given to
of Malaria pregnant women at routine antenatal care visits, regardless of
whether the recipient is infected with malaria.
94. Laboratory-based surveillance This consists of surveillance conducted at laboratories for
detecting events or trends that may not be seen as a problem
at other locations or that originates from laboratory testing
mainly done routinely or used when conducting sentinel
surveillance.
95. Suspected case Indicative clinical picture i.e. patient will have fewer or atypical
clinical features without being a confirmed or a probable case.
96. Syndromic surveillance An active or passive system that uses Standard Case Definitions
based entirely on clinical features without any laboratory
diagnosis.
97. Tetanus Toxoid Coverage The coverage of women 15-49 years who received tetanus
toxoid injections during the most recent pregnancy.
98. Traditional Medicine A system of treatment modalities based on indigenous
knowledge pertaining to healing.
99. Tuberculosis Cure Rate Number of new sputum smear positive patients in a given
period of time who completed and had at least two negative
sputum smear results one of which at completion of treatment
.
100. Family planning The ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain
their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of
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their births. It is achieved through use of contraceptive

methods and the treatment of involuntary infertility
101. Birth Control Birth control is the use of any practices, methods, or devices
to prevent pregnancy from occurring in a women in the
reproductive age range (15-49) (Sexually active woman)
102. Net Reproduction Rate Average number of daughters that would be born to a woman
(or group of women) if she passed through her lifetime from
birth conforming to the age-specific fertility and mortality rates
of a given year.
103. Acute malnutrition Acute malnutrition may be moderate or severe.
o Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), also known as wasting,

is defined by a weight-for-height indicator between -3 and -2
z-scores (standard deviations) of the international standard or
by a mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) between 11 cm
and 12.5 cm.
o Severe wasting is characterized by a massive loss of body fat
and muscle tissue. Severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is the
most dangerous form of malnutrition.
Acute malnutrition is caused by a decrease in food

consumption and/or illness resulting in sudden weight
loss
104. Under weight It is a condition of low weight for age taking into consideration
that a child has expected weight for his age.
105. Underweight prevalence Moderate
The number of children under-five who fall below minus two

standard deviations from the median weigh for age of the
WHO standards, divided by the total number of children under
age 5; usually expressed as percentage. (SDG indicator)
Severe
The number of children under-five who fall below minus three

standard deviations from the median weigh for age of the
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age 5; usually expressed as percentage (SDG indicator).
106. Overweight prevalence The numbers of children under-five who fall above two
standard deviations from the median weigh for height of the
age 5; usually expressed as percentage. (SDG indicator)
107. Vitamin A supplementation for Number of children age 6-59 months who received at least one
children high dose vitamin A supplement in the specific preceding period
(usually 6 months) divided by the total number of children aged
6- 59 months; usually expressed as percentage.
108. Polio Number of children in age group (12-23 ) months who received
the third dose of OPV vaccine (OPV3) by their first birthday
divided by the total number of children in the specified age
group; usually expressed as percentage.
109. Measles Number of children in age group (12-23) months who received
measles vaccine by their first birth day divided by total number
of children in the specified age group; usually expressed as
percentage. Source of data: Demographic and Health surveys
110. Yellow fever Number of children in age group (12-23) months who received
yellow fever vaccine by their first birth day divided by total
number of children in the specified age group; usually
expressed as percentage
111. Hepatitis B Number of children in age group ((12-23) months who
received the third dose of Hepatitis B vaccine by their first birth
day divided by total number of children in the specified age
group; usually expressed as percentage. Source of data:
Demographic and Health surveys.
112. Children under 5 sleeping under Number of children under five who slept under an insecticide-
insecticide –treated nets (ITNs) treated mosquito net the previous night divided by total
number of children under 5;
113. Stunting It is a moderate and severe below minus two standard
deviations from median height for age of reference period
(height for age)
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114. Wasting It is moderate and severe-below minus two standard deviations

from median weight for height of reference population (weight
for height)
115. Height - for- Age (Stunting) The height-for-age index is an indicator of linear growth
retardation and cumulative growth deficits in children. Children
whose height-for-age Z-score is below minus two standard
deviations (-2 SD) from the median of the WHO reference
population are considered short for their age (Stunted), or
chronically malnourished. Children who are below minus three
standard deviations (-3 SD) from the reference median are
considered severely stunted.
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2.2. Labor and Employment Related Concepts and Definitions

S/No Term or Indicator Name Definitions
1. Economic activity Economic activity as defined by United Nations Systems of National
Accounts (SNA) means all market production and certain types of
non-market productions, including production and processing of
primary products for own consumption, own-account
construction (owner occupied dwellings) and other production of
fixed assets for own use.
2. Economically Active Population Persons of working age (15-64 years) who contribute or are
available to contribute to the production of goods and services.
3. Employment The state of gainful engagement in any economic activity.
Employment comprises all persons of working age (15 years and
above) who during a specified brief period, such as one week or
one day, were in the following categories:
a. Paid employment (whether at work or with a job but not at
work); or
b. Self-employment (whether at work or with an enterprise but
not at work).
4. Employed Persons Persons who did some work in the reference period either for
payment in cash or in kind (paid employees) or who were in self-
employment for profit or family gain, plus persons temporarily
absent from these activities but definitely going to return to them
(e.g. on leave or sick). Self-employment includes the large number
of persons working on their own lands or cattle posts. Unpaid
family workers in family businesses are included. Some work was
defined as 1 hour or more in the reference seven days. It should
be noted that any economic work took priority over all other
activities.
5. Decent Work The combined result of ensuring rewarding employment for
women and men, respect for fundamental rights at work, pursuing
social protection for all and strengthening social dialogue (respect
for the physical and mental integrity of the worker in the exercise
of his/her employment).
6. Actual Hours of Work Number of hours worked during normal periods of work plus
overtime and time spent on activities related to the place of work.
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7. Employer A person who operates his or her own economic enterprise or

engages independently in an economic activity, and hires one or
more employees. Other employers include institutions,
organizations and the government.
8. Employment to Population Ratio The total number of persons aged 15 years and above who are
employed as a percentage of the population in the same age group.
9. Formal Sector The formal sector or formal economy is that part of an economy
that is taxed, registered as a business entity, employing 5 and above
employees monitored by Government, or included in Gross
National Product (GNP).
10. Informal Sector The informal sector or informal economy is that part of an
economy that is neither taxed, registered and nor monitored by
any form of Government, or included in Gross National Product
(GNP).
11. Government Employees Persons engaged in the civil, public and parastatal organizations, in
addition it’s the total of Central and local government, or these
are Central and local government employees.
12. Inactivity Rate The number of persons aged 15-64 years that are neither employed
nor unemployed as a proportion of the working age population.
13. Labor Administration A coherent national labor legal frameworks; a coordinated system;
Organization integrating active participation of management and
labor, and of their respective organizations; and appropriate
human, financial and material resources for an effective and efficient
service.
14. Labor Cost Index A measure of the change in average hourly labor costs, taking into
account changes in the composition and characteristics of the labor
input.
15. Labor Force The economically active population including persons aged 15-64
years, who were either employed or unemployed during the last 7
days prior to the survey.
16. Labor Force Participation Rate The number of persons in the labor force expressed as a
percentage of the working age population (15-64 years).
17. Labor Productivity The output measured by Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per unit
of labor input
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18. Average Wage The Wage Bill divided by total employment for a particular
cluster/industry/ region or combination.
19. Casualization of Labor Daily or hourly basis work where payment of wages is due at the
completion of each day’s work.
20. Casual Workers Persons who are called upon once in a while to carry out specific
assignments for a business
21. Low Pay Rate Is defined as the proportion of paid employees whose wages at all
jobs equal less than two-thirds of the median wages of all
employees.
22. Labor Underutilization Refers to a mismatch between labor supply and demand, which
translates into an unmet need for employment among the
population.
23. Main Workers Main workers are workers who had worked for the major part of
the reference period six months or more.
24. Marginal workers Marginal workers are workers who had not worked for the major
part of the reference period less than six months
25. Non-workers Are persons who did not at all work during the reference period
including (beggars’ vagrants etc.) having unidentified source of
income not engaged in any economically productive work during
the reference period.
26. Extent of underutilization The labor force is underutilized if there is a mismatch between the
labor offered by workers (supply), and the employment
opportunities available to them (demand).
27. Median Earnings The median earnings level represents the midpoint in an earnings
distribution, with half of workers having earnings above the median
and the other half having earnings below the median
28. Central Government employee Refers to persons working for all Central Government MDAs
excluded the army
29. Child Labor The employment of children under the minimum legal age ( 14
years and under)
30. Child Work Activities undertaken by children within or outside their
households for income, family gain or profit, including unpaid family
work.
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31. Unemployment The standard definition of unemployment is based on three criteria

that have to be met simultaneously. The 'unemployed' comprise all
persons within the age limits specified for measuring the
economically active population (15-64), who during the reference
period were:
a) Without work' – were not in paid employment or self-
employment as specified by the international definition of
employment
b) Currently available for work' – were available for paid
employment or self-employment during the reference period;
and
c) Seeking work' – had taken specific steps in a specified recent
period to seek paid employment or self-employment.
32. Unemployment Rate The proportion of the Labor Force without work, available for
work or actively seeking for work during specified reference
period, usually 4 weeks.
33. Long Term Unemployment Rate The proportion of the Labor Force without work, available for
work or actively seeking for work during a specified reference
period of at least 6 months.
34. Working Age population The number of persons aged 15-64 years who are either employed,
unemployed or outside the labor force.
35. Working Population The number of persons aged 15-64 years who are employed.
a) Paid employee
b) Self-employed
36. Working Proprietors Owners including working partners of the enterprise who regularly
work but do not get any salary or wage from the enterprise but if
they receive salaries/wages, they are classified as employees
37. Unpaid Family Worker A person who helps in a family enterprise (farm or non-farm) or
profession. He/she may or may not receive remuneration or
payment for this work.
38. Urban Unemployment Rate The proportion of the Labor Force living in urban areas without
work, available for work or actively seeking for work during a
specified reference period, usually four weeks.
39. Usually Employed This refers to persons who were usually employed and spent half
or more of the months in a year working.
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40. Under-employment(Part-time Workers are classified as underemployed if they have worked less
workers) than 48 hours per week for an economic reason (excluding those
on leave, at school and similar non-economic reasons), willing and
available to work additional hours within the last seven days,
otherwise they are fully employed.
Underemployment can be referred to as labor Under-utilization of
the productive capacity of an employed population.
41. Under-Employed by Qualification Persons who feel their qualifications are not adequately being used
are under-employed in a broader sense
42. Youth For statistical purposes, defines those persons between the ages of
15 and 24 as youth without prejudice to other definitions by
Member States
43. Youth Unemployment The indicator measures unemployment as defined above but
targeting the ”youth”, which comprises persons aged 18 to 40
years(Somalia National Employment Policy)
44. Worst Forms of Child Labor Includes child trafficking, bondage, children in drug smuggling or
trafficking, children in armed conflict and children in work which is
harmful to their health, safety and morals.
45. Wage Bill All cash payments made by the employer in return for the labor
provided by the employees including salaries, all allowances and
bonuses.
46. Self Employed Comprises of Employers and Own Account Workers.
47. Own Account Worker A person who operates his or her own economic enterprise
without employing other people as helpers.
48. Private Employees Persons engaged by privately owned, registered companies or
individuals
49. Other Private Includes persons working for other enterprises not included above.
This is broadly or often called the Private Formal Sector. It should
be noted that persons working for NGOs are also included in this
group.
50. Permanent Employees Include salaried persons who are engaged in permanent and
pensionable terms. They also include those on probation.
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51. Temporary Employees Paid employees who are engaged on short-term basis for varying
periods. This category of workers is not eligible for any benefit
after the end of their contract/ engagement.
52. Temporary Absences from This covers persons not working in the reference period but having
Employment work from which they are temporarily absent. Such persons are
included in the employed population provided they keep a strong
attachment to the job and there is a definite expectation that they
will return to it. The most common categories are persons on
leave from a wage job.
53. Unpaid Family Worker A person who helps in a family enterprise (farm or non-farm) or
profession. He/she may or may not receive remuneration or
payment for this work.
54. Discouraged Jobseekers They are defined as individuals who are not in work and want to
work but have not sought work, during the reference period, for
reasons related to the labor market such as previous failure to find
a suitable job, lack of experience, qualifications or jobs matching
the person's skills, or lack of jobs, or shortage of jobs in the area.
55. Frictional Unemployment Defined as unemployment in which the job-seekers needs do not
match with the job’s requirements. It often results when people
are transitioning from one job to another or when the first enter
the labor market in search for work.
56. Workers not Classifiable by These are persons for whom insufficient relevant information is
Status available, and/or who cannot be included in any of the preceding
categories.
57. Occupational Injuries An occupational injury is defined as any personal injury, disease or
death resulting from an occupational accident; an occupational
injury is therefore distinct from an occupational disease, which is a
disease contracted as a result of an exposure over a period of time
to risk factors arising from work activity.
58. Status in Employment Status in employment:
The indicator of status in employment distinguishes between three
categories of the total employed. These are:
a) Wage and salaried workers (also known as employees)
b) Self-employed workers.
c) Unpaid family workers
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59. Incapacity for Work Incapacity for work is the inability of the person, due to an
occupational injury, to perform the normal duties of work in the
job or post occupied at the time of the occupational accident.
Incapacity can be permanent or temporary
60. Incidence Rate of Occupational The incidence rate of occupational injuries is calculated as the
Injuries number of new cases of occupational injury during the calendar
year per 100’000 workers in the reference group
61. Inflow of Employed Migrants Inflows of employed migrants refer to the number of persons who
changed their country of usual residence and were also employed
during a specified brief period.
62. Inflow of International Migrants Depending on the criterion used to define international migration,
the inflow of international migrants includes either foreign? Born
individuals or noncitizens who moved to the country during the
reference period to establish usual residence there.
63. Inflow of Nationals Returned from This inflow refers to the number of citizens who return from a
Abroad period of residence abroad to live again in their country of
citizenship during the reference period.
64. Inflow of Return Migrants The inflow of return migrants refers to the number of migrants
who returned from a period of residence abroad to live again in
their country of citizenship (or country of birth, depending on the
context).
65. Lockouts A lockout is a total or partial temporary closure of one or more
places of employment, or the hindering of the normal work
activities of employees, by one or more employers with a view to
enforcing or resisting demands or expressing grievances, or
supporting other employers in their demands or grievances
66. Non-Citizens For a given country, the non-citizen population, also called the foreign
population, comprises all individuals who do not hold the citizenship
of the country.
67. Not in education, employment or Also known as the NEET, this indicator provides a measure of youth
training (persons ages 15 to 24 unless otherwise indicated) who are outside
the educational system, not in training and not in employment, and
thus serves as a broader measure of potential youth labor market
entrants than youth unemployment, since it also includes young
person’s outside the labor force not in education or training
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POPULATION RELATED CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS OF STATISTICAL

TERMS
“DATA = UNDERSTANDING”
“TURN DATA INTO INFORMATION, AND INFORMATION INTO INSIGHTS”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER THREE: POPULATION STATISTICS

3.1. Demography and Population Statistics
The Population Division is a division within Somalia National Bureau of Statistics handles statistics
on population with respect to demographic characteristics such as fertility, mortality, migration,
as well as other social statistics which includes; gender disaggregated statistics, health, vital and
statistics. The statistics are collected through censuses, demographic surveys and the
administrative records for example vital registration.
S/No Term or indicator name Definition
1. Demography The study by statistical methods of human populations, involving
primarily the measurement of the size, growth and diminution
of the numbers of people, the proportion of the living, being
born or dying within some area or region and related functions
of fertility, mortality and marriage.
2. The totality of all units of interest in a study or investigation at a
Population given time in a given area.
3. Population Size The total number of persons/units in a specified area at a
specified point in time
4. Population Distribution The arrangement of the population in space at a given time, that
is geographically or among the various types of residential areas.
5. Population Structure The distribution of the Population by sex and age groups, race,
and Ethnicity. “Population Composition” and “Population
Structure” are often used as synonyms. Population structure is
usually shown using a population pyramid
6. Population Pyramid A diagram showing the comparison of a human population by
sex and age at a given time, consisting of a pair of histograms,
one for each sex, laid horizontally in ascending order of age
groups with a common base. The diagram is intended to provide
a quick overall comparison of the age and sex structure of the
population.
7. Population Growth Increase in the number of people who inhabit a specified
geographical area.
8. Population Growth Rate This refers to the average rate of change of population size. It is
estimated over a certain period of time (usually one year) and it
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gives the average annual growth rate for each year of the inter-
censal period (interval between two censuses).
9. Population Projection This is the numerical outcome of a particular set of implicit and
explicit assumptions regarding future values of the components
of population change for a given area in combination with an
algorithm.
10. Population Trend These are changes in the statistical characteristics of a

population over time
11. Cohort The term cohort denotes a group of persons who experience a
certain event in specified period of time.
12. Generation In demography, the term generation has been given a precise
meaning and refers to a group of persons born within a specified
period of time, generally taken as a calendar year, thus birth
cohort is a synonym for generation; a marriage cohort is a
group of persons married within a defined period, etc.
13. Population Change The increase or decrease of the total population or one of its
structural units within a given time interval. The components of
change in total population are births, deaths and migration.
14. Annual Population Growth This refers to the change in the population over a unit time
Rate period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of
individuals in the population at the beginning of that period.
15. Anonymity(Confidentiality) Refers to the code of conduct where by the respondent is
guaranteed in a research or survey project that neither the
researcher nor the readers of the findings can identify a given
response with a given respondent. This is referred to as
Confidentiality as stipulated in National Statistical Laws.
16. Attributes Refers to the characteristics of persons or population or things
to be studied.
17. Population Density The number of people per unit of land area such as square
meter. It is a measurement of population per unit area or unit
volume.
18. Population Estimate An estimate is a value that is inferred for a population based on
data collected from a sample of units from that population.
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Estimation is a technique that systematically adjusts the sample

data to determine an estimated value for the population.
o In Census undertaking, it is a prediction of the future

populations based on the present age-sex structure, and
with the present rates of fertility, mortality and
migration
19. Natural increase The result of subtraction of the number of deaths from the
number of live births occurred in a specific time period
20. Natural increase rate It is the number of births minus number of deaths during a year
divided by total population in mid-year.
21. Doubling time The number of years required for the population of an area to
double its present size, given the current rate of population
growth.
22. Demographic transition It is the historical shift of birth and death rates from high to low
levels in a population. The decline of mortality usually precedes
the decline in fertility, thus resulting in rapid population growth
during the transition period.
23. Population momentum The tendency for population growth to continue beyond the
time that replacement-level fertility has been achieved because
of the relatively high concentration of people in the childbearing
years.
24. Closed population A population with no migratory flow either in or out, so that
changes in population size occur only through births and deaths.
25. Stable population A population with an unchanging rate of growth and an
unchanging age composition as a result of age-specific birth and
death rates that have remained constant over a sufficient period
of time.
26. Age at date of reference The difference between the reference date and the date of birth
expressed in completed years. For example, a person who is 22
years and 11 months is recorded as having an age of 22 and not
23.
27. Age structure Relative proportions of different age categories in a population
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28. Adolescent A person between puberty and below 18 years of age Adult: A
person aged 18 years and above.
29. Age Specific Death Rate The number of deaths at a specified age or age group per 1000
of the population of that age or age group.
30. Age Dependency Ratio The ratio of persons in the dependent ages (generally under age
15 and over age 64) to those in the economically productive
ages (183-64years) in a population
31. Age Specific Fertility Rate The number of live births in a given year per 1000 women or
per woman in each child bearing age group from 15-19 up to 45
– 49.
32. Cause-Specific Death Rate The number of deaths attributable to a specific disease in a given
population in a given time period (often expressed per 100,000
person-years at risk).
33. Child Dependency Ratio The proportion of children less than 15 years relative to the
population of “working ages” (15-64)
34. Fertility Refers to the number of live births to women of child bearing
age (15-49 years).
35. Fecundity The probability of becoming pregnant, or the likelihood of
exposure to the possibility, that depends on the pattern of
sexual and pregnancy preventive behaviors.
36. Stillbirth A stillbirth is the death or loss of a baby before or during
delivery.
37. General Fertility Rate (GFR) The number of live births occurring in a year per 1,000 women
of childbearing age.
38. Gross Reproduction Rate Refers to the average number of female births that a woman
(GRR) would give birth to by the time she reached the end of her
reproduction if she experienced age specific fertility rates
prevailing in that year.
39. Child Woman Ratio Is the number of children under age 5 Years per 1000 women of
childbearing age in a given year.
3
Somalia Federal Constitution
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40. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) Infant mortality is the death of an infant before his or her first
birthday. The infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths
for every 1,000 live births
41. Infant A baby under one year of age
3.2. Gender Related Concept and Definitions

Statistics give a crucial numerical depiction of reality and so serve as a critical foundation for
political decisions. In terms of gender-related statistics, the goal is to acquire gender-
disaggregated data in various socioeconomic issues for men and women.
S/No Term or Indicator name Definition
1. Child Protection Refers to preventing and responding to violence, exploitation and
abuse against children, including commercial sexual exploitation,
trafficking, child labor and harmful traditional practices, such as
female genital mutilation/cutting and child marriage.
2. Feminist Theory An outgrowth of the general movement to empower women
worldwide. Feminism can be defined as a recognition and critique
of male supremacy combined with efforts to change it.
3. Gender Different roles, rights, expectations, obligations, behavior and
responsibilities that are associated with being male or female.
4. Gender Perspective Needs the government to have vision of the type of roles,
responsibilities and relationships that it wants to see in the
country for women and men, girls and boys, and design, fund and
implement policies and programs to move towards this goal.
5. Gender Based Violence An umbrella term for harmful act in the form of physical,
psychological or sexual harassment against a person's will,
because of his or her gender.
6. Gender Based Violence Against This is violence against women based on women’s subordinate
women status in society. It includes any act or threat by men or male
dominated institutions that inflict physical, sexual, emotional or
psychological harm on a woman or girl because of their gender.
7. Gender Discrimination This is the practice of granting or denying rights or privilege based
on the sex of the person. The person’s sex unfairly becomes a
factor when making some important decisions.
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8. Masculinity Ratio Also known as the sex ratio which shows the number of males
per 100 females.
9. Empowerment Empowerment is about people - both women and men - taking
control over their lives: setting their own agendas, gaining skills,
building self-confidence, solving problems and developing self-
reliance
10. Gender Analysis Refers to the process of identifying and classifying the roles of
women and men in a given activity, (economic, social, cultural or
political) their relations, access to and control over resources and
benefits. It also includes a systematic examination of the different
impacts (potential and/or actual) of a development programme
on women and men.
11. Gender Bias Refers to a preference or prejudice toward one gender over
another or its the separation of gender in a way that prefers one
sex over the other.
12. Gender Differentials These are gaps and differences in how men and women
experience everyday life. They reflect differences in access to and
control over resources and decision making power.
13. Gender Gaps Disparities between genders involving quality or quantity. A
gender gap favoring the male sex is called a pro-male gender gap,
while the opposite is called a pro-female gender gap. Many
people, however, are offended by gender gaps that favor the
opposite sex.
14. Equity The fairness and justice in the distribution of benefits, rights and
responsibilities in society in both sex.
15. Equality Absence of discrimination in resource allocation, power,
opportunity, benefits or access of services on the grounds of the
persons status,.
16. Gender Based Violence (GBV) Rate of occurrence of GBV cases/record of reported cases of
prevalence GBV incidence
17. Gender Blindness Inability to perceive that there are different gender roles, need,
responsibilities of men, women, boys and girls, and as a result
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failure to realize that policies, programmes and projects can have

different impact on women, men, girls and boys.
18. Gender Development Index The direct measure of gender gaps in human development
achievements in three basic areas of human development; health,
education, and command over economic resources.
19. Gender Indicator Measures gender-related changes over time. Gender indicators
can refer to quantitative indicators based on sex disaggregated
statistical data - which provides separate measures for men and
women on literacy, for example. Gender indicators can also
capture qualitative changes– for example, increases in women’s
levels of empowerment or in attitude changes about gender
equality.
20. Gender Inequality Index (GII) Reflects gender inequality along three dimensions - reproductive
health, parliamentary representation and educational attainment
for empowerment, and labor force participation for the labor
market.
21. Gender Parity Ratio (GPR) Measures women’s achievement in comparison to men’s
achievement in the same community.
22. Harassment Means engaging in a pattern of conduct that induces in a person
the fear of imminent harm or feelings of annoyance and
aggravation, including sexual contact without the legal consent of
the person with whom the contact is made and making illegal
sexual advances.
23. Productive Gender Roles The production of goods and services (by women and men),
which have a potential direct or indirect monetary gain to an
economic unit.
24. Psychological abuse Where a person is always shouted at, criticized for everything
whether in public or private, insulted and called names all the
time, never praised for doing good, ignored and other
vices(immoral or wicked behavior).
25. Sexual Abuse Forcing someone to have intercourse under pressure imposing
illegal sexual practices and touching, forced sexual intercourse
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with other people; rape and sexual abuse of children, and

defilement etc.
26. Violence Against Women Any act of violence directed at women because they are women,
which leads or may lead to physical, sexual or psychological harm
or pain. This includes the threat to commit such acts and arbitrary
deprivation, whether in public or private life.
27. Violence against Children Means all forms of physical or mental violence, injury and abuse,
(VAC) neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation,
including sexual abuse.
28. Women’s Achievement Ratio Measures women’s achievement to a pre-defined set of goals.
(WAR)
29. Women’s Empowerment A composite index designed to measure progress in the multi-
Index (WEI): dimensional aspects of women’s empowerment? The overall WEI
is constructed by calculating the sum of 11 indicators’ weighted
Women’s Achievement Ratio (WAR) and Gender Parity Ratio
(GPR) .
30. Percentage of qualified female The percentage of qualified teacher (male or female) is calculated
compared to male teachers in as the number of qualified teachers (male or female) divided by
primary education total number of teachers (qualified and unqualified) for (males or
females).
31. Average travel time to school The average travel time and constrains faced by boys and girls are
and constrains faced by boys calculated based on reported information in household or school
relative to girls survey. The indicator may be disaggregated by schooling grade,
province and lower administrative level as well as type of
residence (urban/rural) and school type (public/private), and be
reported annually.
32. Proportion of female It is calculated for both males and females as the number of
compared to male repeaters at repeaters divided by total number of enrolled pupils. The data
Primary level source is the administrative records of Ministry of Education
33. Proportion of girls to the total The indicator is calculated as the number of girls enrolled in
enrolment at Tertiary levels tertiary education divided by total number of students (boys and
girls) enrolled in tertiary education
34. Proportion of men relative to It is calculated as the number of graduates in a specific school
women gaining productive year of either sex who gained productive employment within 2
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employment within 2 years years after graduation divided by total number of graduates in the
after school completion same school year
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COMMUNITY INFORMATION, AND DECENTRALIZATION RELATED

CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF STATISTICAL TERMS
DATA IN ACTION “DATA DRIVES CHANGE”
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CHAPTER FOUR: DECENTRALIZATION AND COMMUNITY

INFORMATION
4. Community Information Related Concepts and Definitions
The use of statistical tools or systems for the study of human behavior in a different
administration setting is known as community information statistics. The general terms and
definitions used in community information statistics includes in the fields of judiciary,
administrations, geography, migration, and qualitative assessment are presented in this section of
the compendium.
4.1. Crime Related Concept and Definitions
1. Accused A person to whom formal information containing an allegation
of a criminal offence has been delivered, or a person arrested
for a criminal offense.
2. Aggravated Assault An assault that involves any harm which amounts to disfigure or
dangerous harm, or seriously or permanently injures the health
or which is likely to injure health, or which extends to
permanent disfigurement.
3. Aggravated Robbery Robbery is where deadly weapons are used. Deadly weapons
include any instrument made or adapted for shooting, stabbing
or cutting or any other instrument which, when used for
offensive purposes is likely to cause death
4. Arrest The act of depriving a person’s liberty of movement on
reasonable grounds or disbelief that they committed an offence.
5. Assault The intentional application of force to the person of another
without consent, or the threat of using force by some act of
gesture if the person threatening has, or causes the person
threatened to believe that he has the present ability to carry out
his purpose.
6. Brought Forward A case pending from the previous period; not yet completed
7. Burglary The act of breaking into or entering at night, in any building, tent
or vessel used as a human dwelling, with intent to commit any
offence.
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8. Carried Forward A case pending at the end of the current period; not yet
completed
9. Case Closed Warrant Issued A case where the suspect or accused person is still at large and
case is closed with a warrant of arrest, with intention to
apprehend them at a later stage.
10. Capital offense A crime punishable by death.

11. Case file A complete collection of every document filed in court in a case.
12. Caseload The number of cases handled by a judge or a court.
13. Chambers The offices of a judge and his or her staff
14. Chief judge The judge who has primary responsibility for the administration
of a court; chief judges are determined by seniority
15. Clerk of court The court officer who oversees administrative functions,
especially managing the flow of cases through the court. The
clerk's office is often called a court's central nervous system.
16. Complaint A written statement that begins a civil lawsuit, in which the
plaintiff details the claims against the defendant.
17. Contract An agreement between two or more people that creates an
obligation to do or not to do a particular thing.
18. Counsel Legal advice; a term also used to refer to the lawyers in a case.
19. Court Government entity authorized to resolve legal disputes. Judges
sometimes use "court" to refer to themselves in the third
person, as in "the court has read the briefs.
20. Conviction A judgment of guilt against a criminal defendant.
21. Court reporter A person who makes a word-for-word record of what is said in
court, generally by using a stenographic machine, shorthand or
audio recording, and then produces a transcript of the
proceedings upon request.
22. Deposition An oral statement made before an officer authorized by law to
administer oaths. Such statements are often taken to examine
potential witnesses, to obtain discovery, or to be used later in
trial.
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23. Case under Investigations The state of a reported crime incident when investigations into
the matter have not yet been completed
24. Case Registered The state of a reported crime incident when the matter has been
taken before the courts for conclusion.
25. Civil Case Deals with the disputes between individuals, organizations, or
between the two, in which compensation is awarded to the
victim. A private party files a case against a defendant. The judge
decides on whether the defendant can be found liable or not and
if liable will be instructed to compensate (usually financial) for
injuries or damages.
26. Civil Cases Turn Around Time-High Time taken to dispose civil cases through the judicial process 24
Courts Level months (21 months being hearing of cases and 3 months delivery
of Judgment).
27. Civil Cases Turn Around Time- Time taken to dispose civil cases through the judicial process 14
Magistrate Level month (11 months being hearing of cases and 3 months delivery
of Judgment).
28. Claim A creditor’s assertion of a right to payment from a debtor or
the debtor’s property.
29. Crime Crime is an act committed or omitted, in violation of a public

law, either forbidding or commanding it; a breach or violation of
some public right or duty due to a whole community, considered
as a community.
30. Crime investigation turnaround time The length of time taken to gather sufficient evidence to
exonerate or link the suspect back to the crime scene or the
victim.
31. Crime Rate The ratio of crime in an area expressed per 1000 population per
year.
32. Criminal Cases Turn Around Time- Time taken to dispose criminal cases through the judicial process
High Courts Level 18 month (15 months being hearing of cases and 3 months
delivery of Judgment)
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33. Criminal Cases Turn Around Time- Time taken to dispose criminal cases through the judicial process
Magistrate Level 18 month (15 months being hearing of cases and 3 months
delivery of Judgment)
34. Criminal Offence An act of violation of a law, or breach of rule.

35. Criminal Case Case dealing with crime and the legal punishment of criminal
offenses.
36. Common Assault Assault where force involved or applied is slight for example
pushing or slapping.
37. Complaint A written statement that begins a civil lawsuit, in which the
plaintiff details the claims against the defendant.
38. Corruption Perception Index Control of corruption indicator reflects perceptions of the
extent to which public power is exercised for private gain,
including both petty and grand form of corruption
39. Court Government entity authorized to resolve legal disputes.

40. Conviction Rate The percentage of suspects who are found guilty in the courts
of law to the total cases taken to court.
41. Crime Distribution The occurrence of crime by geographical location.

42. Detective Workload The number of cases handled by a given detective at given time.
43. Damages Money that a defendant pays a plaintiff in a civil case if the plaintiff
has won. Damages may be compensatory (for loss or injury) or
punitive (to punish and deter future misconduct).
44. Decided Cases Cases that have been completed and judgement passed.
45. Defendant In a civil case, the person or organization against whom the
plaintiff brings suit; in a criminal case, the person accused of the
crime.
46. Detected The state of a reported crime incident where an offender(s) is
known and has been arrested for the incident in question.
47. Detection Rate Percentage of reported crime incidents where an offender(s) is
known and has been arrested for the incident in question to the
total number of reported crime incidents.
48. Embezzlement The act of stealing any chattel, money or valuable asset, received
or taken into possession by that person for or on account of an
employer, master, association, religious or other organization.
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49. Forgery The making of false document with intent to defraud or to

deceive. Fraud, includes cases of forgery, uttering a false
document, issuing false cheques, counterfeiting, abuse of office
and causing financial loss.
50. Functional Democracy Upholding civil liberties (Freedom from arbitrary government
interference - as with the right freedom of expression and belief,
associational and organization rights, rule of law, personal
autonomy and individual rights) specifically by the denial of
governmental power as guaranteed by the bill of rights.
51. Global Peace Index The GPI measures the relative position of nation’s peacefulness
by using three broad themes being; the level of safety and
security in society, the extent of domestic and international
conflict and the degree of militarization
52. Homicide Homicide is defined as the intentional killing of a person,
including murder, manslaughter, euthanasia and infanticide. It
excludes death by dangerous driving, abortion and assisted
suicide.
53. House Break-in The act of breaking into or entering at daytime, in any building,
tent or vessel used as a human dwelling, with intent to commit
any offence. Similar to burglary except that the incident is done
during the day.
54. Indecent Assault/Conduct Any person who, intending to insult the modesty of any woman
or girl, utters any word, makes any sound or gesture or exhibits
any object, intending that such word or sound shall be heard, or
that gesture or object shall be seen, by such woman or girl, or
intrudes upon the privacy of such woman or girl.
55. Judge An official of the judicial branch with authority to decide lawsuits
brought before courts. Used generically, the term judge may also
refer to all judicial officers, including Supreme Court justices.
56. Judgment The official decision of a court finally resolving the dispute
between the parties to the lawsuit.
57. Judicial Independence The extent to which the Judiciary is independent from influences
of the Legislature, Executive, citizens or firms (business).
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58. Level of Voter Participation Proportion of citizens registered for elections and those who
voted. The extent to which electorates participate in the
electoral process (registration & voting)
59. Murder The act of, with malice afterthought, causing the death of
another person by an unlawful act or omission.
60. Plea In a criminal case, the defendant’s statement pleading “guilty” or
“not guilty” in answer to the charges
61. Principal Offence Rule If a person commits more than one offence simultaneously, he is
recorded only for most serious offence and in that case the
number of accused will always be equal to the number of
offenses committed.
62. Road Fatalities Per100,000 The number of person’s deaths due to road accident’s,
Population
immediate or within one year and one day of the accident, in
every 100,000 people.
63. Robbery The act of stealing property by intentionally using violence or
threats of violence to induce submission to the taking of
something from someone.
64. Simple Robbery A robbery in which deadly weapons are not involved or used.
65. Rape The act of having illegal sexual intercourse with any person
without the consent of such other person, or with consent if the
consent is obtained by force or by means of threats or
intimidation of any kind excluding the Married Couples.
66. Reducing Government Regulatory Efficiency of regulatory processes to facilitate doing business by
burden
simplifying rules and regulations
67. Reliability of Policing Services The extent to which policing services can be relied upon to
enforce law and order .
68. Store Break-in The act of breaking into store, with intent to commit any
offence.
69. Threat to kill The act of uttering or causing any person to receive a threat of
being killed
70. Turn-Around Time (Industrial Court Time taken to dispose Industrial Court cases through the judicial
Cases)
process. (Hearing of cases) 26 months and 13 months for a
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certain year + Delivery of judgements – 120 days’ average and

90 days for the year Uttering
71. A False Document The act of knowingly presenting a false document.

72. Verdicts The formal decision or finding made by a jury concerning the
questions submitted to it during a trial. The jury reports the
verdict to the court, which generally accepts it.
73. Violent, intrusive and serious crimes The degree of exposure to the risk of crime victimization
per 10,000 population
4.2. Civil Registration and Vital Related Concepts and Definitions

1. Civil Registration System The institutional, legal and technical settings established by
government within which civil registration is conducted in
a technically sound, coordinated and standardized manner
throughout a country, taking into account cultural and
social circumstances particular to that country.
2. Vital Event Events that are essential to the existence or continuity to
life. Internationally, "Vital Events" include live births,
deaths, Foetal deaths, marriages, divorces. These vital
events affect the continuity or destruction of a population
3. Live Birth The complete expulsion or extraction from its mother of
a product of conception, irrespective of the duration of
pregnancy, which after such separation, breathes or shows
any other evidence of life such as beating of the heart,
pulsation of the umbilical cord, or definite movement of
voluntary muscles. Each product of such a birth is
considered live-born.
4. Still Birth Birth of a baby showing no signs of life. For inter-
comparisons of pre-natal mortality rates only such still
born infants with a birth weight of 1000gr or more are
included.
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5. Date of Birth The exact date when the birth occurred, and should be
expressed in terms of day, month and year.
6. Birth Rate The number of live births observed in a population to the
size of the population during the reference period. The
rate is usually stated per 1000 and the most usual period is
one year.
7. Crude Birth Rate The total number of live-births per 1000 mid-year
population of a specific year
8. Death The permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any
time after live birth has taken place (post-natal cessation of
vital functions without capability of resuscitation).
9. Crude Death Rate The number of death in a year per 1000 mid-year
population of a specific year. It is the ratio of annual
number of deaths occurring to the number exposed to the
risk of dying during the reference period. The population
could be that of a country, region, district etc.
10. Disability Loss or limitation of opportunities to take part in everyday
life on equal level with others due to impairment.
11. Impairment Any loss or abnormality of psychological or anatomical
structure of a function
12. Handicap A disadvantage for a given individual, resulting from an
impairment or a disability
13. Orphan A child whose biological parents are passed away.

14. Paternal Orphan A child who has lost his/her father through death.
15. Maternal Orphan A child who has lost his/her mother through death.
16. An Orphanage Centre A residential institution, or group home, devoted to the
care of orphans and other children who were separated
from their biological families.
17. Foetal death Foetal death occurs when a fetus dies before being fully
expelled or extracted from its mother.
18. Biological Parent The father and mother whose DNA a child carries are
usually called the child’s biological parents
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19. Parent A parent is a caregiver of the offspring in their own species.

In humans, a parent is the caretaker of a child (where
“child” refers to offspring, not necessarily age). A biological
parent is a person whose gamete resulted in a child, a male
through the sperm, and a female through the ovum.
20. Vital Statistics Registration A system that comprises legal registration, statistical
System recording and reporting of the occurrence of 'Vital events,'
as well as the gathering, compilation, analysis, presentation,
and distribution of statistics about them.
21. Attributes Refers to the characteristics of persons or population or
things to be studied.
22. Average Household size The ratio of the total population to the total number of
households in the country.
23. Current Registration Events that occurred and were registered in the same year
of occurrence.
24. Divorce The final legal dissolution of a marriage, that is, that
separation of husband and wife which confers on the
parties the right to remarriage under sharia provisions.
25. Duration of Marriage The interval of time between the day, month and year of
marriage and the day, month and year of occurrence of the
event under consideration, expressed in completed years
26. The Bride A woman who will soon be or has recently been married.
27. The Bridegroom A man who will soon be or has recently been married.
28. Polygamy A situation where one man is married to more than one
woman.
29. Polyandrous marriage A situation where one woman is married to more than one
man in different time span.
30. Total Fertility Rate An average number of children born alive to a woman
during her life time if she were to bear children at each age
in accordance with the prevailing Age-specific fertility
rates. It is obtained by summing up all Age-specific fertility
rates for each year of the childbearing span and multiplied
by the interval into which the ages were grouped.
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31. Type of Birth The single or multiple nature of the product of the
pregnancy to which the statistical report relates (i.e. single,
twin, triplet, quadruplet, or higher multiple delivery).
32. Type of Marriage An act, ceremony or process by which the legal
relationship of husband and wife is being or was
constituted. The classification of marriages is civil, religious,
traditional and customary
33. Child Biologically, a child is a human being offspring. Legally, a
child is a person who is yet to attain the age of majority, a
minor i.e. below the age of 18 years.
116. Female Headed Household A household whose primary decision-maker or source of
livelihood (income) is a woman.
i. De-facto female headed: A household where the
husband is not present, and the wife becomes the main
decision maker in his absence.
ii. De-jure female headed: A household where the
main decision maker is a female whether or not the
Male absent or lost.
34. Child Headed Household A household whose main decision maker or source of
livelihood is below the age of 18 years.
35. Fieldwork Design A design that spells out processes and procedures that
should be followed in data collection pertaining to a
specific study, research, survey or census.
36. Fieldwork Logistics Refers to planning and designing a survey in the field by
applying optimization processes to obtain the right
numbers of personnel, transport and most minimum time
resource that could be, to get value for money.
37. Children Ever Born The number of children born alive to a woman, reported
usually in a census or sample survey.
38. Native Born The native born are people born in that specific country or
one of its outlying districts/regions or, if born abroad, had
at least one parent who was a citizen of that specific
country.
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39. Foreign Born The term "foreign born" refers to people who were not
citizens at birth of the country in which they resided. They
were born outside the country or one of its outlying
districts/Regions, and neither of their parents was a citizen
of the country in which they resided. The foreign-born
population includes legally-admitted immigrants, refugees,
temporary residents such as students and temporary
workers, and undocumented immigrants.
4.3. Migration Related Concept and Definitions

1. Diaspora All migrant groups living outside their country of origin. It has
two broad types, that is emigrants and immigrants.
2. Emigrant A person moving from country of origin to another country.

3. Emigration A movement of persons from country of origin to another
country.
4. Forced Migration Forced Migration is “a general term that refers to the
movements of refugees and internally displaced people (those
displaced by conflicts within their country of origin) as well as
people displaced by natural or environmental disasters,
chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development
projects”.
5. Immigrant A person entering one country from another to stay or reside

for a permanent or semi-permanent residence.
6. Immigration Movement of persons entering one country from another to
stay or reside for a permanent or semi-permanent residence.
7. In-Migrant A person who moves and lives in another area by crossing an
administrative boundary within the same country.
8. Intra-District Migration The movement of people within districts either in the same
village or town and different village or town in the same
district.
9. Internal Migration The change of residence within a nation and it is also in terms
of residential movement across boundaries that are often
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taken as the boundary or minor divisions of the province or

district of a country.
10. International Migration Referred to as the movement of persons that lead to change
of country of usual place of residence from one country to
another (i.e. the movement of people across the national
boundaries either temporary or permanent).
11. Inter-District Migration These represent persons who have migrated out of the
district of birth and enumerated somewhere else in another
district.
12. Lifetime Migration Lifetime migration deals with migrants who ever moved from
their place of birth; that means migrants who had lived in any
district other than where they were born.
13. Migration A geographic movement of people across a specified boundary
for the purpose of establishing a new permanent or semi-
permanent residence.
14. Migrant A person who changes his/her usual place of residence by
crossing an administrative boundary and residing in a new area
for a period of not less than six months or intends to stay in
the new area for a period more than six months.
15. Mobility Refers to the movement that does not result in crossing
boundaries.
16. Net Migration The balance between in-migration and out-migration.
According to the direction of the balance, it may be
characterized by net in-migration or net out-migration.
When the flow is “in”, it is indicated by a positive (+) sign and
when the flow is “out”, the balance is indicated by a negative
(-) sign.
17. Net International Migration The difference between immigrants and emigrants.
18. Out-Migrant A person who leaves an administrative area to live in another
administrative area of the same country.
19. Period Migration The movement of a person from his/her place of birth and is
enumerated in another area after a period of ten years.
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20. Types of Migration Rural-rural, Rural-urban, Urban-urban and Urban-rural are

four types of internal migration.
21. Urbanization The movement of people from rural to urban areas, and
involves an increase in the number of people in urban areas
during a particular year.
22. Asylum Seeker A person who has left the country of origin due to
persecution etc., has applied for recognition as a refugee in
another country, and is awaiting a decision on their application
23. Long‐term Migrant Long‐term migrant is “a person who moves to a country
other than that of his or her usual residence for a period of at
least a year (12 months), so that the country of destination
effectively becomes his or her new country of usual residence.
24. Short‐Term Migrant Short‐term migrant is defined as “a person who moves to a
country other than that of his or her usual residence for a
period of at least 3 months, but less than a year (12 months)
except in cases where the movement to that country is for
purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends or relatives,
business, medical treatment or religious pilgrimage.”
25. Return Migrants Return migrants are “persons returning to their country of
citizenship after having been international migrants (whether
short‐term or long‐term) in another country and who are
intending to stay in their own country for at least one year”.
26. Flows of Migrants All persons who migrated during a specified time period
usually one year. The inflows of international migrants would
be the arrival of persons who are changing their country of
residence, while the outflows of international migrants are the
departure of persons who are changing their country of
residence.
27. Labor Migration Movement of people from one state to another for the aim of
finding work. Most states have immigration laws that address
labor migration. Furthermore, several states actively regulate
outward labor migration and seek possibilities for their
citizens abroad.
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28. Migrant Worker A person who is to be engaged, is engaged or has been

engaged in a remunerated activity in a State of which he or
she is not a national.
29. Emigration Rate It is the number of emigrants going away from an area of
origin per 1,000 of the population at that area in a given year
30. Immigration Rate It is the number of immigrants arriving at a destination per
1,000 persons at that destination in a given year.
31. Irregular Migration The movement that takes place outside the regulatory norms
of the sending, transit and receiving countries.
32. Life Time Migrant This is a person enumerated in a different administrative area
than that of birth. It refers to movements that have occurred
between the time of birth and the time of enumeration.
33. Conflict-Induced Displacement Occurs when people are forced to flee their homes as a result
of armed conflict including civil war, generalized violence, and
persecution on the grounds of nationality, race, religion,
political opinion or social group.
34. Development-Induced Occurs when people are compelled to move as a result of
Displacement policies and projects implemented to advance ‘development’
efforts. Examples of this include large-scale infrastructure
projects such as dams, roads, ports, airports; urban clearance
initiatives; mining and deforestation; and the introduction of
conservation parks/reserves and biosphere projects.
35. Disaster-Induced Displacement Occurs when people are displaced as a result of natural
disasters (floods, volcanoes, landslides, earthquakes),
environmental change (deforestation, desertification, land
degradation, global warming) and human-made disasters
(industrial accidents, radioactivity).
36. Refugees A person residing outside his or her country of nationality,
who is unable or unwilling to return because of a ‘well-
founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion,
nationality, membership in a political social group, or political
opinion’.
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37. Inter-censal Net-Migration Measures estimated net migration between two census years.
The estimates provide a way of identifying movements that
have occurred over a period of time
38. Stock The number of foreign nationals in a given area on a certain
date (e.g. 1st t January or 31st December) of the year in
question
39. Gross Migration Rate The summation of In-Migration rate and out-migration rate
40. Pulling area The area where the net migration rate value is positive
41. Pushing area The area where the net migration rate value is negative
4.4. Cartography and GIS Related Concepts and Definitions

1. Administrative Area A division of a country delineated by the government for
administrative purposes. The size of administrative divisions
might be huge, medium, or small.
2. Administrative Data The operations involved in collecting, processing, storing, and
disseminating statistical data from one or more administrative
sources are referred to as administrative data collection.
3. Administrative Source Administrative source refers to the organizational entity in
charge of enforcing an administrative regulation (or set of
regulations), for which the accompanying register of units and
transactions is seen as a statistical data source.
4. Advocacy The act of requesting, endorsing, or recommending something.
5. Beacon Is a symbol that is used to demarcate the physical boundaries
between two properties.
6. Cadastral Map These are maps produced by the Department of Surveys and
Mapping from field survey data and they show plot boundaries,
plot numbers and street names.
7. Cadastral Surveying Cadastral surveying is that branch of surveying which is
concerned with the survey and demarcation of land for the
purpose of defining parcels of land for registration in a land
registry.
8. Cartography According to the International Cartographic Association,
cartography is the art, science, and technology of creating maps,
as well as their study as scientific documentation and works of
art (ICA).
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9. City Is a very big/large town. It usually has a population of 100,000 or

more.
10. Administrative Unit It is defined as geographic area that serves administrative and
governmental functions. It is usually defined and established by
legal action.
11. Base Map A map that shows fundamental geographic features that can be
used for location reference. Sample features are roads,
administrative boundaries and settlements. Base maps are used
to compile new geographic data or for reference in display of
the thematic map information.
12. Census Geographic Framework The geographic collection and reporting units used by census
office in the census enumeration and data tabulation. This
includes the hierarchical structure of the census and
administrative units, their designations and codes and the
relationship between different units.
13. Map A digital Orthophoto map, also known as an orthophotograph,
is an aerial photograph that has been mathematically corrected
or ortho-rectified to remove atmospheric/earth curvature
effects, as well as other distortions induced by the camera lens
tilting during capture.
14. Enumeration Area Delineation The primary goal of enumeration area delineation is to split the
country into tiny geographic areas (EAs) that are each large
enough in terms of population number and area. The number of
dwellings and persons that one enumerator can enumerate in
the time frame allotted for data collection is the optimal
population size.
15. Enumeration Area It is the smallest geographic unit, which represents an average
workload for an enumerator over a specified period. The
average size of an EA is approximately 50-149 dwellings.
16. Enumeration Area Map Is a reference map that shows the boundaries of an EA and the
principal physical features and landmarks (e.g., institutions,
mountains, rivers and roads etc).
17. Erdas Imagine Is a remote sensing application with raster graphics editor
abilities designed by ERDAS for geospatial applications.
18. Geographical Coding Scheme To uniquely identify diverse geographical entities such as
districts, villages, towns/cities, localities, and lands areas, this
simply requires assigning unique codes to them. All towns and
cities are considered census districts for the purposes of census
operations, and code 0 has been assigned to them.
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19. Geographic Database An integrated set of data or databases containing data for a
particular area and subject.
20. Global Positioning System (GPS) A satellite based navigation used to determine the location of
any point on the earth’s surface with a high degree of accuracy.
The level of accuracy depends on the receiver and its application.
21. Legend The legend explains symbol keys that have been used on the map
to depict various geographic features
22. Direction Is defined as a basic element that one needs to understand in
order to be able to orient your enumeration area map in the
field. The directions on a map can be determined with reference
to north, which is usually indicated by north arrow. Once the
north direction is known, other directions can be determined
with reference to its cardinal points, i.e. east on the right, west
on the left and south down below.
23. Geographic Information Refers to the earth’s surface and near surface whilst spatial
refers to any space, not only the space of the earth’s surface. It
is used almost with same meaning as geographic.
24. Geographical Information System A computer-based system that can capture, store, modify,
(GIS)
integrate, manipulate, analyze, and display data about positions
on the Earth's surface. A Geographical Information System (also
known as a Spatial Information System) is used to manage many
types of maps.
25. Geographic Names These are the names of the features on the earth that are used
on a daily basis to characterize our surroundings and to notify
others where we are or have been. They can be natural, artificial,
or adapted by humans.
26. Geospatial data This is information about the geographic location and
characteristics of natural and man-made features and borders on
the planet, which is often represented as points, lines, polygons,
and/or complicated geographic features (definition provided by
the Consultant).
27. Locality A locality is defined as any human settlement with a name and
identifiable boundaries.
28. Map A map is a representation usually on a flat surface of the whole
or a part of an area. Maps are a primary medium of transmitting
ideas and knowledge about space.
29. Peri-Urban Area An area that, to some extent, resembles the qualities of a city,
although to a smaller extent. Only a few of the amenities found
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in urban areas are available in this location, and the population

density is minimal.
30. Photogrammetry The technique of converting two or more two-dimensional (2D)
photographs into three-dimensional (3D) measurements or
models is known as photogrammetry. It usually entails analyzing
and comparing two-dimensional photos in order to construct
digital three-dimensional models of geography, buildings, and
objects. Photogrammetry typically produces a map or drawing
as a result of its work.
31. Region An area characterized by precisely defined boundaries, such as
the administrative regions(18 Regions) , districts(91 Districts), c,
or any other particular, and usually defined in relation to the
campus's surrounding territories.
32. Remote Sensing The process of devices collecting, storing, and extracting data
from images on the ground without coming into physical touch
with them.
33. Rural Area A place that lacks the majority, if not all, of the services and
amenities present in urban areas. The population is generally
dispersed.
34. Thematic Map A map that deals with a specific theme or subject area.
35. Topography The features of the earth and their elevation, in the area that is
dealt with; this includes mountains streams, hills and roads.
36. Topographic Maps Topographic maps use a wide variety of symbols to represent
human and physical features.
37. Town A built-up area with a name, well defined boundaries and has
more amenities than an urban village but generally smaller than
a City.
38. Urbanization The process by which there is an increase in the proportion of
people living in urban areas.
39. Urban Village This is a locality usually with more inhabitants, and at least 75
percent of the employed population are involved in economic
activities other than subsistence agriculture.
40. District of Origin The geographic location in the country where an individual
originates.
41. District of Residence The geographic location in the country where an individual
currently resides.
42. Dwelling Unit In its traditional sense consists of one or more structures or
buildings, permanent or temporary, usually surrounded by a
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fence/wall or something to mark its boundaries. In some areas

the huts and/or other structures may not be fenced, but they are
usually in very close proximity. A Dwelling may contain/Hold
more than one household.
43. Structure is a free-standing building or other construction that can have
one or more dwelling units for residential or commercial use?
Residential structures can have one or more dwelling units (for
example: single house, apartment structure).
44. Late Registration The registration of a vital event or entity after the expiry of the
periods stated in law regulating their registration.
45. National Identity Number A unique identifying number assigned to a resident or citizen of
a country.
46. National Registration Continuous, permanent, compulsory, and universal recording of
a country's residents or citizens, as established by decree or rule
in compliance with each country's legal requirements.
47. Permanent Residence It is the usual place of residence. It is the physical structure of a
dwelling, which could be occupied by the holder and/or
members of his family and/or workers or it could be unoccupied
on the census day.
48. House A house is a structure/building designed for residential or non-
residential purposes or both and may be occupied or not.
49. Housing Unit A separate and independent place of domicile, intended for
habitation by one household, or one not intended for habitation
but occupied as living quarters by a household at the time of
enumeration
50. Dwelling Unit A constructed unit or building comprising one or more rooms
or other spaces, covered by a roof and usually enclosed within
external walls or dividing walls, which extend from the
foundation to the roof
51. Permanent Dwelling Unit This structure is made of long-lasting materials (walls, floors, and
roof) that can withstand the elements for at least 15 years.
52. Semi-permanent Dwelling Unit These are residential units made of a variety of durable materials
that need to be maintained on a regular basis.
53. Temporary Dwelling Unit A residential unit that is offered in an emergency or for
temporary relocation needs, and is only intended to be occupied
for a short period of time.
54. Condominium A multi-family dwelling in which each unit is individually owned
but the land and common areas and facilities are owned and
maintained by all owners on a pro-rated share basis.
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55. Tenement A low-rent apartment building located in a slum, often ageing and
in sub-standard condition, poorly maintained, over-crowded and
meeting minimum safety.
56. Shack A small, rough hut or shabby old house.
57. Room A space in a housing unit or other living quarters enclosed by
walls reaching from the floor to the ceiling or roof covering, or
at least to a height of 2 meters, of a size large enough to hold a
bed for an adult, that is at least 4 square meters. Passage ways,
verandahs, lobbies, bath-rooms, and toilet rooms are
not expected to be counted as rooms, even if they meet
the criteria.
58. Kitchen A room or space in a dwelling, set apart for storage of food and
various operations involved in preparation and service of meals
and cleaning of dishes and cooking utensils.
59. Toilet A facility for the disposal of human waste. This Facility has three
sub-categories:
a) A "flush toilet" is a toilet that is connected to a piped water
supply and is designed to allow humans to discharge their
wastes while being flushed by water.
b) A VIP (Ventilated Improved Latrine') is a latrine with a pipe
inserted to keep unpleasant odors and flies
c) Pit Latrine is a toilet made by digging a ground hole for
deposit of excreta..
60. Tenure The right, terms or mode of holding or occupying property,
whether owner-occupied, rental or co-ownership.
61. "Tenant" or "Renter" An occupant of land or building in subordination to owner’s title
and with the owner’s assent, who holds real estate under lease,
who pays rent in return for the right to occupy land or building,
who holds or possesses land or building by title.
62. Rent The charge for use of land, buildings or other real property,
payable by a tenant to a landlord at regular intervals, usually
monthly year. ETC.
63. Institutions Any set of premises in a structure designed to house groups
(usually large) of persons who are bound by either a common
public objective or a common personal interest. In this type of
living quarters, persons of the same sex frequently share
dormitories. Hospitals, barracks, boarding schools, convents,
prisons etc. fall within this category.
64. Camps A set of premises originally intended for accommodation of
persons with common activities or interests, e.g. military camps,
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refugee camps and camps established for the housing of workers

in mining, agriculture, public works or other types of enterprises.
65. Slum A predominantly residential area characterized by high
population densities, deteriorated buildings, littered streets,
unsanitary and hazardous conditions and economic distress.
66. Mixed Housing Unit Mixed housing units are of a mixed type i.e. with a unique
combination of building materials.
67. Mobile Housing Unit This is any type of living quarter that has been produced to be
transported e.g. a tent. A mobile housing unit may also refer to
a moving unit such as a ship, a boat, a caravan, trailers, boats,
tents, etc. occupied as living quarters at the time of the census.
68. One Household in Several Housing This is when one household is occupying more than one housing
Units unit
69. Part of Commercial building This is a living quarter which is part of a commercial building, e.g.
shop owners living on top of the shop.
70. Shared House This refers to a situation where you find more than one
household occupying one housing unit, which is actually intended
to house just one household.
71. Single Household A Single Household means that only one household is occupying
one housing unit.
72. Unintended Living Quarters Unintended living quarters are structurally separate and
independent places of abode. They may have been built,
constructed, converted or arranged for human habitation
provided they are not at the time of the census used wholly for
other purposes.
73. Metal/Iron Sheets Usually galvanized iron sheets or can be corrugated. These are
the lightest roofing materials and can be obtained in length from
1.2 meters to 3.6 meters.
74. Asbestos Mineral fibre that is used commonly in a variety of building
construction material for insulation and as a fire retardant.
75. Cement Cement is a fine soft, powdery type substance made from a
mixture of elements that are found in natural materials such as
limestone, clay sand and/or shale.
76. SOURCE OF WATER
77. Piped water outside the housing Is usually supplied to households through pipes. The pipes are
unit within stand/plot connected from the source to the individual’s stand or plot.
78. Piped water inside the housing unit Is usually supplied to households through pipes. The pipes are
connected from the source to the individual’s housing unit.
79. Protected Boreholes These are boreholes drilled to a depth not less than 10 meters.
The sides are caused by iron casing pipes while the last bottom
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pipe is perforated. The top is concreted together with the

suction pipe.
80. Rain Water Tank Usually used by individual tenants, to collect rain water from the
roofs. These vary in sizes as there is no standard size. It is always
advisable to have it covered after the collection.
81. River/dam/stream This is where a household draws water directly from a a
river/dam/ stream for home use.
82. Unprotected Boreholes They are similar in design to protected boreholes except that
the top as well as the suction pipe are left uncovered and large
enough to let a jar or small bucket go through.
83. Unprotected Well The well is not lined with a brick wall or concrete wall. The top
has no concrete slab though it has a sizeable opening to let a
bucket go through. The opening is usually uncovered.
84. Water Vendor This includes water that is bought from individuals or companies
and sold to households who do not have water. In some cases,
wheelbarrows and or tankers are used as the mode of transport
to sell to households.
85. Water Kiosk This is a public water tap run by a water utility company. The
public can go to this tap in order to buy water.
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TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT RELATED CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS OF

STATISTICAL TERMS
“THE CAPITAL MISTAKE IS TO THEORIZE BEFORE YOU DATA”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER FIVE: TRAVEL AND TRANSPORT

5. Tourism and Transport Related Concepts and Definitions
In general concepts and definitions related to tourism and transport are highlighted in this chapter, tourism
is a social, cultural and economic phenomenon which entails the movement of people to countries or
places outside their usual environment for personal or business/professional purposes while transport ,
or transportation is the movement of humans, and goods from one location to another. In other words,
the action of transport is defined as a particular movement of human or goods from a point A (a place in
space) to a point B.
1.1. Tourism Related Concepts and Definitions

1. Tourism  A social movement, performed optionally, so as to have
entertainment as well as mental and physical enjoyment
 The activity of persons who travel to places outside their usual
residential environment and reside there for a period not
exceeding one consecutive year for leisure, business and any other
purposes not related to the exercise of an activity to be
compensated from within the visited place.
2. Visitor Anyone traveling to a place other than his/her usual environment for
less than twelve months and the main purpose of the trip is not to
engage in remunerated activity from within the visited place.
3. Tourist (overnight visitor) A visitor who stays at least one night in a collective or private
accommodation in the place visited
4. Same day visitor Anyone who doesn’t stay or spend a night the place he/she visited
5. International visitors Visitors whose countries of usual residence differ from the country
visited; These also include citizens permanently residing abroad who
cross national borders.
6. International tourist A non-resident visitor who comes to the country on a leisure trip,
vacation or business, Family affairs, mission, meetings and religious
purposes and stays at least one-night in a collective or private
accommodation in the country.
7. Domestic visitors Visitors whose country of usual residence is the same as the country
visited;
o They can be nationals or foreigners of this country
o They do not cross national borders
8. Inbound tourism Visits to a country by visitors who are not usual residents of that
country
9. Outbound tourism Refers to the activities of a resident visitor outside of their country of
residence, either as part of an outbound tourism trip or as part of a
domestic tourism trip.
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10. Tourist accommodation Any facility that regularly (or occasionally) provided “paid or unpaid”
overnight accommodation for tourists. It is divided into;
1) Collective tourist establishment or
2) private tourist accommodation
11. Collective Tourist Any accommodation establishments that provide overnight
Establishment accommodation to the traveler in a room or some other unit
12. Private Tourist Establishment Any form of accommodation that does not meet the definition of
collective tourist establishment
13. Bed Nights Total number of nights’ guests stayed in an accommodation
establishment over a certain period of time.
14. Bed-space A place where one person sleeps in an establishment. the number of
Bed spaces refers to the number of people that can accommodate in
an establishment in same time.
A double bed is counted as two bed-spaces
15. Number of rooms for The total number of rooms/accommodation units available for
accommodation accommodation purposes for paying guests.
16. Bed-place The number of beds set up in an accommodation establishment,
ignoring any additional bed(s) that may be set up by the request of the
customer. The term bed-place applies to a single bed, and double beds
are counted as two bed-spaces.
17. Room occupancy rate The percentage of the number of room nights sold to the average
number of room nights offered for sale within a certain period of time
18. Bed occupancy rate Percentage number of bed-places sold to the number of bed-places on
offer for sale in a given period of time
19. Destination (main destination) The main destination of a tourist trip is defined as the place visited
of a trip which is central to the decision to take the trip.
20. Domestic Tourism Refers to tourism activities of resident visitors within the economic
territory of the country of reference.
21. Place of usual residence The usual place of residence is the geographical place in which the
enumerated person usually resides, and is determined by the location
of his/her principal dwelling (Principles and recommendations for the
United Nations population and housing censuses).
22. Usual Environment Refers to the geographical boundaries within which an individual
displaces himself/herself within his/her regular routine of life.
23. Traveler A traveler is someone who moves between different geographic
locations for any purpose and any duration.
24. Trip A trip refers to the travel by a person from the point of departure
from his usual residence until he/she returns.
25. Tourism Characteristic Are productive activities that provide goods and services identified as
Activity(Tourism Industries) tourism characteristic products as their typical output.
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26. Travel Expenditure These are payments by residents for goods and services they receive
during their stay abroad
27. Travel Receipts They are the payments by foreigners for goods and services they
receive during their stay in the country.
28. Business trip A trip for which the main purpose is business, but the person is not
remunerated at the destination
29. Day trip A trip outside the respondent's usual resident environment, where
they leave but do not stay overnight (return on the same day)
30. Holiday trip A trip whose main purpose is entertainment.
31. Income from accommodation Refers only to amounts charged for rooms or equivalent. Income from
meals is excluded.
32. Income from restaurants sales Income from meals, banqueting, beverages and tobacco sales
33. Internal tourism The tourism of visitors, both resident and non-resident, within the
economic territory of the country of residence. It is the combination
of domestic and inbound tourism.
34. National tourism National tourism is the combination of domestic tourism and
outbound tourism
35. Package trip A trip in which two or more items are included in the price of the trip.
36. Purpose of visit The main groups recommended for classifying the main purpose of a
visit (or trip) are:
1) Leisure
2) Recreation and holidays
3) Visit friends and relatives
4) Business and professional
5) health treatment
6) Religion / Hajj and others.
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1.2. Transport Related Concepts and Definitions

1. All-season road An all season road is a road that is motorable by the prevailing
means of rural transport (often a pick-up or a truck which does
not have four-wheel-drive) all year round.
2. Total paved roads Refers to the total length of all roads covered with crushed
stone (macadam) and hydrocarbon binders or bituminous
agents, with concrete or gravel.
3. Total road network It refers to length of the road network. The road network
includes all roads in a given area
4. Secondary or regional roads Refers to the roads that are the main sub/feeder routes to, and
provide the main links between highways and major or national
roads.
5. Road maintenance requirement It indicates the amount of financing required annually to maintain
the condition of the roads in operation. This includes
maintenance, repairing and ongoing repairs (work relating to
roughness of carriageway’s wearing course, roadsides, shoulder,
drains, structures, slopes, signs, etc.)
6. Main lines Refers to the main intercity roads and other major passenger
and freight routes available for public services
7. Secondary lines Refers to the remaining passenger and freight methods available
for public uses or services.
8. Freight tariff revenue It Indicates to the revenue collected in shipping/freight charges
9. Passenger fare revenue Refers to revenue raised from travelling passengers.
10. Navigable inland Waterways A stretch of water, not part of the sea, over which craft of a
carrying capacity not less than 50 tones can navigate when
normally loaded. This term covers both navigable rivers and
lakes
11. Passenger ship Ship designed specifically to carry more than 12 fare paying
passengers whether berthed or un-berthed.
12. Cargo ship A cargo ship or freight ship is a merchant ship that carries goods,
merchandise and materials from one port to another (it is a ship
which isn’t passenger ship)
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13. Cellular container It refers to a container consisting of one or more rows of

parallel and modular rows of cells capable of harboring and
supportive for fragile products.
14. Tanker A cargo ship constructed for carriage of very bulk liquid cargoes
of an inflammable in nature.
15. Overseas traffic Traffic between ports in two different countries, with the
inward movement of goods called “imports” and outward
movements called “exports,” and both movements constitute
the country’s foreign trade.
16. Coastal traffic It refers to the traffic between different ports of the same
country.
17. Vessels Vessel includes any ship or boat or any description of a vessel
or boat, or any artificial used or capable of being used as a means
of transportation on water
18. Clearance It refers to the completion of custom measures necessary to
allow goods to enter to or exit from the country.
19. Custom storehouse It means any place in a custom port or station designated to
store goods for investigation until due duties are paid.
20. Transport equipment Consists of equipment for moving people and objects. This
includes transport equipment, such as motor vehicles, trailers
and semi-trailers; ships; railway and rolling stock; aircraft and
spacecraft; and motorcycles, bicycles, etc.
21. Number of Fatalities from Road Refers to the number of people who were involved in any injury
Accidents accident with at least one motor road vehicle in motion on a
public road or private road to which the public has right of
access, resulting in at least one person died as a result of the
accident and within 30 days of its occurrence.
22. Rail Transport Means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled
vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also
commonly referred to as train transport
23. Traffic Movements of vehicles, aircraft, ships, passengers, freight or
mail, departing or arrival at airports, ports, stations, parks, etc
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24. Traffic accident It is an un-intended event that involves property damage or

personal injury or loss of life(death) as a result of a vehicle in
motion.
25. Domestic/local traffic Traffic that performed between two points located in the same
country/territory.
26. International traffic The traffic performed between designated points in one
country and points in another country/territory.
27. Freight Any property carried in a mode of transport other than mail,
store and baggage. For statistical purpose, freight includes
express, freight and diplomatic bags but not passenger baggage.
28. Passenger A person who is traveling from one place to another in a car,
bus, train, ship, airplane, etc., and who is not driving or working
on it. They will be counted twice, once upon arrival and once
on departure.
29. Station/port An area of land or water (including any buildings, installations
and equipment) intended to be used either wholly or in part for
the arrival and departure of vehicles, trains or ships.
30. Airport A defined area of land or water (including any buildings,
installations and equipment) intended to be used either wholly
or in part for the arrival, departure and surface movement of
aircraft.
31. Aircraft Any machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from
the reactions of the air other than the reactions of air against
the earth’s surface.
32. Aircraft movement An aircraft take-off or landing at an airport. For airport traffic
purposes one arrival and one departure is counted as two
movements
33. Commerciale air Transport Means the operation of an aircraft for the carriage of passengers,
cargo or mail for a fee or any other consideration of value.
34. Flight direct Transit Flight direct Transit, which continues its journey on the same
aircraft on a flight that has the same flight number as the flight
on which it arrived, on some flights, the flight number changes
at an airport to designate the change between an inbound and
outbound flights but with intermediate stops
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35. International airport Any airport designated by the country in the territory of which
it is situated as an airport of entry and departure for
international air traffic, where the formalities incident to
customs, immigration, public health, agricultural quarantine and
similar procedures are carried out, whether such facilities are
provided on a full time or part time basis.
36. International Flight A flight having one or more international flight stages, where all
its flight stages use the same flight number.
37. Direct Transit Traffic Traffic, which continues its journey on the same aircraft on a
flight having the same flight number as the flight on which it
arrived. Direct transit traffic is not unloaded and reloaded at an
airport it directly transits.
38. Domestic Airport Any airport not designated to handle international air traffic.
39. Domestic Flight A flight having exclusively domestic flight stages (airport), using
the same flight number.
40. Non-scheduled Commercial air Commercial air transport flights other than scheduled service
Transport flights.
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FOREIGN TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL RELATED CONCEPTS AND

DEFINITIONS OF STATISTICAL TERMS
“IF YOU CAN’T MEASURE YOU CAN’T MANAGE”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER SIX: FOREIGN TRADE AND INDUSTRIAL

STATISTICS
6. Foreign Trade, Industrial, Price and Poverty related Concepts and Definitions
In this chapter foreign or International trade, industrial trade and finance and price related concepts and
definitions of statistical terms are underscored. Foreign trade statistics captures the information regarding
the exchange, goods, and services across international borders or territories while price related concepts
measures changes over time in the general level of prices that a reference population acquires, uses or
pays for consumption.
6.1. Industrial Related Concepts and Definitions
1. Industry An industry is defined as the set of all production units engaged
primarily in the same or similar kinds of productive activity.
2. Manufacturing It includes the physical or chemical transformation of materials,
substances, or components into new products. Units engaged
in manufacturing are often described as plants, factories or mills
and characteristically use power-driven machines and
materials-handling equipment.
3. Establishment The establishment is defined as an enterprise or part of an
enterprise that is situated in a single location and in which only
a single productive activity is carried out or in which the
principal productive activity accounts for most of the value
added.
4. Production Quantity Is the total amount of a homogeneous commodity
manufactured by an establishment in a given period of time,
expressed in standard units of measurement.
5. Production Value The value of the quantities produced by an establishment in a
given period of time.
6. Sales Quantity The quantity sold of a homogeneous commodity of an
establishment given in standard units of measurement in a given
period of time.
7. Sales Value The worth or price of all commodities sold by an establishment
within a given period. Sales value is often referred to as
turnover.
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8. Maximum Production Capacity The maximum output that a plant can produce with existing
machinery and in the availability of sufficient inputs in a given
period.
9. Shifts worked The number of sessions of work, usually of eight hours, in a day
adopted by an establishment
10. Unit of Measurement The specific magnitude of a physical quantity defined and
adopted by convention, and or by law, that is used as a standard
for measurement of the same physical quantity.
11. Itinerant Unit It is a mobile production unit, which does not operate at a fixed
location. Examples are hawkers and sellers along the road
within a makeshift location, taxi operators and units involved
in construction activities.
12. Statistical unit Statistical unit is the entities for which information is sought
and for which statistics are ultimately compiled. This unit can,
in turn, be divided into observation units and analytical units.
The statistical unit in the International Standard Industrial
Classification (ISIC) Rev. 4 comprise the:
o Enterprise;
o Enterprise Group;
o Kind-Of-Activity Unit (KAU);
o Local Unit;
o Establishment;
o Homogeneous Unit of Production.
13. Birthed life status of a new statistical unit created, which has not yet
paid value added tax and/or income tax to the Somalia Revenue
authority Service.
14. Ancillary unit Ancillary units are small industries that manufacture and
supplies intermediate goods to large industries or master
units(not less than 50% of its production to another industry
referred to as parent unit).
15. Production Volume Index Is a volume index that measures the average change over time
in the volume of goods produced domestically
16. Principal/Main Activity Is the activity that contributes most to the economic
performance of the entity. Its value added exceeds that of any
other activity carried out within the same unit
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17. Legal Entity Is a body created for purposes of production, mainly

corporations, non-profit institutions (NPIs) and government
units.
18. Branch Is a subdivision of a company; it is a geographically separate unit
of a company which performs all or part of the primary
functions of the main company on a smaller scale.
19. Local unit A local unit is defined as an enterprise or a part of an enterprise
(for example, a workshop, factory, warehouse, office, mine or
depot) which engages in productive activity at or from one
location
20. Institutional Unit An institutional unit may be defined as an economic entity that
is capable, in its own right, of owning assets, incurring liabilities
and engaging in economic activities and in transactions with
other entities
6.2. Foreign Trade Related Concepts and Definitions

1. Terms of Trade Terms of trade are defined as the ratio between the index of
export prices and the index of import prices. If the export
prices increase more than the import prices, a country has a
positive terms of trade, as for the same amount of exports, it
can purchase more imports.
2. General Trade System This system is in use when statistical territory coincides with
the economic territory. Under the general trading system,
registration time should be the time when the goods enter or
leave the economic territory of the compiling country. Thus,
under the general trade system, imports include all goods
incoming the economic territory of the compiling country and
exports include all goods leaving the economic territory of the
compiling country.
3. The Special Trade System This system is in use when the statistical territory comprises
only a particular part of the economic territory. The special
trade system is in use when the statistical territory comprises
only the free circulation area, that is, the part within which
goods “may be disposed of without customs restriction”.
Consequently, in such a case, imports include all goods entering
the free circulation area of a compiling country, which means
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cleared through customs for home use, and exports include all
goods leaving the free circulation area of a compiling country.
4. Goods Goods are physical produced items over which ownership
rights can be established and whose economic ownership can
be passed from one institutional unit to another by engaging in
transactions.
5. Goods and services account Shows the balance between the total goods and services
supplied as resources to the economy as output and imports
(including the value of taxes less subsidies on products not
already included in the valuation of output) and the use of the
same goods and services as intermediate consumption, final
consumption, capital formation and exports.
6. Goods for resale Are goods acquired by enterprises, such as wholesalers or
retailers, for the purpose of reselling them to their customers.
7. Goods in free circulation Means goods which may be disposed of without Customs
restriction
8. Trade in Goods Is the trade in goods which add to, or subtract from, the stock
of material resources of a country by entering its economic
territory (imports) or leaving it (exports)
9. Trade in Services This is the sale and delivery of an intangible product, called a
service, between a producer and consumer.
10. Goods traded in accordance with These are goods which are exchanged between countries
barter agreements without use of any means of payment.
11. Goods traded on government This category refers to any goods which cross borders as a
account result of, for instance, regular commercial transactions of
governments, goods under government foreign aid programs
whether or not the goods constitute a grant, or a transfer to
an international organization and war reparations and
restitutions. These goods can be intended for either civilian or
military use.
12. Trade Balance It is the difference between the value of total exports and total
imports of a nation during a specified period.
13. Country of Origin of goods Means the country in which the goods have been produced or
manufactured, according to the criteria laid down for the
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purposes of application of the Customs Tariff, of quantitative

restrictions or of any other measure related to trade.
14. Country of Destination A destiny country for migratory flows of goods (regular or
irregular).
15. Customs Territory The customs territory is the territory in which the Customs
law of a state applies.
16. Export Growth Rate The annual compound percentage change in the value of
exports between two periods.
17. Economic Territory The economic territory consists of the geographical territory
administered by a government, within which persons, goods
and capital freely circulate.
18. Export Outward flows comprising of goods and services leaving the
customs territory of a country to the rest of the world.
19. Re-Exports Goods imported into the country and then exported in the
same form or after minor operations like blending, packaging,
drying and repairing alone.
20. Import Inward flows comprising of goods and services entering the
customs territory of a country from the rest of the world.
21. Re-Imports Are imports of domestic goods which were previously
recorded as exports.
22. Statistical Territory The statistical territory of a country is the territory with
respect to which trade data are being compiled.
23. Terms of Trade (TOT) Terms of Trade (TOT) is the ratio of export prices to import
prices. It is a measure that reflects changes in the average prices
received for a basket of exports against those average prices
paid for a basket of imports.
𝑬𝒙𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙
𝑇𝑂𝑇 = 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒙 × 100
24. Balance of Payment Balance of payments statistics record economic transactions

between residents and non-residents
25. Common External Tariff (CET) The uniform tariff rates applied by member states of a customs
union against nonmember states.
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26. Applied Tariff Rate The tariff rates imposed by customs when a good crosses the
border and are usually lower than bound rates
27. Bilateral Trade Agreement An agreement between two countries setting out the
conditions under which trade between them will be conducted.
28. Broad Economic Category (BEC) This is a 3-digit classification, which groups transportable goods
according to their main end use. It is often used for the general
economic analysis of international merchandise trade data.
29. Harmonized Commodity The harmonized system is an internationally standardized
Description and Coding System system of names and numbers to classify traded products.
(HSCODE)
30. Standard International Trade This is a product classification of the United Nations (UN) used
Classification (SITC) for external trade statistics (export and import values and
volumes of goods), allowing for international comparisons of
commodities and manufactured goods
31. Export Tariff It is a duty levied on goods being exported. Money collected
under a tariff is called a duty.
32. Domestic Exports They are traditional and non-traditional exports manufactured
or produced within the country. These may include
commodities from foreign countries that have significantly be
changed or enhanced in value within Somalia.
33. Total Exports Comprised domestic exports and re-exports of goods and
services
34. Total imports Comprised goods that entered the economy territory of a
country for immediate use, as well as goods that entered for
ware housing, and goods (other than those in transits) which
are subsequently re-exported.
35. Goods in Transit This refers to as goods entering and leaving a country with the
exclusive purpose of entering a third country
36. Goods sent abroad for processing Includes goods for assembly, packing, labeling, or processing by
an entity that does not own the goods concerned. Both inward
and outward movements should be tracked to help identify
associated manufacturing services on physical inputs owned by
others.
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37. Returned goods Exported/imported goods that are subsequently returned,

included in imports/exports and identified as re-imports/ re-
exports at the time when they are returned.
6.2. Finance and Price Related Concept and Definitions

1. Consumer Price Index (Cpi) The measure of the changes in the cost of a fixed basket of goods
and services purchased by households. The basket relates to a
selection of goods and services that is representative of the
consumption habits of most households in the country.
2. This is This is the highest level of aggregation for an index, for
All-Items Index example, total CPI which covers all the items, XMPI for all items
within.
3. This refers to a place where goods and services can be purchased
and from where the purchasers’ or list prices of the products sold
can be obtained. It may be a shop, a market stall, a catalogue, a
An Outlet
website, etc. Also referred to as a “retail outlet”, although it can
include wholesale outlets which also sell directly to the consumer
4. An annual inflation rate is calculated as the percentage change in the

Inflation index over the last twelve months, it encapsulates a full year of the
history of the price.
5. The measure of inflation based on relative changes in prices of all
Annual Inflation
items in consumer price index basket.
6. A measure of inflation based on relative changes in prices for all
Headline Inflation Rate
goods and services excluding food crops
7. It is inflation at moderate rates but persisting over a long period. It
Underlying Inflation Rate
is regarded as abnormal state of affair in many countries.
8. An index measuring the cost of purchasing sets of bundles of goods
Creeping Inflation Rate and Services necessary for living expense compared with the cost of
the same basket at a similar point in time.
9. A linked index series undergoing frequent expenditure weight
revisions, commonly at regular intervals. It is then necessary to
Cost Of Living Index
update the base period and to link the old series to the series on the
new base period
10. An annual inflation rate is calculated as the percentage change in the
Chain-Linked Index index over the last twelve months, it encapsulates a full year of the
history of the price.
11. An index formula, which measures the changing cost overtime of
purchasing the same basket of the commodities purchased during the
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stated base period.
12.
The Paasche Price Index is a consumer price index used to measure
the change in the price and quantity of a basket of goods and services
Paasches’ Method.
relative to a base year price and
observation year quantity.
13. Fisher’s Ideal volume index is the geometric mean of the Laspeyres
and Paasche volume indices.
Fisher's Ideal Method
14. The base effect refers to the impact of the rise in price level (i.e. last
year’s inflation) in the previous year over the corresponding rise in
the price levels in the current year (i.e. current inflation). The base
Base Effect
effect therefore helps to explain the changes in the annual inflation
or the rate at which it diminishes or grows compared to the previous
month.
15. Changing the index reference period for a series of indices, for
Rebasing
instance December 2015=100.
16. A national set of goods and services, specified in terms of commodity
and quantity which are used for the compilation of an index. For the
Basket Of Goods And Services
CPI it comprises of the goods and services that are acquired by
households in the base period.
17. An international classification of goods and services based on the
Central Product Classification physical characteristics of goods and services or on the nature of the
services rendered.
18. Refers to a procedure in which individual items of goods and services
are organized into categories based on characteristics inherent to
Classification the items. The CPI is categorized according to the international
classification system called the Classification of Individual
Consumption according to Purpose (COICOP)
19. Any transaction in which households use goods and/or services to
satisfy their needs and wants but not for business purposes nor for
Consumption
the acquisition of wealth. Thus investment in all forms of assets is
excluded.
20. The smallest aggregate for which expenditure data is normally
Elementary Aggregate
available and used for computation of a price index.
21. Export Import Price The Export and Import Price Indices (XMPI) are measures of price
Index(XMPI) changes of goods exported outside or imported into the country
22. The PPI indicates changes in producer prices of locally produced
Producer Price Index(Ppi)
commodities including exports. The PPI is defined as “A measure of
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the change in the prices of goods either as they leave their place of
production or as they enter the production process (OECD).
23. In recent years, there has been a further modification of the a
Laspeyres formula to suit items replacements in the index basket
from time to time due to a number of reasons, including the smooth
Modified A Laspeyres Index substitution of new items and frequent weight updates every month.
qit
Wi 0
qi 0
 Wi 0
 100
I=
24. The monthly Inflation Rate is the percentage change in the CPI of the
relevant month compared to the CPI of the previous month. The
Monthly Inflation Rate
monthly Inflation Rate reflects short-term changes in the average
prices.
25. Measure of the change in the prices of goods and services sold as
output by domestic producers. Covers both output sold on the
Output PPI
domestic market and output sold as exports. Valuation is at basic
prices
26. A purchasing power parity (PPP) is defined as the number of units of
B’s currency that are needed in B to purchase the same quantity of
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
individual good or service as one unit of A’s currency will purchase
in A.
27. The period that provides the prices to which the prices in other
periods are compared. The prices of the price reference period
Price Reference Period
appear in the denominators of the price relatives used to calculate
the index.
28. A price relative is the ratio of the price of a specific product in one
Price Relative
period to the price of the same product in some other period.
29. The quarterly Inflation Rate is the percentage change in the CPI of
the relevant Quarterly compared to the CPI of the previous quarter.
Quarterly Inflation Rate
The quarterly Inflation Rate reflects short -term changes in the
average price
30. Weight Of A Product, Service Is the proportion of total household expenditure which is spent on
In A CPI Basket that product/service during the weight reference period.
31. Is the relative consumption or production share of an item or group
of items to the total consumption of households or production? It
measures the relative importance of goods and services in a basket.
The weights reflect the relative importance or contribution to total
Weight
expenditures of all households. Generally from household
expenditure surveys different types of weights are identified
reflecting on the share of households‟ expenditure within a specific
geographic region (such as urban/rural).
32. The period whose value shares serve as weights for a set of price
Weight Reference Period
relatives or elementary price indices.
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33. A Laspeyres volume index is a weighted arithmetic average of

A Laspeyres Volume Index
quantity relatives using the values of the earlier period as weights.
34. The Paasche price index is an index used in price statistics for
measuring the price development of the basket of goods and services
Paasche Price Index that is consumed in the current period. Paasche used the same
formula of Laspeyres except for using the present period as the base
period.
35. It is defined as the arithmetic mean of the Laspeyers and Paache
Edgeworth Price Index
indices.
36. It is defined as the geometric mean of the Laspeyers and Paache
Fisher Price Index
indices
37. It is a selected national set of goods and services whose prices are
Commodity Basket surveyed for the purpose of calculating indexes such as consumer
price index or producer price index.
38. An index measuring the cost of purchasing sets of bundles of goods
Cost Of Living Index and Services necessary for living expense compared with the cost of
the same basket at a similar point in time.
39. The total market value of all final goods and services produced by
resident producer units of a country for a specified period of time,
Gross Domestic Product (Gdp)
usually one year. It is the sum of gross value added of all resident
producer units (institutional sectors or industries).
40. The GDP Deflator is a measure of the level of prices of all new,
domestically produced, final goods and services in an economy in a
Gdp Deflator No min alGDP
GDPDeflator   100
year. Re alGDP
41. They are economic measure that account for inflation by converting
output measured at current prices into constant GDP. The GDP
Price Deflators
deflator shows how much a change in the base year's GDP relies
upon changes in the price level
42. It is the value of goods and services excluding indirect taxes on
GDP At Basic Price
production such as sales tax, excise duties etc.
43. Purchasers’ prices are the amounts paid by the purchasers, excluding
Purchasers' Price the deductible part of value added type taxes. Purchasers’ prices are
the actual costs to the users.
44. GDP At Constant Price It equals GDP at current prices divided by the price deflator.
45. Administered prices that are monitored and controlled by
government policy. Note: To this end, price regulation does not
Regulated Prices necessarily imply the presence of an economic regulator, but the
restriction on the extent to which prices may vary, depending on
government’s policy objective.
46. Consist of goods and services provided to households by
Social Transfers In Kind government and NPISHs either free or at prices that are not
economically significant.
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47. A price relative is the ratio of the price of a specific product in one
Average Of Price Relative
period to the price of the same product in some other period.
48. An economic measure that measures the value of all economic
Nominal GDP outputs at the prevailing market prices( the nominal GDP doesn’t
account inflation).
49. An economic measure that measures the value of all economic
Real GDP outputs at the prevailing market prices(real GDP is adjusted for
inflation).
50. The average production per person of goods and services for a
specified period such as one year. In other words, is the GDP per
Per Capita GDP
head calculated as the aggregate of production (GDP) divided by the
population size
51. GDP by expenditure is classified by household and public final
consumption expenditures, capital formation expenditure, and
Expenditure Approach inventories, including net exports. Statistical classification is available
from Household budget surveys, analysis of government economic
and functional classification, and foreign trade statistics.
52. Income Approach The sum of primary incomes distributed by resident producer units.
53. Gross Domestic Product At Is the gross domestic product that has not been adjusted for inflation.
Currentprices This is also known as nominal GDP.
54. Gross Domestic Product At
Is the gross domestic product that has been adjusted for inflation.
Constant Prices
55. Consists of the value of producers’ acquisitions of new and existing
Gross Fixed Capital Formation fixed assets less the value of disposals of fixed assets of the same
type.
56. Gross national income, abbreviated as GNI, is the sum of incomes of
residents of an economy in a given period. It is equal to GDP minus
Gross National Income (Gni) primary income payable by resident units to non-resident units, plus
primary income receivable from the rest of the world (from non-
resident units to resident units).
57. This refers to GNI plus all current transfers in cash or in kind
Gross National Disposable receivable by resident institutional units from nonresident units
Income (Gndi) minus all current transfers in cash or in kind payable by resident
institutional units to non-resident units.
58. Gross Value Added At Basic Output valued at basic prices less intermediate consumption valued
Prices at purchasers’ prices.
59. Gross Value Added At Output valued at producers’ prices less intermediate consumption
Producers Prices valued at purchasers’ prices.
60.
Value Added Is the value of output less the value of intermediate consumption.
61. Is the value of output less the values of both intermediate
Net Value Added
consumption and consumption of fixed capital
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62. It refers to the sum of the market value of all domestic expenditures
Gross Domestic Expenditure
made on final goods and services (excluding intermediate
(Gde)
consumption) during an accounting period.
63. It measures the living cost within a region over a period of time in
Harmonized Consumer Price
the general level of prices and services that households acquire for
Index (Hcpi)
the purpose of consumption
64. It is a balancing item in the use of income account derived as gross
Gross Savings
national disposable income less final consumption expenditure.
65. The total value of a producer’s acquisitions, less disposals, of fixed
assets during the accounting period plus certain additions to the
Gross Fixed Capital Formation
value of non- produced assets (such as subsoil assets or major
(Gfcf)
improvements in the quantity, quality or productivity of land) realized
by the productive activity of institutional units.
66. The balance or residual in household enterprise; combination of
Mixed Income
compensation and operating surplus
67. The amount of financial assets that are available for lending or needed
for borrowing to finance all expenditures - current, gross capital
formation, non-produced non-financial assets, and capital transfers -
Net Lending/Borrowing in excess of disposable income. It is the balancing item in the capital
account and is defined as: (Net saving plus capital transfers receivable
minus capital transfers payable) minus (the value of acquisitions less
disposals of non-financial assets, less consumption of fixed capital.
68. The average income per person in a given time period usually one
Per Capita Income year. Sometimes referred to as Per Capita GDP, it is the ratio of
GDP to the total population.
69. The sum total of the gross value added of all resident producers at
GDP At Factor Cost producers‟ prices, less subsidies on imports, plus all non-deductible
value added tax or similar taxes
70. Net GDP At Factor Cost GDP at factor cost less depreciation of fixed assets
71. Equal the sum of the gross value added of all resident producers at
GDP At Market Prices producers‟ prices, plus taxes less subsidies on imports during an
accounting year
72. Refers to goods or services provided at prices that are economically
Market Production
significant to another unit.
73. Refers to goods or services provided free of charge or at prices that
Non-Market Production
are economically insignificant to another unit.
74. Is the indirect and delayed consumption of goods and services used
Intermediate Consumption for production of other goods and services that ultimately lead to
human needs.
75. Expenditure on goods and services that are used for the direct
Final Consumption Expenditure satisfaction of individual needs (individual consumption) or collective
needs of members of the community. This includes Household Final
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Consumption Expenditure and Government Final Consumption

Expenditure.
76. Caloric intake is defined as the amount of energy consumed via food
Calories Consumption and beverage
77.
Can be defined as follows:
The value of goods and services received as pay, or part of pay, from
employer.
Consumption from own produced food or food and firewood
Household Consumption fetched free.
Expenditure Estimated rent value for owner-occupied dwelling or provided free
or subsidized from other sources.
Cash spent or/and the value of own produced goods given away for
taxes (harvest- or land taxes), gifts, contributions, interests on debts
and other non-consumption items.
78. Compensation of employees is defined as the total remuneration, in

Compensation Of Employees cash or in kind, payable by the establishment to an employee in
return for work done by the latter during the reference period.
79. It is the decline in the value of the stock of fixed assets during the
Consumption Of Fixed Capital accounting period as a result of physical deterioration, normal
obsolescence, and normal accidental damage
80. They are the External Assets less Foreign Liabilities for both the
Net Foreign Assets
central bank and commercial banks.
81. A series of weighted arithmetic averages of prices relatives that all
Fixed Weight Index
use the same weight.
82. Applies only when goods are dispatched from the exporting country
by sea or inland waterway. FOB-type values include the transaction
Free On Board (F.O.B)
value of the goods and the value of services performed to deliver
goods to the border of the exporting country
83. Compensation of employees is defined as the total remuneration, in
Compensation Of Employees cash or in kind, payable by the establishment to an employee in
return for work done by the latter during the reference period.
84. It is the decline in the value of the stock of fixed assets during the
Consumption Of Fixed Capital accounting period as a result of physical deterioration, normal
obsolescence, and normal accidental damage
85. They are the External Assets less Foreign Liabilities for both the
Net Foreign Assets
central bank and commercial banks.
86. A series of weighted arithmetic averages of prices relatives that all
Fixed Weight Index
use the same weight.
87. Applies only when goods are dispatched from the exporting country
Free On Board (F.O.B)
by sea or inland waterway. FOB-type values include the transaction
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value of the goods and the value of services performed to deliver

goods to the border of the exporting country
88. Health Expenditure As Percent It is the total government expenditure on health in a given year
Of GDP divided by total GDP in that year multiplied by 100.
89. The rest of the world account covers transactions between resident
Rest Of The World Account and non-resident institutional units and the related stocks of assets
and liabilities where relevant.
90. Finished goods consist of goods produced as outputs that their
Finished Goods producer does not intend to process further before supplying them
to other institutional units.
91. A CPI which uses the same basket in each time period normally
Fixed Basket Index consisting of the total quantities consumed by households over the
period of years
92. Prices are said to be economically significant if they have a significant
Economically Significant Prices effect on the amount that producers are willing to supply and the
amounts purchasers wish to buy.
93. If the output is made available at nominal cost, the prices are not
economically significant prices and may reflect neither relative
production costs nor relative consumer preferences. They therefore
Economically Insignificant Prices do not provide a suitable basis for valuing the outputs of the goods
or services concerned. The non-market output of goods or services
sold at these prices is valued in the same way as goods or services
provided free, that is, by their costs of production
94. A basic price with the “farm gate” as the pricing point, that is, the
Farm-Gate Price price of the product available at the farm, excluding any separately
billed transport or delivery charge.
95. Health Expenditure As Percent It is the total government expenditure on health in a given year
Of GDP divided by total GDP in that year multiplied by 100.
96. The rest of the world account covers transactions between resident
Rest Of The World Account and non-resident institutional units and the related stocks of assets
and liabilities where relevant.
97. Finished goods consist of goods produced as outputs that their
Finished Goods producer does not intend to process further before supplying them
to other institutional units.
98. A CPI which uses the same basket in each time period normally
Fixed Basket Index consisting of the total quantities consumed by households over the
period of years
99. Prices are said to be economically significant if they have a significant
Economically Significant Prices effect on the amount that producers are willing to supply and the
amounts purchasers wish to buy.
100. If the output is made available at nominal cost, the prices are not
Economically Insignificant Prices economically significant prices and may reflect neither relative
production costs nor relative consumer preferences. They therefore
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do not provide a suitable basis for valuing the outputs of the goods
or services concerned. The non-market output of goods or services
sold at these prices is valued in the same way as goods or services
provided free, that is, by their costs of production
101. A basic price with the “farm gate” as the pricing point, that is, the
Farm-Gate Price price of the product available at the farm, excluding any separately
billed transport or delivery charge.
6.3. Living Conditions Related Concepts and Definitions
1. Poverty Poverty is multidimensional and complex in nature and manifests itself in
various forms, which makes its definition not always straightforward.
No single definition can exhaustively capture all aspects of poverty. An
individual is said to be poor if he/she suffers some levels of economic
and/ or social deprivation. The most commonly used indicator of poverty
is income deprivation.
Poverty has many different dimensions, ranging from material well-being
(basic needs of life like nutrition, good health, shelter, education, etc.) to
lack of human rights, citizenship or social networks. In addition, cultural
values, beliefs or attitudes may place some people in a disadvantaged
position while a lack of political voice or physical insecurity can weaken
others. Economic factors such as low income, lack of assets, access to
markets or public services can lead into poverty.
2. Poverty Line Poverty line is the amount of money needed for a person to meet his
basic needs. It is defined as the money value of the goods and services
needed to provide basic welfare to an individual.
Households or individuals whose incomes fall below the poverty line or
whose consumption level is valued at less than the value of a determined
poverty line are classified as poor.
3. Absolute Poverty The level of the standard of living measure that enables a household to
meet its basic needs. It reflects the monetary cost of meeting basic food
and non-food requirements of life.
4. Relative Poverty The position of an individual or household income compared to the
average income in a given area.
5. Head Count Poverty The percentage or proportion of persons taken to be poor, in relation
to the total population in a given area.
6. Headcount Index or Incidence The proportion of population below a given poverty line and is usually
of Poverty expressed as a percentage of the total population.
7. Gini Coefficient The ratio of the area between the 45-degree line and the Lorenz curve
to the area of the entire triangle, which measures inequality in household
consumption per adult equivalent.
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8. Poverty Gap Index The percentage of the poverty line income needed to bring those below
the poverty threshold up to the poverty line. It measures the depth of
poverty given by the gap between the actual income of the poor
households and the poverty line.
9. Poverty Profile A description of how the extent of poverty varies across sub groups of
a given population characterized by either gender, geographical location,
type of economic activity, or source of income.
10. Poverty Gap The difference between the poverty line and the mean income of the
poor expressed as a ratio of the poverty line.
11. Poverty Severity Index The mean depth of poverty as a proportion of the poverty line and
shows the distribution of poverty among the poor.
12. Decomposable poverty index Measure of the degree of inequality among the poor.
(DPI or P2) Note: The DPI is considered conventional and measures the incidence
of poverty and the degree of inequality among the poor using an aversion
parameter and determines the proportionate decrease from the poverty
line. It also shows the living standards and relates them to the population
at large.
13. Priority poverty indicators Country-specific indicators that, taken together, provide an overview of
the state of poverty in that country.
14. Standard of living It refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and necessities
available to a certain socio-economic class in a certain geographical area.
15. Chronic Poverty/ ultra The case is similar to absolute poverty but aggravated further by lack of
the means of production and social support with an extended duration
in ultra-poverty.
16. Welfare It refers to the well-being of individuals or groups as to their health,
happiness, safety, prosperity and fortunes.
17. Adult Equivalent Scales Conversion factor to express consumption on a ‘per adult’ basis. Adult
equivalent scales are used to adjust for differences in consumption needs
between children and adults. Thus, the scale assigns a weight to each
household member depending on their age. The weight of 1 is assigned
to all persons aged 13 years and above.
18. Extreme Poverty Households are classified as extremely poor if total consumption per
adult equivalent is below the overall poverty line
19. Food Poverty Households are classified as food poor if total consumption per adult
equivalent is below the food poverty line.
20. Food-basket approach Calculates the cost of acquiring basic food items sufficient to give 2,800
calories for an adult on a daily basis.
21. Multidimensional Poverty Index Is the measuring of the three dimensions of poverty at the household
level: education, health and living standard? It also measures deprivations
in access to water, sanitation, and electricity.
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22. Lorenz Curve A graph on which the cumulative percentage of total national income (or
some other variable) is plotted against the cumulative percentage of the
corresponding population (ranked in increasing size of share). The extent
to which the curve sags below a straight diagonal line indicates the
degree of inequality of distribution.
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ENERGY, MINING AND QUERRYING RELATED CONCEPTS AND

“A PLAN WITH NO DATA IS LIKE SHIP WITHOUT RUDER”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER SEVEN: ENERGY, MINING AND QUERRYING

7. Energy and Mineral Related Concepts and Definitions
Energy and Mineral related concepts and definitions of Statistical terms focuses on the production
of energy and mineral universal indicators. Secondary data is gathered from various government
Ministries, Departments and Agencies. Surveyors and private companies are also used to acquire
primary data and on the other hand specialized studies are another source of energy and mineral
statistics production.
S/No Term Indicator Name Definitions
1. Energy Energy can be generated from water, mineral oil, coal, gas, sun,
wind, atomic fuel or any other means. Since work is defined as
force acting through a distance, energy is always equivalent to the
ability to exert pulls or pushes against the basic forces of nature
along a path of a certain length.
2. Access to Energy An entity (household, institution) has access to a source of energy
if it is within the proximity to the usable source of energy.
3. Availability of Energy A source of Energy is available to an entity if it is connected or
present in it.
4. Energy Balance A supply and use account that shows the origins and uses of all
sources of energy used in a given country during the year.
5. Charcoal The solid residue from the carbonization of wood or other vegetal
matter through slow pyrolysis.
6. Coal A solid fossil fuel consisting of carbonized vegetal matter.
7. Fuel Wood Fuel wood or firewood obtained from natural or managed forests
or isolated trees.
8. Jet Fuel This is a specialized type of petroleum-based fuel used to power
aircraft.
9. Energy industry own use Energy industry own use contains the primary and secondary
energy consumed by transformation industries for heating,
pumping, traction, and lighting purposes. These quantities are
shown as negative figures
10. Non-energy use Non-energy use covers those fuels that are used as raw materials
in the different sectors and are not consumed as a fuel or
transformed into another fuel. Non-energy use is shown separately
in final consumption under the heading non-energy use.
11. Total all energy sources Total of all energy sources includes coal, oil, gas, renewables and
waste, electricity, heat and others.
12. Electricity Electric power generated from water, mineral oil, coal, gas, solar
energy, wind energy, atomic energy or any other means
13. Power It is the rate at which energy is transferred.
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14. Electricity Generation The process of producing electric energy or the amount of electric
energy produced by transforming other forms of energy,
commonly expressed in kilowatt hours (kWh) or megawatt hours
(MWh).
15. Consumer Any person supplied or entitled to be supplied with electrical
energy for personal, industrial and commercial use but does not
include a person supplied with electrical energy for delivery to
another person.
16. Installation The whole of any plant or equipment under one ownership
designed for the supply or use of electrical energy.
17. National Grid Electrification Rate The rate (in percentages) at which Electricity customers are
connected to the National Grid.
18. Kilowatt (kW) It is the electrical unit of power equal to 1,000 watts
19. Kilowatt-Hour (kWh) It is the basic unit of electric energy equal to one kilowatt of power
supplied to or taken from an electric circuit for one hour.
20. Megawatt It is one million watts.
21. Megawatt-hour It is one thousand kilowatt-hours or one million-watt hours.
22. Plant A facility containing prime movers, electric generators, and other
equipment for producing electric energy.
23. Public Lamp An electric lamp used for the lighting of a street or a public place.
24. Transmission The ownership, operation, management or control of electricity
transmission facilities for whatever purpose.
25. Energy to GDP Ratio The total value of energy produced as a proportion of the national
GDP
26. Electricity/Energy Loss The amount of electricity generated but not accounted for
27. Electricity Use per Capita The average amount of electricity used per person per year.
28. Electricity Tariff The price of a unit of electricity consumed.
29. Staff Ratio Number of staff divided by thousands of connections for main
utility in the specified city.
30. Ratepayer This is a retail consumer of the electricity distributed by an electric
utility. This includes residential, commercial and industrial users of
electricity.
31. Fossil Fuel Fuel, such as oil, coal, natural gas and their by-products, formed in
the earth from remains of living-cell organisms.
32. Fuel A substance that can be burned to product heat.
33. Electricity tokens Tokens to the equivalent of the free basic electricity that
households are entitled to and for use in pre-paid electricity
systems
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34. Free basic electricity An amount of electricity determined by government that should be
provided free to poor households to meet basic needs, currently
set at 50 kWh per month per household
35. Index of physical volume of a statistical measure of the change in the volume of production of
electricity production electricity in a given period and the volume of production of
electricity in the base period.
36. Primary Energy Energy in the form that it is first accounted for in a statistical energy
balance, before any transformation to secondary or tertiary forms
of energy
37. Electric Production It is the act or process of generating electric energy.
38. Coal Pyrolysis The heating of coal in an oxygen-free atmosphere to produce
gases, liquids and a solid residue (char or coke).
39. Crude Oil A mineral oil of natural origin comprising mixture of hydrocarbons
and associated impurities, such as sulphur.
40. Energy production Waste All waste from electricity, gas, steam and hot water supply
41. Actual Evapo-Transpiration Total actual volume of evaporation from the ground, wetlands and
natural water bodies and transpiration of plants.
42. Access to Improved Sanitation The percentage of the population using improved sanitation
facilities. The improved sanitation facilities include flush/pour flush
(to piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine), ventilated
improved pit (VIP) latrine, pit latrine with slab, and composting
toilet
43. Access to Safe Drinking Water Access to safe drinking water” is defined as the availability of at
least 20L per person per day from an “improved” source within 1
km of the user's dwelling
44. Desalinated Water Total volume of water obtained from desalination processes.
45. Exports of Water Total volume of bulk fresh water that is exported to other
countries as a commodity through a tunnel. Bottled water is
excluded.
46. Fresh Surface Water Water which flows over, or rests on the surface of a land mass,
natural watercourses such as rivers, streams, springs, lakes, etc., as
well as artificial watercourses such as irrigation, industrial and
navigation canals, drainage systems and artificial reservoirs. Water
abstracted through bank filtration is included under fresh surface
water.
47. Imports of Water Total volume of bulk fresh water that is imported to other
countries as a commodity through a tunnel.
48. Irrigation Water Water which is applied to soils in order to increase their moisture
content and to provide for normal plant growth.
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49. Outflow of Surface and Ground It is an actual outflow of rivers and groundwater into neighboring
Waters countries.
50. Other Supply Any supply of water not specified elsewhere, in particular, supplies
from commercial and industrial establishments, whether marketed
or not. Also included is supply of reusable water.
51. Safe Drinking Water Water that is free from disease-causing organisms, toxic chemicals,
color, smell, and unpleasant taste
52. Sanitation It is defined as the proportion of the population with reasonable
access to sanitary means of excreta and waste disposal, including
outdoor latrines and composting.
53. Self-Supply Abstraction of water for own final use.
54. Total fresh Water Available for Total gross fresh water abstraction - Water returned without use
Use plus Imports of water minus Exports of water plus Desalinated
water plus Total reuse of fresh water
55. Total Gross Fresh Water Total of fresh surface water and fresh groundwater abstractions
Abstraction over one year within the national territory
56. Total Public Water Supply Water supplied by economic units engaged in collection,
purification and distribution of water.
57. Water Losses During Transport Volume of water lost during transport between a point of
abstraction and a point of use, and between points of use and reuse.
58. Water Resources Are sources of water that are potentially useful to humans. It is
naturally replenished by precipitation in a form of rain, hail, snow
etc
59. Water Supply Coverage This indicator is determined by the number of households
connected directly to the piped water supply system and the total
number of households in the area served by the water utility.
60. Per Capita supply of water Per capita supply of water is measured as the total water supplied
to the consumers by the population served per day. It is expressed
as litres per capita per day.
61. Continuity of water supply Continuity of supply is measured as the average number of hours
of pressurized water supply per day
62. Quality of water supply It is measured as the percentage of water supplies that meet or
exceed the specified potable water standards defined by the
Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
63. Cost Recovery in Water supply It is measured as the ratio of total operating revenues over total
services operating expenses expressed in percentage
64. Unit Production Cost The unit production cost of per cubic metre of water is defined as
total operation and maintenance cost of a utility for a year divided
by total volume of water produced in a year.
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65. Revenue Generated per metre It is defined as total revenue generated annually divided by the total
cube quantity of water produced in a year
66. Service Area It implies a specific jurisdiction in which service is required to be
provided
67. Coverage of toilets It denotes the extent to which citizens have an access to a toilet in
a service area
68. Dug Well It covers ordinary open wells of varying dimension dug or sunk
from the ground surface into water bearing stratum to extract
water for irrigation purposes. These are broadly masonry wells,
kuccha wells and dug-cum-bore wells. All such schemes are of
private nature belonging to individual cultivator.
69. Shallow Tube wells It consists of a bore hole built into ground with the purpose of
taping ground water from porous zone. In sedimentary formations
depth of a shallow tube well does not exceed 60-70 meters. The
tube wells are generally operated for 6 to 8 hours during irrigation
season and give yield of 100-300 cubic meter per day, which is
roughly 2 to 3 times that of a dug well.
70. Deep Tube wells It usually extends to the depth of 100 meter and more and is
designed to 115 give a discharge of 100 to 200 cubic meter per
hour. These tube wells operate round the clock during the
irrigation season, depending upon the availability of power. Their
annual output is roughly 15 times that of an average shallow tube
well and are usually constructed as public scheme which are owned
and operated by government departments or corporations.
71. Water Returned Without Use Water abstracted from any fresh water source and discharged into
fresh waters without use, or before use. It occurs primarily during
mining and construction activities.
72. Percentage of population with Number of households with access to electricity as a fraction of
access to electricity the total number of households.
73. Number Operating Entities in the Total number of new operating entities licensed to operate in the
Energy Sector energy sector per year
74. Number of People Employed in Number of persons employed in the mining sector
the Mining Industry
75. Losses Losses includes losses in gas distribution, electricity transmission,
and coal transport
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AGRICULTURE AND ENVIROMENT RELATED CONCEPTS AND

“BETTER DATA BETTER LIVES”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER EIGHT: AGRICULTURE AND ENVIRONMENT

8. Agriculture, Food Security and Environment Concepts and Definitions
This chapter presents a comprehensive set of concepts and definitions regarding agriculture, food
security and environmental statistics indicators and terms.
8.1. Agriculture and Food Security Related Concepts and Definitions

1. Total Land Owned all land owned, with or without title by members of the
household or enterprise singly or jointly.
2. Cultivable Land Land that can be put to use for crop farming purposes. This
excludes
a) Land under permanent pasture
b) Wood or forest and
c) All other non-agricultural land put under residential use or
for other enterprise activities.
3. Cultivable Waste The land available for cultivation but not used for cultivation
for one reason or the other
4. Land under Fallow The portion of cultivable land owned that is left to rest to
regain its fertility.
5. Land for Cultivation Leased in Land obtained legally for cultivation from the rightful owner for
a period either for some months or years.
6. Land for Cultivation Leased out The portion of cultivable land that is given to others on lease,
or given on Rent or rent.
7. Land Tenure A system of owning land and interests in land. Land ownership
in Somalia falls under some types, namely, customary, freehold,
Mailo and leasehold.
8. Freehold Tenure A form of tenure which involves the holding of registered land
in perpetuity or for a period less than perpetuity which may be
fixed by a condition or enables the holder to exercise subject
to the law, full powers of ownership of land.
9. Mailo Tenure This involves the holding of land in perpetuity, permits the
separation of ownership of land from the ownership of
developments on the land made by a lawful or bona fide
occupant, and enables the holder to exercise all powers of
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ownership. The owner of the Mailo land should have a land

title.
10. Leasehold Tenure A form of tenure created by contract or by operation of law.
11. Customary Land Land owned through prevailing customs, traditions or tribal
laws of the community.
12. Public Land Government land:
(a) Used by the Government itself
(b) Occupied by private entities on the basis of an agreement
from the concerned authority for a temporary period till
the government decides to take it over for building public
utilities.
13. Squatter A person/holder who operates land without ownership title
and without paying rent, or without retaining legal rights of land
use.
14. Agricultural Holding An economic unit of agricultural production under single
management comprising all livestock kept and all land used
wholly or partly for agricultural production purposes, without
regard to title, legal form, size or location.
15. Holder A person who exercises management control over the holding
operations and takes major decisions regarding resource use.
The holder has technical and economic responsibility for the
holding and may undertake all responsibility directly or delegate
responsibilities related to the day to day work management.
16. Plot A piece of land within the holding on which a specific
agricultural enterprise is carried out.
17. Season A growing cycle of a crop. The first crop season normally refers
to the growing cycle of crops that are planted and harvested in
the first half of the year, occasionally extending up to the end
of June. The second crop season is generally the period
between July and December. It should be noted that seasons
are directly related with rains and are indirectly related with
the growing cycle of crops.
18. Farmland Land used for agricultural purposes. Farmland consists of
cropland, pasture land and grazing land.
19. Rained farm A type of farming that relies on rainfall for water
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20. Irrigated farm A system of producing crops with the use of irrigation
21. Gross Cultivable Area All land area under the respective land-use classes. In addition
to cropped area and other cultivated areas, it also includes
uncultivated patches, bunds, footpaths, ditches, headlands,
shoulders and shelterbelts.
22. Net Cultivable Area The difference between gross cultivable area and uncultivated
patches, bunds, footpaths, ditches, headlands, shoulders and
shelterbelts.
23. Area Harvested The total area from which the crop is gathered. Some
temporary crops are grown more than once on the same land
in the same agricultural year (successive crops). In such cases,
the land is counted as many times as the crop is harvested to
obtain area harvested for that crop. In reporting area
harvested, net area concept is used for temporary 'crops and
gross area concept for permanent crops.
24. Permanent Crops Crops which are not re-planted but are continuously
harvested, e.g. mangoes, etc. They are crops whose maturity
exceeds one season.
25. Temporary Crops Crops that mature within one or more rain seasons e.g. beans
and maize, but are destroyed after harvesting.
26. Perennial Crops Plants that need not to be replanted after each harvest e.g.
bananas, sugar canes etc
27. Cash Crops Crops grown specifically for sale.
28. Food Crops Food crop is a term used to refer to crops that are mainly
grown for food consumption. However, many of these crops
have in the recent years been sold for cash including
exportation markets, e.g. Maize, Simsim, Beans, Soya Beans,
etc.
29. Successive Cropping The growing of a given crop or a different crop on a specific
plot in successive seasons in an agricultural year.
30. Associated Crops Where a temporary and a permanent crop are grown together
in the same plot at the same time.
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31. Inter-planted Crops Crops planted between rows of another crop (e.g. sorghum or
groundnuts between cotton rows, or groundnuts between
maize or sorghum rows).
32. Fertilizers Anything added to the soil to increase the amount of plant
nutrients available for crop growth. They are divided into
organic and inorganic fertilizers.
33. Pesticides A generic name for plant protection products. It refers to any
substance used in agriculture intended to control, destroy,
repel, or attract a plant pest.
34. Herbicides Chemicals used to control undesirable or noxious plant
growth, generally called weeds, in areas dedicated to crop
production or in non-crop areas where plant growth is
unwanted.
35. Irrigation Purposively providing land with water other than rain, for
improving crop production. Uncontrolled land flooding by
overflowing of rivers or streams is not considered irrigation.
When rain-water or uncontrolled overflow from rivers and
streams is collected and later used on the land for crop
production, it is considered as irrigation.
36. Agriculture The rearing of animals and growing of crops for sustainable
livelihood (also called farming or husbandry).
37. Agro-Pastoral Livestock keeping and crop cultivation carried out by
establishment of farms or households with permanent
residence
38. Arable Land All land generally under rotation whether it is under temporary
crops, left temporarily fallow or used as temporary pastures.
39. Area Harvested The area from which a crop is gathered during the current crop
year.
40. Shifting Agriculture Shifting agriculture is a system of cultivation in which a plot of land is
cleared and cultivated for a short period of time, then abandoned and
allowed to revert to producing its normal vegetation while the
cultivator moves on to another plot.
41. Multiple Cropping Multiple cropping is a system of cultivating different crops
simultaneously on the same land.
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42. Agricultural Inputs Consumable and expendable inputs in agricultural production

for both crops and livestock include fertilizers, seeds, and
veterinary drugs and Agricultural machinery
43. Cash Crops Crops grown specifically for sale or commercial purpose
44. Farming Systems The classification of populations of individual farm types that
have similar resource bases, enterprise patterns, household
livelihoods and constraints, and for which similar development
strategies and interventions would be appropriate.
45. Fungicides Chemicals used to kill fungi or restrict their growth. Fungicides
are available as sprays or dusts for use on crops.
46. Harvesting Season This is usually starts in June and end in August of any given year.
47. Herbicides Chemicals used to control undesirable or noxious plant
growth, generally called weeds, in areas dedicated to crop
production or in non-crop areas where plant growth is
unwanted
48. Mixed Crops Mixed crops are two or more different temporary crops or
two or more different permanent crops grown simultaneously
in the same plot or field.
49. Planted Area The land area that has been planted in the current agricultural
season. It includes the land that was planted but could not be
harvested during the same season.
50. Producer Price Index for A measure of the change in farm gate prices of agricultural
Agriculture products in reference to a specific period (Base Year) in the
country.
51. Pure Stand Where a single crop is cultivated or planted alone in a plot or
filed. For example, when maize is planted alone in one field is
referred to as a pure stand
52. Rainy Season This is the wet period of the year when most of the region’s
average annual rainfall occurs.
53. Shifting Cultivation Land utilization method where a particular piece of land is
cultivated for a given number of years (x), and then abandoned
for a period (greater than x years), sufficient for it to restore
its fertility by natural vegetation growth before it is then re-
cultivated/planted. The distinguishing characteristic of the
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shifting cultivation is that neither fertilizers nor manure is used

to replace soil fertility
54. Weed A wild plant/crop growing where it is not wanted
55. Absentee Landlord Someone who owns land and provides the necessary inputs but
the actual cultivation and other related functions are carried
out by another household living on or near the piece of land in
exchange for some payment which can be cash or in kind.
56. Agricultural Activity is the growing of any crop and/or raising of livestock, raising of
poultry and/or fish farming
57. Agricultural Household A household in which at least one member is carrying out some
agricultural activity on the holding belonging to the household.
58. Agricultural Processor This is an individual or firm that adds value to agricultural
commodities by way of processing them.
59. Agricultural Waste Waste produced as a result of various agricultural operations.
It includes manure and other wastes from farms, poultry
houses and slaughter houses
60. Borrowed-in Land This is land that a household borrows at NO cost for use
temporarily from another household for a specified period (for
one or more seasons) without the owners of the land claiming
usage of the land over the specified period.
61. Borrowed-out Land This is land that a household owns and gives out at NO cost
for use temporarily to another household for a specified period
(for one or more seasons) without claiming usage of the land
over the specified period.
62. Commercial Complete Feed A commercial complete feed is a feed that supplies all necessary
ingredients (protein, lipid, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and
minerals) necessary for optimal growth. This is applicable in
intensive systems, indoors systems or confined in cages and
cannot feed freely on natural feeds.
63. Hybrid Seed Refers to an improved type of seed whose progeny is not
recommended to be used as seed. Hybrid seeds are common
with maize.
64. Land Preparation Refers to all activities such as clearing the land, tree stumping,
ploughing etc.
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65. Large Scale Farmer Large-scale farmers are those engaged in large-scale intensive
farming systems that often include; extensive mechanization,
specialized farming, use of high level technology and
management, rearing of mostly exotic or improved breeds,
inputs and relying heavily on permanent and casual labor for all
farm operations.
66. Agriculture, Value Added (% of Agriculture corresponds to ISIC divisions 1-5 and includes
GDP) forestry, hunting, and fishing, as well as cultivation of crops and
livestock. Value added is the net output of a sector after adding
up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. It is
calculated without making deductions for depreciation of
fabricated assets or depletion and degradation of natural
resources. The origin of value added is determined by the
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), revision
3.
67. Agriculture, value added per Agriculture value added per worker is a measure of agricultural
worker productivity. Value added in agriculture measures the output of
the agricultural sector (ISIC divisions 1-5) less the value of
intermediate inputs. Agriculture comprises value added from
forestry, hunting, and fishing as well as cultivation of crops and
livestock production.
68. Employment in agriculture (% of Employees are people who work for a public or private
total employment) employer and receive remuneration in wages, salary,
commission, tips, piece rates, or pay in kind. Agriculture
corresponds to division 1 (ISIC revision 4) or tabulation
categories A and B (ISIC revision 4) and includes hunting,
forestry, crops, livestock and fishing.
69. Land under cereal production Land under cereal production refers to harvested area,
(hectares) although countries report only sown or cultivated area. Cereals
include wheat, rice, maize, barley, oats, millet, sorghum, and
mixed grains. Production data on cereals relate to crops
harvested for dry grain only. Cereal crops harvested for hay or
harvested green for food, feed, or silage and those used for
grazing are excluded
70. Agricultural irrigated land (% of Agricultural irrigated land refers to agricultural areas
total agricultural land) purposively provided with water, including land irrigated by
controlled flooding.
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71. Agricultural land (% of land area) Agricultural land refers to the share of land area that is arable,
under permanent crops and under permanent pastures.
72. Crop estimate A quantitative determination of crop yield after harvest.
73. Crop forecast A quantitative approximation of the crop yield prepared and
released before harvest.
74. Extension officer A person trained in agriculture and employed by the
Department of Agriculture or any other body responsible for
rendering assistance to farmers to promote good farming
practices.
75. Farming unit (industry and trade) One or more farms, smallholdings or pieces of land, whether
adjacent or not, operated as a single unit and situated within
the same magisterial district or region, on which cultivation is
carried out for both commercial and non-commercial
purposes, in the open air or under cover. It includes land
rented from others, the farmstead and other buildings,
cropland, pasture, wasteland and dams, but excludes land
leased to others.
76. Industrial crops Any crop that provides material for industrial processes and
products.
77. Objective yield survey A survey based on actual counts and measurements made in
the field.
78. Subjective yield survey A survey based on information obtained from farmers about
their fields based on opinion or experience.
79. Sharecropping A system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a
landowner allows a leaseholder to use the land in, and return
for a share of the crop produced on the land.
80. Subsistence farmer A person who produces crops primarily for own consumption.
81. Yield Amount of product harvested per unit area.
82. Yield per harvested area Yield from the area actually harvested
83. Yield per planted area Yield from the area planted
84. Agricultural Census A census of agriculture is a statistical operation for collecting,
processing and disseminating data on the structure of
agriculture, covering the sampled part of the country. Typical
structural data collected in a census of agriculture are size of
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holding, land tenure, land use, crop area harvested, irrigation,

livestock numbers, labor and other agricultural inputs.
85. Agricultural Facilities Presence of irrigation facilities, area equipped for irrigation,
agriculture produce collection network, food storages, facilities
for maintenance of agriculture machinery, existence of
associations for farmers and agriculture extension services in
the villages.
86. Agricultural Production Survey An annual survey on production of both crops and livestock
statistics. This covers both urban and rural areas. Crop
production for rural areas focuses on fields while urban
production is based on kitchen gardens.
87. Consumption of Cereals This refers to quantity of cereals consumed as food
88. Crop Failure Situation whereby a crop does not reach its maturity stage, or
gets destroyed prior to the harvest period
89. Disking It is an operation of breaking soil lumps to improve the soil
texture.
90. Ploughing It is the process of tilling the land in order to make it ready for
cultivation.
91. Post-Harvest Loss This is the loss of grains which occurs between harvesting time
and the moment of consumption of such grains.
92. Pre Harvest Loss It is the loss of grains before harvesting time begins. This can
be due to insects, etc.
93. Sub-Plot This is the small area on the field where crop cutting is
performed for estimation of crop production.
94. Total Utilization This refers to the quantity of cereals used by households
including the stock available in a Marketing Year.
95. Utilization of Cereals This consists of sales and those given to friends or relatives,
outgoing exchange with other commodities, other uses (seeds,
animal feeds) and current stock available at the date of
interview.
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8.2. Livestock, Fishery and Poultry Related Concepts and Definitions

1. Livestock All domesticated animals and birds kept or reared mainly for
agricultural purposes including cattle, sheep, goats, Camels, horses,
poultry and donkeys.
2. Dressed Weight Refers to the weight of an animal after being partially butchered,
removing all the internal organs
3. Livestock Activity The raising of livestock, Poultry and/or fish farming
4. Livestock Extension Services These are support services rendered to farmers with regards to
improved methods of raising livestock.
5. Livestock Management All activities pertaining to the control and organization of livestock
production.
6. Livestock System The general characteristics of livestock keeping practices. Different
systems are identified: -
1) Nomadic or totally pastoral - a practice of livestock keeping
which involves moving from place to place in search of water
and food for animals.
2) Semi-nomadic or semi-pastoral – where livestock is kept by
households that establish permanent residence and might also
cultivate crops as a supplementary food source, but move
herds on transhumance to assure fodder and water.
3) Agro-pastoral - Livestock keeping and crop cultivation are
carried out by establishment of farms or households with
permanent residence.
4) Commercial Livestock System - where Livestock are kept in
fenced farms on a commercial scale
7. Livestock Population The total number of animals and birds present on the holding on the
day of enumeration regardless of ownership. Livestock population
excludes livestock temporarily absent or in transit at the time of
enumeration.
8. Commercial Livestock System Where Livestock are kept in fenced farms on a commercial scale.
9. Improved Livestock Refers to livestock, which are farmed specifically for producing meat
and milk. These may be cross-bred or pure bred.
10. Livestock Products These are products that come from or that are made of livestock. e.g.
meat, eggs, etc.
11. Mafisad In A term referring to animals kept by somebody but owned by
someone else.
12. Mafisad Out A term referring to animals owned by one person but kept by
somebody else.
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13. Unimproved Livestock Refers to indigenous livestock commonly reared naturally in the
villages, without special attention. Such livestock are neither fed by
special feed nor special housing.
14. Stock Change This refers to tracking of livestock throughout the agricultural year.
15. Live weight of animals intended This is the weight taken immediately before slaughter.
for slaughter
16. Laying animals Refers to the number of animals which in any moment of the year
have laid newborns or eggs.
17. Primary livestock products from Animal products include milk, eggs, honey, beeswax and fibres of
animals animal origin. Primary livestock products come directly from
slaughtered animals and include meat, edible offal, slaughtered fats,
fresh hides and skins.
18. Slaughtered Head The number of animals slaughtered within national boundaries,
irrespective of their origin.
19. Livestock production index Livestock production index includes meat and milk from all sources,
dairy products such as cheese, and eggs, honey, wool, and hides and
skins.
20. Annual growth rate Measures the increase/decrease in the number of animals during a
specific period (normally on year)
21. Birth Rate Ratio of the number of births of animals during a specified period over
the number of female animals;
22. Death Rate Ratio of the number of death of animals during a specific period over
the total number of animals by kind;
23. Ratio of export of live animals Ratio of export of live animals over number of animals designated for
over total number of animals by exports by kind
kind
24. Contribution of livestock to The ratio of output of the livestock sector to the overall contribution
GDP of all sectors to total GDP
25. Ratio of exported slaughtered Ratio of exported slaughtered animals to total slaughtered livestock
animals to total livestock exports exports
(by kind)
26. Milk consumption to production Ratio of milk consumption relevant to milk production
Ratio
27. Expenditure on livestock sector Expenditure on livestock sector as a ratio of expenditure of all
economic sectors;
28. Animal draught power Energy to do work, derived from domesticated/trained animals, e.g.
oxen, donkeys etc
29. Per capita consumption of meat It is the ratio of consumption value of meat in a specified period to
the mid-period population estimate.
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30. Proportion of workers with It is the ratio of veterinary technical and professional staff ( doctors,
veterinary education technocrats, university degree, diploma) to the total number of staff
of the livestock sector;
31. Per capita consumption of It is the ratio of consumption value of livestock products in a specified
livestock products period to the mid-period population estimate.
32. Overgrazing Feeding by livestock or wildlife to the point where the grass cover is
depleted, leaving bare and unprotected patches of soil
33. Poultry These are fowl commonly kept in households or Large Scale Farms
such as chicken, ducks, and doves.
34. Poultry Production All activities pertaining to the raising of all types of poultry.
35. Unimproved Poultry: Refers to indigenous fowls commonly kept in the households, without
special attention. Such poultry are neither fed by special feed nor
special housing.
36. Improved Poultry These are poultry commonly kept in households specifically for
producing meat and eggs. These may be cross-bred or pure bred.
37. Per capita consumption of It is the ratio of consumption value of poultry in a specified period to
poultry the mid-period population estimate.
38. Per capita consumption of fish It is the ratio of consumption value of fish and fishery products in a
and fishery products specified period to the mid-period population estimate.
39. Fishing Gear A tool or equipment used to capture fish from the water. Examples
of fishing gear are hooks, nets, and spears.
40. Landing Site A specified area where fish is landed.
41. Fish Farming Facility A fish farming facility refers to any structure that can be used to hold
or produce fish and other aquatic organisms in whose environmental
conditions can easily be managed e.g. ponds, tanks, pens and cages
42. Fish Pond A fish pond is an artificial structure used for the culturing of fish. It is
made with the objective of creating the best environmental conditions
for the fish growth
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8.3. Environment Related Concepts and Definitions

Mostly the environmental statistics indicators depend Secondary data source which collected by
a variety of government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies. Sample surveys and private sector
enterprises that generate or record environmental indicators are also sources of primary data.
Specialist research undertaken by academia and specialized persons are other sources of
environmental statistics.

1. Environment The totality of all the external conditions (physical, biological and
socio-economic) affecting the life, development and survival of
an organism.
2. Environmental Protection Any activity undertaken to maintain or restore the quality of the
environment, through preventing the degradation of air, land,
and water resources.
3. Environmental statistics Statistics that describe the state and the trends of the
environment covering the media of the natural environment the
biota within the media and human settlements
4. Background Site A monitoring station remote from any industrial and densely
populated area
5. Environmental media Are abiotic (non-living) components of the natural environment
namely water, air and land.
6. Climate Condition of the atmosphere at a particular location
(microclimate) or region over a long period of time. It is the long
term summation of atmospheric elements – such as solar
radiation, temperature, humidity precipitation type (frequency
and amount), atmospheric pressure and wind (spread and
direction) – and their variations.
7. Climate Change Climate change is defined as “a change of climate which is
attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the
composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition
to natural climate variability observed over comparable time
periods’ (by changes in the mean and/or the variability of its
properties, and that persists for an extended period, typically
decades or longer).
The UNFCCC thus makes a distinction between climate
change attributable to human activities altering the
atmospheric composition, and climate variability
attributable to natural causes.
8. Climatic Change Any systematic change in the long-term statistics of climate
elements sustained over several decades.
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9. Climate variability Climate variability refers to variations in the mean state and
other statistics (such as standard deviations, the occurrence of
extremes, etc.) of the climate on all spatial and temporal scales
beyond that of individual weather events. Variability may be due
to natural internal processes within the climate system (internal
variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external
forcing (external variability).
10. Agriculture Emissions Emissions from the breeding of livestock, burning of agricultural
residues, prescribed burning of grasslands and other agricultural
activities.
11. Eco-system A biological environment with all living organisms in a particular
area and the non-living organisms, with which the organisms
interact, such as air, soil, water and sunlight. It is a complex set
of relationships among living resources, habitats, and residents
of an area.
12. Conservation The protection, preservation and management of eco-systems
13. Deforestation The removal of a forest or stand of trees where the land is
thereafter converted to a non-forest use.
14. Environmental Accounting Physical and monetary accounts of environmental assets and the
costs of their depletion and degradation.
15. Corporate accounting The term usually refers to environmental auditing, but may also
include the costing of environmental impacts caused by the
corporations.
16. Environmental Impact Analytical process that systematically examines the possible
Assessment (EIA) environmental consequences of the implementation of projects,
programmes and policies.
17. Desertification The process of land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-
humid areas resulting from various factors including climatic
variations (e.g. drought) as well as direct and indirect human
activities (e.g. overgrazing, intensive agricultural cultivation).
18. Overgrazing Grazing by livestock or wildlife to the point where the grass
cover is depleted, leaving bare, unprotected patches of soil. As a
result, water and wind cause erosion, especially on clay soils, and
the growth of poisonous plants and thorny shrubs may increase.
19. Afforestation Artificial establishment of forests by planting or seeding in an
area of non-forest.
20. Bio-Diversity The range of genetic differences, species differences and
ecosystem differences in a given area.
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21. Bio-Gas Mixture of methane and carbon dioxide in the ratio of 7:3 that
is produced by the treatment of animal dung, industrial wastes
and crop residues.
22. Biomass Biomass is defined as any plant matter used directly as fuel or
converted into other forms before combustion. Included are
wood, vegetal waste (including wood waste and crops used for
energy production), animal materials/wastes
23. Air Pollutants Substances in air that could, at high enough concentrations, harm
human beings, animals, vegetation or material. Air pollutants may
thus include forms of matter of almost any natural or artificial
composition capable of being airborne. This may consist of
solid particles, liquid droplets or gasses, or combinations of
these forms.
24. Air Pollution The presence of contaminant or pollutant substances in the air
that do not disperse properly and that interfere with human
health or welfare, or produce other harmful environment
effects.
25. Emission Discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere from stationery
sources such as smokestacks, other vents, surface areas of
commercial or industrial facilities and mobile sources, for
example, motor vehicles, locomotives and aircraft.
26. Fauna All animal life in any particular region or time while
27. Flora all plant life
28. Global warming Global warming refers to the gradual increase, observed or
projected, in global surface temperature, as one of the
consequences of radioactive forcing caused by anthropogenic
emissions.
29. Humidity Usually a reference to relative humidity. A percentage of the
amount of water vapor in the air compared to the amount the
air can hold
30. Pressure The weight of the air above the ground, measured in inches of
Mercury (“ HG), millibars (mb), or Pascals (pa)
31. Mitigation (of Climate Change) A human intervention to reduce the sources or enhance the
sinks of greenhouse gases.
32. Mitigation (of disaster risk and The lessening of the potential adverse impacts of physical
disaster) hazards (including those that are human-induced) through
actions that reduce hazard, exposure, and vulnerability.
33. Pollution Introduction of contaminants into a natural environment that
causes instability, disorder, harm or discomfort to the
ecosystem.
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34. Precipitation Falling products of condensation of atmospheric water vapor

that is pulled down by gravity and deposited on the Earth’s
surface as snow, hail or rain within a given period
35. Salinization The net increase in salt concentration in the top soil leading to
declining productivity or biodiversity.
36. Season A division of the year according to some regularly recurrent
phenomena, usually astronomical or climatic.
37. Species A group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing
fertile offspring. Presence of specific locally adapted characters
may further subdivide species into subspecies. A species is one
of the basic units of biological classification and taxonomic rank.
38. Stability A measure of the buoyancy of air. Unstable air will tend to rise
and sink easily, while stable air will generally remain stationary in
terms of vertical movement
39. Statistical differences Includes the sum of the unexplained statistical differences for
individual fuels, as they appear in the basic energy statistics. It
also includes the statistical differences that arise because of the
variety of conversion factors in the coal and oil columns.
40. Waste Any material (solid, liquid or gaseous) discharged into the
environment without immediate use.
41. Water Conservation This means the control and development of water resources,
both surface and underground water, in a manner that promotes
sustainable use.
42. Water Pollution Contamination of water with harmful substances (mainly from
sewers, industrial wastes and rainwater run-offs) in sufficient
concentrations, which makes water unfit for domestic use.
43. Water Catchment Area An area from which rain water drains into river systems, lakes
and seas.
44. Watershed An area separating one or more water catchments.
45. Weather State of the atmosphere at a particular time, as defined by the
various meteorological elements.
46. Wetland An area which is permanently or seasonally flooded by water,
where characteristic plants and animals have become adapted
47. Wind Wind energy represents the kinetic energy of wind exploited for
electricity generation in wind turbines.
48. Wind direction Direction from which the wind blows.
49. Wind speed Ratio of the distance covered by the air to the time taken to
cover it. The “instantaneous speed” or, more briefly, the
“speed”, corresponds to the case of an infinitely small time
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interval. The “mean speed” corresponds to the case of a finite

time interval.
50. Erosion It is wearing away and transport of soil by wind or running water,
or waves. Erosion occurs naturally but is often intensified by
human land-clearing activities related to farming, residential or
industrial development.
51. Erosion – Extreme Terrain is un-reclaimable and beyond restoration. Original
functions are fully destroyed.
52. Erosion – Light Terrain, with net annual soil loss that may or may not have
somewhat reduced agricultural productivity, that is suitable for
local farming systems. Restoration to full productivity is possible
by modifications of the management biotic systems. Original
biotic functions are largely intact
53. Erosion – Moderate Terrain not described in light erosion that has greatly reduced
agricultural productivity, but is still suitable for use in local
farming systems. Major improvements are required to restore
productivity. Original biotic functions are partially destroyed.
54. Erosion – Strong Terrain is not reclaimable at farm level. Major investments -
engineering works - are required for terrain restoration.
Original biotic functions are largely destroyed.
55. Alkalization Soil degradation caused by the accumulation of alkaline water-
soluble salts. Alkalinity is the capacity of aqueous media to react
with hydroxyl ions and is the factor representing the acid
neutralizing capacity of the aqueous system.
56. Annual mean concentration Arithmetic mean over all valid measurements for the respective
year. If not available, please provide alternative measures such as
the median value or estimates and indicate this in the footnotes.
57. Arid areas Have a precipitation to potential evapotranspiration ratio equal
to or greater than 0.05 and less than 0.20, and mean annual
precipitation values up to approximately 200 millimeters/year.
Inter-annual precipitation variability is between 50 per cent and
100 per cent.
58. Conserved Catchment Area These were the identified eroded areas and different
conservation structures were used to normalize the originality
of such areas and to prevent further soil erosion.
59. Plants A group of living organisms that are typically characterized by
their green color.
60. Angiosperms The flowering plants.
61. An Invertebrate Animals without a backbone
62. Bryophytes Refer to all land pants that do not have true vascular tissue
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63. Conserved Catchment Area These were the identified eroded areas and different
conservation structures were used to normalize the originality
of such areas and to prevent further soil erosion.
64. Gymnosperms These are seed bearing but non-flowering plants.
65. Pteridophytes These are plants with tissues which conduct water and nutrients.
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INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND LAND RELATED CONCEPTS AND

“BETTER DATA BETTER DECISION MAKING”
FEBRUARY 7, 2022
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CHAPTER NINE: INFRASTRUCTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND

LAND
9. Infrastructure, Technology and Land Related Concepts and Definitions
This chapter illustrates a comprehensive list of concepts and definitions of indicators and terms
definitions regarding infrastructure, Technology and land use. These are the statistical tools and
systems that support the activities constituting a generic statistical production process, but that
are not part of any specific statistical process, together with the statistical activities required for
development or acquisition, maintenance and promotion of these tools and systems.
9.1. Construction and Sea Related Concept and Definitions
66. Construction  Construction defined as comprising” economic activity
directed to the creation, renovation, repair or extension of
fixed assets in the form of buildings, land improvements of
an engineering nature and other such engineering
constructions as roads, bridges dams and so forth.
 Construction is essentially a process of moving materials
and equipment to a site for assembling them /creating/
building a structure or a facility or a system for the
customer. It is undertaken on demand from a specific
customer and created at his desired site/location.
67. Building Building were explained to be a structure constructed using any
type of material (s) and for whatever purpose, be it for
residential, commercial, industrial or other.
68. Residential Buildings A building should be regarded as residential building when more
than half of the floor area is used for dwelling purposes. Other
buildings should be regarded as non-residential.
Two types of residential buildings can be distinguished;
o Houses (ground-oriented residential buildings):
comprising all types of houses (detached, semi- detached,
terraced houses, houses built in a row, etc.) each
dwelling of which has its own entrance directly from the
ground surface;
o Other residential buildings: comprising all residential
buildings other than ground-oriented residential
buildings as defined above
69.
Non-Residential This is a building which is not used for habitation.
70. New Construction New construction is when there is no existing structure prior
to the construction activity
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71. Additions and Alternations The additions and alterations are on the premises where there
is an existing structure prior the construction activity. Additions
increases the floor space constructed.
72. Renovation In a renovation, a part of existing structure is removed and
construction is carried out to create a new structure however,
it won’t change the use and nature of the structure. A renovation
takes place when natural disasters/ calamities damage existing
structure partly or fully, and new structure is built in its place
73. Repair and Maintenance Repair and maintenance work includes all regular maintenance
work taken up periodically to upkeep the buildings and
structures. They won’t change the use status of the buildings and
structures.
74. Own Account Construction In own account construction, the establishment itself under
takes the construction for the establishment itself or for another
establishment which is part of the enterprise. However, there
are establishments which construct buildings on own account
(for future sale or use them for their own purpose like renting
them).
75. Construction Establishments Establishments primarily engaged in the preparation of sites for
new construction and establishments primarily engaged in
subdividing land for sale as building sites also are treated as
construction establishments.
76. Main Contractors for Buildings These are primarily engaged in the construction of dwellings and
other non-residential buildings for industrial use (office buildings,
stores, farm buildings, and other buildings). These establishments
generally do on fee or contract basis.
77. Main Contractors for Civil These are primarily engaged in the construction of highways;
Engineering Works Other than pipelines, communications and power lines, and sewer and water
Buildings mains; and other heavy construction projects.
78. Special Trade Contractors for Special trade contractors are primarily engaged in specialized
buildings construction activities, such as plumbing, painting, and electrical
work, and thus the work for main contractors under
subcontract or directly for property owners.
79. Special Trade Contractors in They are primarily engaged in activities such as grading for
Civil Engineering Works other highway and airport runways; guardrail construction; installation
than Buildings of highway signs; asphalt and concrete construction of roads,
highways, streets and public sidewalks; trenching; cable laying;
conduit construction; underwater rock removal; pipeline
wrapping; or land clearing and levelling
80. Commodity Follow Method The commodity flow method involves balancing total supplies
and uses of individual products. It is used to estimate the output
of a commodity by balancing the supply and use of that
commodity, using the following equation:
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output = the sum of all intermediate consumption, final

consumption, changes (positive or negative) in inventories, gross
fixed capital formation, acquisition less disposals of valuables, and
exports minus imports.
81. Capital Assets Capital assets are those assets both tangible and intangible
produced assets having more than one-year life and are further
used repeatedly in further production of goods and services.
Buildings and Structures which are the new current output of
the construction sector are also capital assets
82. Building Permits The building permit refers to the permission issued to start the
construction work of either residential building or non -
residential buildings (hotels, office buildings, industrial buildings
etc.) as requested for. It is the final authorization letter to start
the construction work of the buildings proposed. It is granted
generally by the municipal authority or any other public authority
assigned with the task, in response to a written request
submitted along with the building plan
83. Dwelling Index The dwelling index gives the number of dwellings and covers one
dwelling residential buildings and two or more dwelling unit
buildings. No communities homes are covered in the index.
84. Floor Area Index The Floor area index gives the development of useful floor area
in square metres. The floor area index covers the non -
residential buildings (floor area of shops, hotels, schools, and
hospitals etc.).
85. Construction Price Indices Construction price indices provide measures of changes in the
prices for either the inputs to the construction or outputs of
construction activity. There are three types of indices compiled
in construction. They are Input price index, output price index
and seller’s price index.
86. Input Price Index Input price index measures the changes in the price of inputs to
the construction process. The item basket includes all elements
paid by the contractor (materials, labor, plant and equipment,
transport, energy and other inputs)
87. Output Price Index The output price index measures the changes in the price of
produced items in the construction activity. The item basket
includes all elements paid by the client (all items of input index
and contractors profit margins and overheads). Its compilation
is similar to industrial production index but covers only the
products of construction section F in ISIC of rev 4, whereas the
Index of industrial production covers the B, C, D and E sections.
88. The seller’s Price index The Sellers’ price index measures the changes in the price of
constructed output paid by the purchaser or the final owner for
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the produced items in the construction activity. The item basket

includes all elements paid by the final owner. (all items of output
index and land costs, architect’s fees, client fees, vat etc).
Compilation of this index is similar to the output index.
89. Index of Industrial Production It is intended to measure changes in volume of production of
basket of industrial products to that of base year period,
between two periods of time. The index is compiled as a
weighted average of production relatives of a specified set of
goods or services, generally using the Laspeyre’s formula.
90. Transport Margin Transport margins only occur when transport service s is
separately invoiced. (2008 SNA). If it is not invoiced separately
by the producer to the trader, then it is part of the basic price.
If it is invoiced inclusively in the price of the goods sold by trader,
then it is part of the trade margins. It is called margin because it
is the service that is provided to deliver goods to the users.
91. Trade Margin Trade margin is defined as the difference between the selling
price of the good and the price that would have to be paid by
the distribution to replace the good at the time it is sold. Thus
trade margin is the output of the distributor (either the
wholesaler or the retailer or both). Trade margin applies only
when there is a distribution service provided by the trader
through buying and selling of a product.
92. Port A sheltered harbor where marine terminal facilities are
provided, consisting of piers or wharves at which ships
berth/dock while loading or unloading cargo, transit sheds and
other storage areas where ships may discharge incoming cargo,
and warehouses where goods may be stored for longer periods
while awaiting distribution or sailing.
93. Major Port and Non Major Port The Major Ports are ports which are under the administrative
purview of the Federal government while Non-major Ports are
under the administrative jurisdiction of the respective State
Governments.
94. Vessels Vessel includes any ship or boat or any description of a vessel or
boat, or any artificial contrivance used or capable of being used
as a means of transportation on water.
95. Sailing Vessel Any description of vessel provided with sufficient sail area for
navigation under sails alone – whether or not fitted with
mechanical means of propulsion and would include rowing boat
or crane but does not include a pleasure craft.
96. Fishing Vessel A ship fitted with mechanical means of propulsion which is
exclusively engaged in sea fishing for profit.
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97. Sea-going Vessel A vessel proceeding to sea beyond inland water or beyond
waters declared to be smooth or partially smooth by the Central
Government by notification in the official gazette
98. Survey Vessel Mechanically propelled sea-going vessel specially built and
equipped to carry out hydrographic and other nautical surveys
in coastal waters and on the high seas. Surveying vessels are in
most instances Government owned ones
99. Mooring Vessel A vessel which is secured by moorings. Steam Vessel Every
description of vessel propelled wholly or in part by the agency
of steam.
100. Reefer A vessel with refrigerating facilities.
101. Inland Steam Vessel A steam vessel which ordinarily plies on inland water.
102. Freight It denotes goods which are in the process of being transported
from one place to another
103. Freighter A ship designed to carry general cargo (with a limited passenger
accommodation) operating on fixed routes with fixed sailing
schedules and serving a group of ports.
9.2. Communication Related Concepts and Definitions
1. Communication Technology Communication is a mechanism of conveying information.
Communication Technology is a wide range of communication
applications and techniques used in a country. It includes: cable (land)
based or wireless connections. Examples of cable technologies are,
telephones and facsimiles, while wireless technologies include radios,
televisions, microwaves and satellites.
2. Information Technology Methods and techniques used for information handling and retrieval
through automatic means for example: computer hardware,
peripherals, computer software and computer literacy
3. World Wide Web (WWW) A specific category of internet interface that uses hyperlinks and
multimedia documents.
The www is a system of Internet servers that supports a collection
of documents that are written and formatted using the same type of
programming language, called Hypertext Markup Language, or
HTML.
4. Bandwidth The amount of data that can be carried from one point to another
in a given time period (usually a second). This kind of bandwidth is
expressed in bits (of data) per second (bps).
Occasionally, it is expressed as bytes per second (Bps). A modem
that works at 57,600 bps has twice the bandwidth of a modem that
works at 28,800 bps
5. Computer Hardware All physical parts and components of a computer. In addition, a
peripheral is any hardware device connected to a computer, for
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example the monitor, keyboard, printer, disk, tape, graphics tablet,

scanner, joy stick, paddle and mouse.
6. Server A computer that has been set up to provide certain services to other
computers (clients), for instance, a Web server is a central
repository of data, software or client for the World Wide Web.
7. Organized collections of computer data and instructions often
Computer Software categorized under: system software and application software.
System Software
Computer programs (instructions) that control, integrate, and
manage the individual hardware components of a computer system.
Application Software
Computer programs (instructions) that accomplish specific tasks for
which people use for computers, other than just running the
computer system.
8. An Internet A network of other networks. The function of an internet is to move
information from one Local Area Network (LAN), for example, to
another LAN that may be geographically distant.
9. Fixed Telephone Lines A fixed telephone line (previously called main telephone line in
operation) is an active line (Active lines are those that have
registered an active in the past three months) connecting the
subscriber's terminal equipment to the Public Switched Telephone
Network (PSTN) and which has a dedicated port in the telephone
exchange equipment. This should include the active number of analog
fixed telephone lines, ISDN channels, fixed wireless (WLL), public
payphones and VoIP subscriptions
10. Total Capacity of Local Public The total capacity of public switching exchanges corresponds to the
Switching Exchanges maximum number of fixed telephone lines that can be connected.
This number includes, therefore, fixed telephone lines already
connected and fixed lines available for future connection, including
those used for the technical operation of the exchange (test
numbers). The measure should be the actual capacity of the system,
rather than the theoretical potential when the system is upgraded or
if compression technology is employed. This should exclude capacity
of fixed telephone lines from mobile cellular network.
11. Percent of Fixed Telephone lines This percentage is obtained by dividing the number of active fixed
Connected to Digital Exchanges telephone lines connected to digital telephone exchanges by the total
number of fixed telephone lines. This indicator does not measure the
percentage of exchanges which are digital, the percentage of inter-
exchange lines which are digital or the percentage of digital network
termination points.
which are Residential lines serving households (i.e., lines which are not used for business,
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government or other professional purposes or as public telephone

stations) by the total number of fixed telephone lines.
which aren’t Residential lines serving business, government or other professional purposes or
as public telephone stations.
14. Percent of Fixed Telephone lines This percentage is obtained by dividing the number of fixed
in Urban Areas telephone lines in urban areas by the total number of fixed telephone
lines in the country.
15. Public Payphones Total number of all types of public telephones, including coin- and
card operated and public telephones in call offices. Publicly available
phones installed in private places should also be included, as should
mobile public telephones. All public telephones regardless of
capability (e.g., local calls or national only) should be counted.
16. Mobile Cellular Telephone It refers to the subscriptions to a public mobile telephone service
subscriptions (postpaid + prepaid) and provides access to Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)
using cellular technology, including number of pre-paid SIM cards
active during the past three months. This includes both analogue and
digital cellular systems (IMT2000 (Third Generation, 3G) and 4G
subscriptions, but excludes mobile broadband subscriptions via data
cards or USB modems.
17. Mobile Cellular Subscriptions Prepaid Total number of mobile cellular subscriptions (a subscription
refers to a line) that used prepaid refills. These are subscriptions that
rather than paying a fixed monthly subscription fee, choose to
purchase blocks of usage time.
18. Total Fixed (wired) Internet subscriptions The number of total Internet subscriptions
with fixed (wired) Internet access, which includes dial-up and total
fixed (wired) broadband subscriptions. Only active subscriptions that
have used the system within the past 3 months should be included.
19. Dial-up Internet Subscriptions Number of Dial-up Internet subscriptions. Dial-up is a connection to
the Internet via a modem and fixed telephone line, which requires
that the modem dial a phone number when Internet access is needed.
Only active subscriptions that used the system during the past three
months should be included.
20. Estimated Internet Users The estimated number of Internet users out of total population. This
includes those using the Internet from any device (including mobile
phones) in the last 12 months. A growing number of countries are
measuring this through household surveys. In countries where
household surveys are available, this estimate should correspond to
the estimated number derived from the percentage of Internet users
collected. In situations where surveys are not available, an estimate
can be derived based on the number of Internet subscriptions.
21. Computer Literacy Computer Literacy is the knowledge and ability a person has to use
computers and technology efficiently.
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22. Network A group of two or more computer systems linked together.

23. The Internet A collection of networked computers all over the world. A capital
letter "I" at the beginning of the word is used to distinguish the
Internet from An internet
24. Total (Fixed) Internet The number of total Internet subscribers with fixed access, which
includes dial-up, total fixed broadband subscribers, cable modem,
DSL Internet subscribers, other broadband and leased line Internet
subscribers. Only active subscribers that have used the system within
a reasonable period of time should be included. This period (e.g., 3
months) should be indicated in a note
25. Dial-up Internet Subscribers Number of Dial-up Internet subscribers. Dial-up is a connection to
the Internet via a modem and telephone line, which requires that the
modem dial a phone number when Internet access is needed. Only
active subscribers that have used the system within a reasonable
period of time should be included. This period (e.g., 3 months) should
be indicated in a note
26. Total Fixed Broadband Internet Total broadband Internet subscribers refers to a subscriber who pays
Subscribers for high-speed access to the public Internet (a TCP/IP connection),
at speeds equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s, in one or both
directions. If countries use a different definition of broadband, this
should be indicated in a note. This total is measured irrespective of
the method of payment. It excludes subscribers with access to data
communications (including the Internet) via mobile cellular
networks.
27. Cable Modem Internet Internet subscribers using modems attached to cable television
Subscribers networks. Speed should be equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s, in
one or both directions.
28. DSL Internet Subscribers Internet subscribers using Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) technology.
DSL is a technology for bringing high-bandwidth information to
homes and small businesses over ordinary copper telephone lines.
Speed should be equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s, in one or both
directions
29. Other Fixed Broadband Internet Internet subscribers using other fixed broadband technologies to
Subscribers access the Internet (other than DSL, cable modem and leased lines).
This includes technologies such as satellite broadband Internet,
Fibre-to-the-home Internet access, Ethernet LANs, fixedwireless
access, Wireless Local Area Network, WiMAX etc. Speeds should
be equal to, or greater than, 256 kbit/s, in one or both directions. It
would exclude those users of temporary broadband access (e.g.,
roaming between PWLAN hotspots), and those with Internet access
via mobile cellular networks.
30. Estimated Internet Users The estimated number of Internet users, this indicator is measured
through regular surveys. Surveys usually indicate a percentage of the
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population for a certain age group (e.g., 18-74 years old). In

situations where surveys are not available, an estimate can be derived
based on the number of subscribers(including reference to the
frequency of use (e.g., in the last month)
31. Percent female Internet Users Share of females in the estimated number of Internet users. This is
calculated by dividing the number of female Internet users by the
total number of Internet users and multiplied by 100.
32. Female Internet Users as percent Share of female Internet users in the total number of females. This is
of Female Population calculated by dividing the number of female Internet users by the
total number of females and multiplied by 100.
33. Broadband Internet Connection The initial, one-time charge for a new broadband Internet
Charge connection. Refundable deposits should not be counted. A note
should indicate whether taxes are included (preferred) or not
34. Broadband Internet Monthly The monthly subscription charge for broadband Internet service. A
Subscription note should indicate whether taxes are included (preferred) or not
35. Total full-time Total full-time staff employed by telecommunication network
Telecommunication Staff operators in the country for the provision of public
telecommunication services, including mobile services. Part-time staff
should be expressed in terms of the full-time staff equivalent.
36. Female Telecommunication Staff The number of fulltime telecommunication staff that are female.
37. Female Professional The number of full-time professional staff that are female.
Telecommunication Staff Professional staff is those included in ISCO-88 group 2.
38. Mobile Telecommunication Staff Total number of staff employed by mobile cellular network
operators. This refers to mobile operators’ staff only, and not staff
employed by resellers.
39. Female Mobile Total number of female staff employed by mobile cellular network
Telecommunication Staff operators. This refers to mobile operators’ staff only, and not staff
employed by resellers.
40. Female Professional Mobile Total number of professional female staff employed by mobile
Telecommunication staff cellular network operators. This refers to mobile operators’ staff
only, and not staff employed by resellers. Professional staff is those
included in ISCO-88 group 2.
41. Total Revenue from all This is the total (gross) telecommunication revenue earned from all
Telecommunication services (fixed, mobile and data) services within the country. This should
exclude revenues from non-telecommunications services. Revenue
(turnover) consists of telecommunication service earnings during the
financial year under review. Revenue should not include monies
received in respect of revenue earned during previous financial years,
neither does it include monies received by way of loans from
governments, or external investors, nor monies received from
repayable subscribers' contributions or deposits. Revenues should be
net of royalties
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42. Revenue from Fixed Telephone Revenue received from fixed telephone connection, subscription and
service calls.
43. Revenue from Fixed Telephone Revenue received for connection (installation) of fixed telephone
connection charges service. This may include charges for transfer or cessation of service.
44. Revenue from Fixed Telephone Revenues from recurring charges for subscription to the PSTN
Subscription charges including equipment rentals where relevant.
45. Revenue from Fixed Telephone The sum of income from local, national long distance and
calls international calls.
46. Revenue from local calls Revenue from fixed local calls based on applicable retail charges on
users.
47. Revenue from National long Revenue from fixed national long distance calls based on applicable
distance calls retail charges on users.
48. Revenue from International calls Revenue from fixed international calls based on applicable retail
charges on users
49. Revenue from Mobile Revenues from the provision of all types of mobile communications
Communications services such cellular, private trunked radio and radio paging.
50. Mobile data Revenues Revenues from mobile data services such as text messaging (SMS),
multimedia messaging (MMS), high-speed network access, WAP use,
etc
51. Text and Multimedia messaging Revenues from text messaging and multimedia messaging (SMS and
Revenues MMS).
52. Revenue from Internet services Revenue from Internet service based on applicable retail charges on
users
53. Revenue from leased lines Revenue from the provision of leased lines.
54. Revenue from Fixed value-added Represents the revenue generated by the telecommunication service
Telecommunication services sector for fixed value-added telecommunication services (for
example, call forwarding, conference call, detailed billing etc)
55. Other Telecommunication Any other revenues not accounted for elsewhere for the provision
Revenues of public telecommunication services. Respondents should indicate
in a note what the main sources of "other" telecommunications
revenues are.
56. Total Annual Investment in Also referred to as annual capital expenditure, this is the gross annual
Telecom investment in telecom (including fixed, mobile and other services)
for acquiring property and network. The term investment means the
expenditure associated with acquiring the ownership of property
(including intellectual and non-tangible property such as computer
software) and plant. This includes expenditure on initial installations
and on additions to existing installations where the usage is expected
to be over an extended period of time. Note that this applies to
telecom services that are available to the public, and excludes
investment in telecom software or equipment for private use.
57. Fixed Telephone Service Annual investment on equipment for fixed telephone service.
Investment
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58. Mobile Communication Annual investment on equipment for mobile communication

Investment networks.
59. Foreign Investment Annual investment in telecom coming from foreign sources, also
referred to as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI).
60. Number of Radio Sets A radio set is a device capable of receiving broadcast radio signals,
using popular frequencies, such as FM, AM, LW and SW. A radio set
may be a stand-alone device, or it may be integrated into another
device, such as a Walkman, a car or an alarm clock
61. The Total number of Television A television set is a device capable of receiving broadcast television
Sets. signals, using popular access means such as over-the-air, cable and
satellite. A television set may be a stand-alone device, or it may be
integrated into another device, such as a computer or a mobile
phone. It may be useful to distinguish between digital and analogue
signal delivery and between TV sets receiving only a limited number
of signals (usually over-the-air) and those that have multiple channels
available (e.g., by satellite or cable).
62. Number of Personal Computers The number of Personal Computers (PC) measures the number of
computers installed in a country. The statistic includes PCs, laptops,
notebooks etc, but excludes terminals connected to mainframe and
mini-computers that are primarily intended for shared use, and
devices such as smart-phones that have only some, but not all, of the
functions of a PC (e.g., they may lack a full-sized keyboard, a large
screen, an Internet connection, drives etc)
63. Data Archiving Electronic documentation and storage of data in a central place
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Plan with Figures
9.3. Land Management and Use Related Concept and Definitions
1. Agricultural Land Land under scattered farm buildings, yards and their annexes,
permanently uncultivated land such as uncultivated patches,
banks, footpaths, ditches, headlands and shoulders.
2. Land Under Permanent Crops This signifies land used for crops occupying it for a long
period of time and which do not have to be planted for
several years after each harvest.
3. Total Area Affected(by Sum over all four categories, i.e. 'Agricultural land', 'Forest
Salinization) and other wooded land', 'Dry open land with special
vegetation cover' and 'Open land without, or with
insignificant vegetation cover.
4. Soil Erosion Wearing a way of topsoil by the natural physical forces of
water and wind. It can be measured as net loss and applied
to one of four categories: light; moderate; strong; and
extreme. Alternatively, erosion can be measured visually or
derived on the basis of reduced productivity
5. Total Area of the Country Total area (of country) including area under inland water
bodies (= Total land area + waters).
6. Actual Evapotranspiration Total actual volume of evaporation from the ground,
wetlands and natural water bodies and transpiration of
plants. According to the definition of this concept in
Hydrology, the evapotranspiration generated by all human
interventions is excluded, except unirrigated agriculture and
forestry. The 'actual evapotranspiration' is calculated using
different types of mathematical models, ranging from very
simple algorithms (Budyko, Turn Pyke, etc.) to schemes that
represent the hydrological cycle in detail.
7. Actual Occupation (volume) The average daily volume of wastewater that treatment
plants actually treat.
8. Protected Forest Area A protected forest is a term that refers to forests that have
some level of legal and/or constitutional protection in some
places for depletion.
9. Soil Pollution Soil pollution is defined as the presence of toxic chemicals
(pollutants or contaminants) in soil, in high enough
concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the
ecosystem.
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Plan with Figures
10. Reforested The process of replanting trees in areas that have been
affected by natural disturbances like wildfires, drought, and
insect and disease infestations
11. Vegetation Cover The percentage of soil which is covered by green vegetation.
Vegetation cover can be measured in the field by assessing
the percentage of the ground that it is covered by the
existing annual or perennial vegetation.
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COMPENDIUM

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SOMALIA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (SNBS)

COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS

REER WAA LOO SAHAN TAGAA

XOG LA HELYAABA TALO LA HEL

6.3. Living Conditions Related Concepts and Definitions ............................................................... 117

In addition, authoritative regional compendium is being used as reference with particular

Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics

COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS

GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS OF STATISTICAL TERMS

CHAPTER ONE: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS

i.e. household visitors at census night are not counted; in contrast

It is the number of completed interviews divided by the number

example, a sampled element selected with probability 1/100

is due to inadequate sampling frame or flaws in the implementation

and analyze information appropriate for evaluation of the

within the cluster should be as heterogeneous as possible. All

phenomenon caused either by the consistent misunderstanding

SOMALIA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS (SNBS)

COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS

SOCIAL SECTOR CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS OF STATISTICAL TERMS

“YOU CANNOT HAVE INFORMATION WITHOUT DATA”

CHAPTER TWO: SOCIAL STATISTICS

acceptable regulations (they have to follow guidelines used by

Sometimes called elementary education, refers to educational

were affected by drop outs and repetitions as they progressed

Age Specific Enrolment Ratio (ASER) is percentage of the

o It also indicates the capacity of the education system to

o N.B. The Human Resource Development

1 ILO International Labor Standards on Working time

calculated across the whole programme, i.e. from the start to

Data production, research and published papers from SNBS,

2.2. Health Related Concepts and Definitions

4. Underlined cause The Underlying Cause of Death is

o Morbidity Incidence Rate: Number of persons contracting

o Morbidity Prevalence Rate: Number of persons having a

21. Doctor-Patient Ratio The number of patients per registered doctor.

23. Mortality Refers to deaths that occur within a population.

40. The Underlying Cause of Death Is defined as

o It measures the extent to which in-patient facilities are

68. Confirmed case A suspected or confirmed case verified by laboratory analysis.

71. Delivery Beds Number of hospital beds intended for delivery

their births. It is achieved through use of contraceptive

o Moderate acute malnutrition (MAM), also known as wasting,

Acute malnutrition is caused by a decrease in food

The number of children under-five who fall below minus two

The number of children under-five who fall below minus three

WHO standards, divided by the total number of children under

114. Wasting It is moderate and severe-below minus two standard deviations

2.2. Labor and Employment Related Concepts and Definitions

7. Employer A person who operates his or her own economic enterprise or

31. Unemployment The standard definition of unemployment is based on three criteria

COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS

POPULATION RELATED CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS OF STATISTICAL

“TURN DATA INTO INFORMATION, AND INFORMATION INTO INSIGHTS”

CHAPTER THREE: POPULATION STATISTICS

10. Population Trend These are changes in the statistical characteristics of a

Estimation is a technique that systematically adjusts the sample

o In Census undertaking, it is a prediction of the future

3.2. Gender Related Concept and Definitions

failure to realize that policies, programmes and projects can have

with other people; rape and sexual abuse of children, and

COMPENDIUM OF STATISTICL CONCEPTS AND DEFINITONS

COMMUNITY INFORMATION, AND DECENTRALIZATION RELATED

DATA IN ACTION “DATA DRIVES CHANGE”