Physics

Basic Math in Physics

1 And Vector
1.1 ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
1.1.1 Degree or index of a polynomial

1.1.2 Quadratic Equations


e.g.,

Types of quadratic equations

 

Methods of solving quadratic equations

(a) Solution by factorisation

Algorithm
Step-I
Step-II

Step-III
Step-IV

(b) Solution by quadratic formula "Sridharacharya's Rule"

Discriminant :  


– b  b2 – 4ac

2a

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

– b  b2 – 4ac – b – b2 – 4ac
2a 2a

–b D –b – D

2a 2a

  

–b D –b– D
 
2a 2a
Roots of quadratic equation

 

     
 

  


1.1.3 Sum & product of the roots

  
2 2
– b  b – 4ac – b – b – 4ac
 
2a 2a
b coefficient of x
  a coefficient of x 2
c constant term
 a coefficient of x2

Examples
Example 1 :

Solution :







OR






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 Physics
Example 2 :
Solution :

–(– 6)  (–6)2 – 4(1)(4) 6  36 – 16 6  20 6  45

2(1) 2 2 2


2 3 5  5
2

5 5

Example 3:
Solution :

            

 

1  1  24 1  5 6 3
x  x x
4 4 4 2

4
x 
4
1.2 LOGARITHM

Base Ten Logarithms


Natural Logarithms

Common formulae
m
n

 

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POINTS TO REMEMBER



 Remember :

 

Examples
Example 4:

Solution :   

    

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-1

QUESTIONS BASED ON ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA

1.

2.

TRIGONOMETRY
1.3 MEASUREMENT OF ANGLE & RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEGREES &
RADIAN

B

 A
r
Arc length 
AB C
 
Radius r

1.3.1 System of Measurement of an Angle
Sexagesimal system

Circular system



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 Physics

180
 



180

180


Examples
Example 5:  2c
m

  cm
 
Solution :    2cm

Example 6:
 2
3 3
5
Solution :   5  30   150  rad 
6
12
11 1

10 2

9 3

8 4
7 5
6

1.4 TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS (T-RATIOS)

Perpendicular (P)

P B P 1 H
sin   cos   tan   cosec   
H H B sin  P

1 H 1 B
sec    cot   
cos  B tan  P

1.4.1 Trigonometric Identities
Base(B)

2 2
P B
 H    H  1  sin 2   cos 2   1
   
2 2
P H
 B  1   B   1  tan 2   sec 2 
   
2 2
B H
1      1  cot 2   cosec2 
P P

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Values of Trigonometrical Ratios of Some Standard Angles

angle  0° 30° 37° 45° 53° 60° 90° 120° 135° 150° 180° 270° 360°

 

    

     

1.4.2 Four Quadrants and ASTC Rule

 
 
 

90°

II quadrant I quadrant
only All +ve

0°
180° 360°

III quadrant IV quadrant

only only

270°

1.4.3 Trigonometrical Ratios of General

Angles (Reduction Formulae)

 
 n 
 2   

 n 
 2   


     

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 Physics
T-ratios of Allied Angles

sin      sin  cosec      cosec

cos     cos 
tan     tan 
sin  90     cos 
cos  90     sin 
tan  90     cot 
sin  90     cos 
cos  90      sin 
tan  90      cot 
sin 180     sin 
cos 180      cos 
tan 180      tan 
sin 180      sin 
cos 180      cos 
tan 180     tan 
sin  270      cos 
cos  270      sin 
tan  270     cot 
sin  270      cos 
cos  270     sin 
tan  270      cot 
sin  360      sin 
cos  360     cos 
tan  360      tan 
sec     sec 
cot      cot 
cosec  90     sec 
sec  90     cosec 
cot  90     tan 
cosec  90     sec 
sec  90      cosec 
cot  90      tan 
cosec 180     cosec 
sec 180      sec 
cot 180      cot 
cosec 180      cosec
sec 180      sec 
cot 180     cot 
cosec  270      sec 
sec  270      cosec 
cot  270     tan 
cosec  270      sec 
sec  270     cosec 
cot  270      tan 
cosec  360     cosec 
sec  360     sec 
cot  360      cot 

Examples
Example 7: 
  
P 5 cm 5
Solution : sin    
H 13 cm 13
B 12 cm 12 c m
cos     13 H
5 cm

H 13 cm 13
2 =
12
5+ P
2

P 5 cm 5
tan    
B 12 cm 12 B

Example 8: 12 cm
5cm
53°

y
x

y 4 x 3
Solution :  sin 53   y  4 cm  cos 53   x  3 cm
5 5 5 5

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Example 9:   

  

 

 

Solution : 1  sin 1  1 0  cos2 2  1   tan 3  

1.4.4 Some Important Trigonometric formula

1.  
 
2.

tan A  tan B
1  tan A tan B

3.

2 tan A
1  tan2 A

Examples
Example 10:

 3   4  24
Solution :  5   5   25

2 2
 3  4 9  16 7
 5    5   25   25

1 3 1 1 3 1
   
2 2 2 2 2 2

1 3 1 1 3 1
   
2 2 2 2 2 2

1.4.5 Small Angle Approximation

      


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 Physics

Examples
Example 11:

         
Solution : sin 1   sin  1     sin 180  180 tan 4  tan  4   tan 
 180  
180  45 45


   
 cos 1   cos  1   180   cos 180  1
 

1.4.6 Maximum and Minimum Values of Some useful Trigonometric Functions

1  sin   1 1  cos   1  a2  b2  a cos   b sin   a2  b2

 

Examples
Example 12:

Solution :

3  4 2 3  4 2
Example 13:
  

Solution :  x  3 sin t  cos t

 3  3
 
  1  2   1  2
2 2
 x max  x min  

2  x  2

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-2

QUESTIONS BASED ON TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO

4
1. 
5
2.

1.5 CALCULUS

Quantity :
Constants and Variables :


Dependent and independent variables :

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Physics (Class-9)
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Function

Example :

Examples
Example 14 :
Solution :

1.6 DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

1.6.1 Average rate of change

change in y  y y 2  y 1
 
change in x  x x 2  x1

1.6.2 Instantaneous rate of change

dy

dx

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 Physics
1.6.3 Secant and Tangent to a Curve
Secant :

Tangent :

 




 
   
    
 
 
 
 

1.6.4 First Derivatives of Commonly used Functions

dy dy dy
  
dx dx dx

dy 1 dy dy
  
dx x dx dx

dy dy
 
dx dx
1.6.5 Method of Differentiation or Rules of Differentiation

dy
  kf   x 
dx

Examples
Example 15:

4
x

dy 4 dy 4
Solution : y  2x 3   2 3x 3 1   6x2 y  4x 1   4  1 x 11    2
dx x dx x

dy dy  1 6
y  3e x   3e x y  6 ln x   6  
dx dx  x x

dy
y  5 sin x   5  cos x   5 cos x
dx

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1.6.6 Sum or Subtraction of Two functions     

Examples
Example 16:

dy dy
Solution :  2x 2 1  6 1  2x  6  5x 5 1  2e x  5x 4  2e x
dx dx

dy  1 4
 4      sin x    sin x
dx  x  x

1.6.7 Product of two functions : Product rule

dy
  f  x  g  x  f   x  g  x
dx

Examples
Example 17:

dy
Solution :  x 2  cos x   2x  sin x   x2 cos x  2x sin x
dx

dy
dx
   
 4  e x  cos x   e x   sin x    4e x  cos x  sin x 

1.6.8 Division of Two Functions : Quotient Rule

f  x dy f   x  g  x   f  x  g   x 
y  
g  x dx  g  x  
2

Examples
sin x 4x 3
Example 18: y y
x ex

Solution :

dy  cos x  x    sin x 1 x cos x  sin x

 
dx x2 x2

f   x   12x 2 , g   x   e x

2 x
dy 12x e  4x e

 
3 x


 
12x 2  4x 3
 
2
dx ex ex

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 Physics
1.6.9 Function of Functions : Chain rule

df dx df df dx
 
dx dt dt dx dt

1.6.10 Derivative of Logarithm and Exponential Functions

 

Examples
Example 19:



dy dy dz
Solution : y  e x  ez  
dx dz dx
 
 e z  1  e z  e  x

dy dy dz
   4  cos z  3  12 cos 3x
dx dz dx

dy dy dz
 4  e z   2x  2    8x  8  e x 2 x
2

y  4e x
2
 2x
 4e z  
dx dz dx

Example 20:

Solution :

dx
0
dt

dx
 4  2t
dt

dx
 0  4  2t  0  t  2
dt

Example 21 :

Solution : 

  

1.6.11 Double Differentiation

 
 
 

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Examples
Example 22 :
Solution :

y
1.6.12 Maximum and Minimum value of a Function

x1 x2 x

Maxima :
y
3 = 0
3 4
2 2 4
1 5
1 5
slope = m1 = tan1
    m1 > m2 > (m3 = 0) > m4 > m5
    x
   
For maxima, as x increases
the slope decreases

Conditions for maxima are :

Minima :

slope = m1 = tan 1
  m1 > m2 > (m3 = 0) > m4 < m5
 
 
1
2 5
Conditions for minima are : 1 5
2 4
4
3 3= 0
 

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 Physics

Examples
Example 23:

 

Solution :            

2 d2 y 2
3 dx2 3

    
        
   

Example 24:

Solution : 

 
        
 

Example 25:

2
dy dx dy  x   dx 
Solution :   
dt dt dt  2   dt 
2
 x
 2 

Example 26:

   

dV dh dV dh Q
Solution :     r 2 Q  2
dt dt dt dt r

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Physics (Class-9)
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Example 27:
Solution :

   
 
  
  

   

d2 y
dx 2

  

  

    

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-3

QUESTIONS BASED ON DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS

dy
1.
dx

1 ds
x dt

1 ds
2 dt


2.


  

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 Physics
1.7 INTEGRAL CALCULUS

 f  x  dx  F  x   c

x n 1 1
x
n
dx 
n 1
c  x dx  ln x  c

 sin xdx   cos x  c  cos xdx  sin x  c

 sec  e dx  e
2 x x
xdx  tan x  c c

 ax  b
n 1
dx ln  ax  b 
  ax  b dx  a  n  1  c
n
 ax  b  a
c

 cos  ax  b  sin  ax  b
 sin  ax  b dx  a
c  cos  ax  b dx  a
c

tan  ax  b  e ax  b
 sec  ax  b dx  e
ax  b
2
c dx  c
a a

Examples
Example 28:

1 1
x
x 2x  3

 x 3 1  4x 4
 4x dx  4  3  1  c 
3
Solution :  c  x4  c
4

 1 1 x2
  x 
 x   dx  xdx  x dx 
2
 ln x  c

dx ln 2x  3
 2x  3  2
c

sin  4x  3
 cos  4x  3 dx  4
c

2cos2 x 1  cos2x  dx  1 dx  1 cos 2x dx

 cos x dx   dx  
2 2
2

2 2
x 1 sin 2x x 1
  c   sin 2x  c
2 2 2 2 4

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

1.7.1 Definite Integration

d
 f(x)  '
dx


b
f ' (x) dx
 a
f ' ( x ) dx

b b
 a
f ' ( x ) dx f( x) a

1.7.2 Area Under a Curve and Definite Integration

 f  x  dx
a

Examples
4

 x dx
2
Example 29:
1

64 1
3 3

   
Solution :  

 
 
 

  

1.7.3 Average value of a continuous function in an interval

 

b b

 ydx  ydx
y av  a
b
 a

ba
 dx
a

Examples
Example 30:  

    
Solution :                   
   

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 Physics

Example 31: Velocity(m/s)

20

0 Time(s)
10 20 25
Solution :

    
      
  

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-4

QUESTIONS BASED ON INTERGRAL CALCULUS
1.

  
5 2
x18 dx x dx (4 x 8  x 1 ) dx

2
 1   1  a b
  x

 dx
x
  x   dx
 x   2   dx
x x
2.

 GMm v 1

R 0
2

x2
dx u Mv dv x dx

  
2 2 2

  /2
sin x dx  0
cos x dx  0
sin x dx

1.8 GRAPHS
 Some Standard graphs and their equations

y y A y
-c

Straight line c
x

x+
m


=m
=

O x
y

y = mx y
c Straight line
Straight line
c
 x  x
O O

y
y y
2
y = - mx + c x = ky x = -ky
2

Straight line x
x
O O
Parabola Parabola

x
O

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

y y Hyperbola
y O 1
x x y
Parabola
y = -kx2
y = kx2 xy = constant

Parabola
x x
O O

y Ellipse y x2 y2
2 2 2  1
x+y=a a2 b2
b
O a x
x O
Circle
a a = semi major axis
b = semi minor axis

1.9 GEOMETRY
1.9.1 Formulae for determination of area

Area of rectangle = length ×

1
×
2
1
2


×
  


r  r
2 r  r r2  h2


1.9.2 Formulae for determination of volume

× × t

4 b

3

  

1

3

22 1
   
7 

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 Physics
Examples
Example 32:
4
Solution : 
3

  1

2 4 6

Example 33:

R=1m
Solution :  t=1mm

1.10 VECTORS
1.10.1 Scalar Quantities

Ex :
1.10.2 Vector Quantities

Ex. :

Representation of vector :


A

 
A  PQ

 
A |A|or A
Angle between two vectors :




 

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10
 Types of vector
 Like vectors :

 Unlike vectors :

 Equal vector :

     
a b | a | =| b | a b

 Negative of a vector : 
 a
– a

   
a a a a
   
b b b –a
like vector Unlike vector Equal vector Negative vector

 Null vector :

0
 Collinear vectors or parallel vectors :
collinear vectors

 Coplanar vectors :

a b d

b
c d

Collinear or parallel vectors Coplanar vectors

 Coinitial vectors :
 Coterminous vectors :

a b a
b

c
d
c
d

Coinitial vectors Coterminous vectors


Reciprocal of a vector : a



a a –1
  1
|a|=a | a –1 | =
a

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 Physics

 Unit vector :
a | a | = 1

 i , j , k

–i , –j , –k

 Significance of unit vector :

 a
 a a a = 
|a|
 
 a a a
a
Y
 Base Vectors
i j k 
j 
i X

k
 Position Vector Z

y
 
OP  r P(x,y)
 r
 
 Displacement Vector x
O
Q(x2,y2)
 
OP  r1  x1 ˆi  y 1 ˆj
r2
 
  
r1
   P(x1,y1)
       

     
1.10.3 Addition of two vectors
 Triangle Law of Addition of Two Vectors


B

A
 
A B
 
A B

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

  
(R )  A  B

Bsin 
R
B
 
A Bcos

1.10.4 Parallelogram Law of Addition of Two Vectors

D C

+ B
B =A
R


A 
B
A

  
 

         
Note :       
Note :
 
  

    
  

 
       

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 Physics


 
 



tan   tan     

tan   tan 
tan  
1  tan  tan 

B sin 
tan  
tan   A  B cos 
B sin 
1  tan 
A  B cos 

sin  B sin 

tan   cos  A  B cos  A sin 
sin  B sin   tan  
1 B  A cos 
cos  A  B cos 

1.10.5 Addition and Subtraction in Component Form :


  


  

 
      


  

  
         

Examples
   
Example 34:       
 
Solution :       

    

 

 
    

  

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10
   
Example 35:

Solution :
  

 

Example 36:

° ° °

Solution :  °,

 °,

 °,


  

 A 2  B2  32  42  5N

   
    

°
Example 37: °

Solution : 

R  a2  a2  2a.a cos60  a 3  20 3


 
   
   30


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 Physics
 
Example 38 A B °

 
Solution : A B

2 2  2 2
R  A  B  2AB cos 90  5  10 125  5 5
R

  B
R A 

B sin  10 sin 90 ° A

tan   120 30°
A  B cos  
5  10 cos 90 X-axis

10  1 10

5  10  0 5


 
A 
  
Example 39: AC  BD  2 BC
      D C
Solution : AC  AB BC BD  BC CD
        
AC  BD AB  BC  BC  CD AB  2BC  CD

        A B
CD   AB  AC  BD  AB  2BC  AB  2BC
Example 40:

Solution : 
ne
dy
10

    
60°
10 dyne
  

POINTS TO REMEMBER

   

A B  B A
     
 A ( B C)  ( A B)  C

     
2
Rmax | A  B |max     (A  B) | A  B |max | A || B |

 °
 
Rmin | A  B |  A2  B2  2AB cos180  (A  B)2

     
R min | A | | B | | A  B |min | A || B |

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10


   
|A||B| |A||B|  

B
B
A+
A +B B 
R=

R=

 
A A


R

 
 |A||B| 
  
A B
2 |B

/2
|=



   a

cos
|R||A  B|
2

2a
R=
120
Special Case :  ° 2a cos /2
2 /2 |A|=a
    
 |R||A  B||A||B|
  °.

 °,


1.10.6 Addition of More Than Two Vectors (Law of Polygon)

    
R  A B C D

POINTS TO REMEMBER

 C
D

     
A B C D E  0
 E B
A

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 Physics
1.10.7 Subtraction of two vectors
    
A B A B A
 B
B
   
A  B  A  ( B )  A
   
B A B
 –B

A-
A

B
–B
 
|A  B| A  B  2AB cos 
2 2

 
 A B
 B sin 
A  
A  B cos 

POINTS TO REMEMBER
  
 A B C


S B
A B C Q
  
sin  sin  sin 
A
C

P

 
 B C
 
 C A
 
 A B
   
 A B  B A

     
 A  B  C  A   B  C
 
 |A||B| a 

  
|A  B|  a2  a2  2a2 cos   2a sin
2

    
Special case :   60 2a sin a |A  B||A||B| a 
2
 °
°,

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

  
(  V )  V2  V1

   
 ° |A  B|  |A  B|
    °
     
 A B  A B B  0

1.10.8 Resolution of vectors into rectangular components

 
a  OA 


OA

OA

OA

   
a  OA  OB OC


OB
   
OA

AB
  
OA

i j

 
OB  i OC  j

    
OA  OB  OC a  a x i  a y j a  a cos  i  a sin  j

ay
 a x 2   a y 
2
a   tan 1
ax

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 Physics

1.10.9 Rectangular Components of a Vector in Three Dimensions

 
OA
Y
 C
a
   ay
a x,a y az
 A
A
   a
OA  O E  EA
ax B
   O
X
OE  (OB OD)
    D az
 OA  (O B  OD)  EA
E
Z
     
EA  OC  OA  OB  OD  OC
    
   

 a  a x i  a y j  a z k


2 2 2 2
a  ax  a y  az
2 2 2
a  ax  a y  az
Directional Cosines

A  x  
Ax Y
cos   
A A
Ay
cos     
A  ax
A  X
cos   z  Z
A
   directional cosines

  
  
     

POINTS TO REMEMBER

10i  i  i  i............10 times

i i i
   ............20 times
2 2 2


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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

Examples
 
Example 41:    P

 2 2 2
Solution : P  Px  Py  Pz 22  52  62 65

Px 2 Py 5 Pz 6
cos    cos    cos   
P 65 P 65 P 65

Example 42: i  j

i+ 
2 2
Solution : a  a x  a y  12  12  2

j
= 
a
ax 1

°
 5°

45
cos     =4

=
a 2 
X
ay 1
cos      i  j
a 2


Example 43: A  ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ

Solution :           

Ax  1 1
cos     cos 1
A 6 6

Ay –2 –2
cos      cos 1
A 6 6

Az 1 1
cos      cos 1
A 6 6

Example 44:

Solution : 4 3N

Example 45:

Solution : 
A
  
2

A 3 200 3
100 3
2 2

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 Physics


Example 46:   


  

  
Solution : R  P Q         


R

i R       

Example 47:

Solution :

W  W cos 30

3
  20   10 3
2 30°
W||
W
W=20N

1 30°
W||  W sin 30   20     10N
2

 
Example 48: A, B C

B Y
A
5°

 
13

Solution : B C 45°
18 X
0°


C
A
   
Example 49:      AB

 
Solution : AB      
     

   
AB A  B  42  32

25  5

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-5

QUESTIONS BASED ON ADDITION OF VECTORS

  
1.  
  

2. 2  10 A 

3.

4.

5. 

6.

1.10.10 Multiplication or Division of a Vector by a Scalar


    A
A B  KA C 
K

 
A B

 
A C

POINTS TO REMEMBER




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 Physics

1.10.11 Scalar Product of Two Vectors

Definition

 
A B 
 
A . B  AB cos 

POINTS TO REMEMBER

 

 
 A. B  B.A
    
 A .( B  C )  A . B  A . C
 
 A. B  B
A.B = AB cos 
  
    A
X
 
 
  
 
( A . B )max  AB

  
 
( A . B ) 0

 i, j k
i. j  j. k  k . i  1  1  cos 90  0

    
A . A  A A cos 0  A
2  | A|  A . A
 n

n . n  1  1  cos 0  1 n . n  i . i  j . j  k . k  1



A. B      (A x B x  A y B y  A z B z )


 

 

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

1.10.12 Vector Product of Two Vectors

Definition
C =A× B 
n

n

A B


 
A B
     
A B C    


Right Hand Thumb Rule

 
A B

 
A B
 
A B
  
A  B i. e. C

Right Hand Screw Rule

  
A B C A×B

 
A B
 
A B

A B
    
A B A B
 
A B
Examples of Vector Product

     
  r F J  r p

     
v  r a  r

  
r F, p,  

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 Physics

1.10.13 Geometrical Meaning of Vector Product of Two Vectors

   
A B OP OQ POQ  


Q R
 
A B
B
 
|A  B|  AB sin

O N P
 A

( NQ  OQ sin )

 (OP) (NQ) 1  
  | A  B|
2 2

 
  | A  B|

Formulae to Find Area

  1  
A B | A  B|
2

   
A B 

   
A B 

POINTS TO REMEMBER

 
A B A×B=C


B
        A
A B  B  A |A  B|  |B  A| AB sin 

   
Note : A B   B  A
B
A
   
A B BA
B × A = –C

      
A ( B  C )  A B  A C

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10
 
   

   
  1 | A  B |
|A  B| A B sin    sin   
|A|| B |
 
  

 
| A  B |max  ABsin90  AB

 sin

 

 
|A  A| 0  
A  A  0

   
  
 
 n    

      

 i , j and k

           

j j

k i
i

k
(A) (B)

 
A B      

 
  
 A B 
 


     
A B C A .( B  C )  0

    90
(A B) ( A B )

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 Physics

Examples
     
Example 50: | A  B|  | A  B|, A B

Solution :  |   
A  B|  | A  B|  A2  B2  2AB cos  A2  B2  2AB cos 
     °
 
Example 51:       

 
Solution : A . B 0 

      
 (2  4)  (  2)  1  2   0
 
  

 
Example 52:    
Solution :  
     

    
  rF        


Example 53:    
 
Solution :      
  
 
A B   


 
A B           


  2 2 2    
 | A  B |  3  ( 1)  ( 2)  14
 
Example 54:      
 
Solution :
1  
| A  B|
2

   
A B    
   
 

                
  2 2 2
| A  B|  (10)  (14)  (2)  300
 
   

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10
 
Example 55:    
 
Solution :  
    
 

36  20 56  56 
cos      cos 1  
5  13 65  65 
  
Example 56: a F  ma

F

a

a
 
Solution : F  ma  3  2 ms 2

 
F  ma  3   8  N

CHECK YOUR LEARNING-6

QUESTIONS BASED ON MULTIPLICATION OF VECTORS
   
1.      

   
2.   


3.  

     
4.       
     
5.    (a)  (b) 

B

 
A

     
6.  
 

 


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 Physics

ANSWERS

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–1

1. (i) 1, 3 (ii) ± 3 2. 0.90

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–2

3 4 3 5 5
1. cos= , tan= , cot= , sec= , cosec=
5 3 4 3 4

1 1
2. (i)  , (ii) 1, (iii) , (iv) – 3 , (v) 0, (vi) –2
3 2

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–3

5 3/2 1
1. (i) x , (ii) – 5x–6, (iii) 3x2, (iv) 3x2 + 4x, (v) 36x3 + 9x1/2 , (vi) 3ax2 + 2bx, (vii) 27x8 – 3 +
2 x2
(viii) 12t, (ix) u + at, (x) 8 r

4 7 3x 4  4x3
2. (i) –2e–2x , (ii) 216 x7 – 144 x5 + 105 x4 + 135 x2 – 40, (iii) – 2 , (iv) 2 , (v)
(2x  1) (3x  4) (x  1)2

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–4

x19 2 4x 7 x2 x2
1. (i) + c, (ii) – x 3/2 +c, (iii) – + loge x + c, (iv) + 2x + loge x + c, (v) + loge x + c
19 3 7 2 2

a
(vi) – + b loge x + c
x

GMm 1
2. (i) , (ii) M (v – u2), (iii) (iv) 0, (v) 1, (vi) 1
R 2

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–5

1. (1) 2. 45°° 3. 40 units; 30 units 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (1)

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–6

 
   

1.     2. (1) 3. (2) 4.  

5. 6. (3)

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

SOLUTIONS
CHECK YOUR LEARNING–1
1. (i) x2 – 4x + 3 = 0
x2 – 3x – x + 3 = 0
x (x–3) – 1(x – 3) = 0
(x–1) (x – 3) = 0
 x = 1 or x = 3
(ii) x2 – 9 = 0
(x + 3) (x – 3) = 0
x = – 3 or 3

2. Given log3 = 0.48, log7 = 0.84

1 1
= log 63  log  9  7   log 3  7
2 2
2
 
1
= 2log3  log7
2

1
= 2 0.48  0.84  0.48  0.42  0.90
2

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–2

1.

5
4 P 4
 sin  
H 5
3

Base  52  42  9  3

B 3
cos  
H 5

P 4
tan  
B 3

B 3
cot  
P 4

H 5
sec  
B 3

H 5
cosec  
P 4

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 Physics

2. (i) cot (-60°) = -cot60° = 1

3
(ii) tan225° = tan(270°–45°) = cot45° = 1

1
(iii) cos(135°) = cos(90°+45°) = – sin45° =
2

(iv) cot(150°) = cot(90°+60°) = –tan60° =  3

(v) tan (180°) = 0
(vi) sec(240) = sec(270°–30°) = – cosec30° = –2

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–3

1.
(i) y = x5/2
dy 5 3/2
 x
dx 2
(ii) y = x–5
dy
 5x 6
dx

dy
(iii) y = x3   3x 2
dx

dy
(iv) y = x3 + 2x2   3x 2  4x
dx
(v) y = 9x4 + 6x3/2+9
1
dy 18 2
 36x3  x
dx 2

1
dy
 36x3  9x 2
dx
(vi) y = ax3 + bx2 + c
dy
 3ax2  2bx
dx

1 dy 1
(vii) y = 3x9–3x– ,  27x 8  3  2
x dx x

(viii)
ds d 2

dt dt
 
t  5t 2  4  2t  10t  12t

ds d  1  1
(ix)  ut  at 2   u  a.2t  u  at
dt dt  2  2

ds
 u  at
dt

(x)
dA d

dr dr

4r 2  8r 

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

2. (i) e–2x


d 2x
dx
e 
 2e 2x
(ii)
d
dx

9x3  8x  7 3x5  5  
 3
 9x  8x  7  dxd 3x 5
 
 5  3x5  5  dxd  9x 3
 8x  7 
 (9x3  8x  7) (15x 4 )  (3x 5  5) (27x 2  8)
 135x7  120x5  105x 4  81x7  135x 2  24x5  40
 216x7  144x5  105x 4  135x2  40
d  2 
(iii)
dx  2x  1 

d d
(2x  1) (2)  (2) (2x  1)
 dx dx
2
 2x  1
4

 2x  12

d  2x  5 
(iv)
dx  3x  4 

d d
3x  4  2x  5   2x  5 3x  4 
dx dx
=
3x  4 2
23x  4  – 3 2x  5 7
= 
3x  4  2
3x  42
d  x4 
(v)  
dx  x  1 

 x  1
dx
 
d 4 d
x  x 4  x  1
dx

 x  1 2

 x  1   4 x3   x 4

 x  12
4x 4  4x3  x 4

 x  12
3x 4  4x3

 x  12

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 Physics

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–4

x181 x19
1. (i)  x18 dx 
18  1
C
19
C

x 5/21 2 3/2
(ii)  x 5/2dx  
–5 / 2  1 3
x C

4 x 8  1 4 7
  4x 
8
(iii)  x 1 dx   ln x  C  x  ln x  C
8  1 7

2
 1   1  x2
(iv)   x
 x  x 
 dx   x   2  dx 
2
 ln x  2x  C

 1 x2
(v)  

x 
x 
dx 
2
 ln x  C

 a b 1
(vi)   x 2 x 
  dx  a x 2dx  b dx
x 
a
=  b ln x  C
x


  x 2 1  
GMm  R 1 1 1
2. (i) 
R
x2
dx  GMm
2  1
  GMm     GMm   
x
 R  R

 1  GMm
  GMm  0 –  
 R  R

v v
 v2 
(ii)  Mvdv  M   
 2 
M 2
2
v  u2  
u  u



(iii) 
0
x 1/2dx  2  x1/2   
0

/2

 sin xdx    cos x /2

 /2
(iv)
/2

=0–0=0

 /2

 cos xdx  sin x

 /2
(v) 0
 sin  / 2  1
0

/2

 sin xdx   cos x

/2
(vi) 0
  cos  / 2  cos0  1
0

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Physics (Class-9)
Foundation Medical : Class 10

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–5

1.
    
c
Cab b

  
If direction of a & b interchanged 
a
 2 2  
Then also C  a  b  2 a b cos 
 Resultant will have same magnitude but different direction  
b' c'
 
C  C'
angle,    '  ' 

Hence, (1) is correct. 

a'


   
2
2A   2 2A 
2
2. R   2A 2A cos   10A

 on squaring both the side

4A2 + 2A2 + 4 2A2 cos   10A2

4A2 1
cos   
4 2A2 2
 = 45°

3. Let first vector has magnitude = a

Let second vector has magnitude = b

 R = 10 units if  = 180º

 R = 50 units if  = 90º

 10  a2  b2  2ab cos180   a  b 2  100

50  a 2  b2  2ab cos90  a2  b2  2500

from (i) & (ii)
a = 40
b = 30

4. For Resultant to be zero they should form a triangle & in Triangle, sum of length of two sides
should be greater than third one but in 4th option 10, 20, 40
10 + 20 < 40
 Using these set of values resultant can’t be zero.

5. On adding all, resultant will be zero (4)

F F
/3
/3 /3
F F
/3
/3 /3
F F

6. A car can return to it’s standing position, only when the sum of three displacements is greater
than value of the maximum displacement.
 4+6+8=18>15 Hence (1) is correct.

© Digital Pvt. Ltd. www.allendigital.in [46]

 Physics

CHECK YOUR LEARNING–6

  
2ˆi  3ˆj  4kˆ . 4ˆi  3ˆj  2kˆ 
a .b 898
1. cos      
a b 2 2 2
2 3  4 4 3 2 2 2 2 29

25  25 
cos      cos1  
29  29 

 
2.  
P.Q  2ˆi  3ˆj  kˆ . 3ˆi  2ˆj 
= 6–6+0 = 0 , hence answer is (1) zero.


3. F  3ˆi  2ˆj  4kˆ
  
ds  OB – OA   2,0,6    8,–2,–3  10ˆi  2ˆj  9kˆ
 
 
w  F.ds  3ˆi  2ˆj  4 kˆ . 10ˆi  2ˆj  9kˆ 
= –30 – 4 + 36 = 2 units answer is (2) 2 units.


4. A  ˆi  ˆj  kˆ

B  2ˆi  ˆj
 
(a) A .B  2  1  0  3
ˆi ˆj kˆ
 
A  B  1 1 1  iˆ  1  ˆj  2  kˆ  1  2   ˆi  2ˆj  kˆ
(b)
2 1 0


5. (a) A 4

B 3
 = 60°
    1
A.B  A B cos   4  3  cos60  4  3   6
2
    3
(b) A  B  A B sin   4  3  sin60  4  3  6 3
2

  
6. C AB0 — (1)

A  12

B 5

C  13
Taking magnitude both the sides in (1)
  
C  AB

2 2
 13  A  B  2 A B cos 
169=144+25+2(12)(5) cos
 = cos
 = /2

© Digital Pvt. Ltd. www.allendigital.in [47]