C766 Crack Calculator For Walls

Crack control Continuous edge restraint
Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Input parameters Symbol Unit Value Comments/guidance
Section details and reinforcement

Section thickness h mm 200
Strength class fck / fck,cube MPa C40/50 Select from drop down menu
Bar diameter φ mm 0.00001
Bar spacing s mm 0.00001
Cover c mm 0 Minimum cover to steel in the direction perpendicular to the crack
Characteristic yield strength of reinforcement fyk MPa 500 500 MPa
Area of steel per face per m As mm 2
0
Early age cracking
Restrained strain
Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete αc µε/oC 10.0 If aggregate is unknown use 12 µε / oC
Temperature drop T1 o
C 18.9 T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature
Autogenous shrinkage εca(ea) µε 22 BS EN 1992-1-1 εca(ea) = 2.5 (fck - 10) x (1-exp(- 0.2 tc0.5)
Free contraction εfree(ea) µε 211 εfree(ea) = T1αc+ εca(ea)

Kc1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; Kc1, = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including creep) according to
Creep factor - early age Kc1 0.65
BS EN 1992-1-1
Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data. The restrant at the point
Restraint R1 0.39 of maximum crack width is estimated at a distance of 0.1L from the joint, where L is the
length of the joint
Early-age restrained contraction εr(ea) µε 53 εr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1 αc+ εca(ea))
Risk of cracking and crack inducing strain
Age at early cracking teac days 3 Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available
Aggregate type. Use the 'selected' option and enter Flint gravel 1.10 Coefficient for stiffness of aggregate
the E value if measured or obtained from historical
results. 30 Enter value of Ecm(28) if 'measured' selected from menu for aggregate type
CIRIA C660 PAGE 2 / 1


Elastic modulus Ecm(tc) GPa 33.2 Mean value Ecm(tc). BS EN 1992-1-1 values are based on quartz aggregate
Tensile strength at cracking fctk,0.05(tc) MPa 1.47 Characterisitic tensile strength fctk,0.05(tc)
Tensile strain capacity εctu(ea) µε 68 εctu(ea) = [ fctk,0.05(teac) / [Ecm(teac) x Kc1]
Risk of early age cracking εr(ea)/εctu(ea) 0.79 Cracking predicted if εr(ea)/εctu >1.
Early-age crack-inducing strain εcr(ea) µε 19 εcr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1αc + εca(ea)) - 0.5 εctu(ea) = (εsm - εcm)
Minimum area of reinforcement As,min
Coefficient (BS EN 1992-1-1) k 1.00 k = 1.0 for h ≤ 300 mm, k = 0.65 for h ≥ 800 mm, intermediate values are interpolated
Coefficient (BS EN 1992-1-1) kc 1.00 For pure tension kc = 1
Coefficient for effect of edge restraint (optional) kRedge YES 0.81 Calculated as (1-0.5R1) for R1 at the location of the maximum crack width
Depth of surface zone representing Act hs,min mm 100 hs,min = k kc h/2
Minimum area of steel per face per m As,min mm2 237 As,min = (kRedge k kc(fctk,0.05(tc)/ fyk) Act Highlighted if As<As,min
Crack spacing
Depth of the surface zone defining the effective area
he,ef mm 0.0000125 he,ef = lesser of h/2 and 2.5 (c + φ/2)
of concrete in tension, Ac,eff
Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing ρp,eff 0.62832 ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)
BS EN 1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8, but provides a factor of 0.7 where good bond cannot be
Coefficient for bond characteristics. k1 0.8 guaranteed. Recommended k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14 at early age for sections >300 mm thick with
cover < 50 mm.
Crack spacing Sr,max mm 0 Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 φ/ρp,eff
Early age crack width wk mm 0.00 wk = εc(ea) Sr,max(=0 if early-age cracking is not predicted)
Maximum stress in the reinforcement σs N/mm2 21 σs = 2(ɛsm - ɛcm)Es
Long term cracking


Long-term restrained strain

Autogenous shrinkage at 28 days δεca(lt) µε 49
Long-term temperature change T2 C

o
0 T2 and εcd only apply when causing differential contraction between the restrained and the
restraining member or when the members acting integrally are subject to external restraint.
Drying shrinkage εcd µε 12 The drying shrinkage is that occurring at the end of the design life of the structure or part
thereof.
Long-term free contraction εfree(lt) µε 250 αc T1 + ɛca(lt) + αc T2 + ɛcd

Kc2 = 0.5 if R is calculated, Kc2, = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including creep to BS EN
Creep factor - long term Kc2 0.50 1992-1-1)
Restraint to long-term thermal strains R2 0.38 Restraint of an individual member will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term.
However, consideration must be given to the fact that individually cast elements will act
integrally in the partially or fully completed structure. R2 and R3 will generally have the same
Restraint to drying shrinkage R3 0.38 value
Long-term restrained strain εr(lt) µε 62 Kc1[αcT1+ɛca(3)]R1+Kc1[(ɛca(28)-ɛca(3))+αcT2]R2+Kc2ɛcdR3]

Risk of cracking and crack-inducing strain
Age at long term cracking tltc days 28 Assume 28 days unless more reliable information is available
Elastic modulus Ecm(lt) GPa 38.7 Mean 28-day value unless more reliable information is available
Tensile strength fctk,0.05(lt) MPa 2.46 Characterisitic tensile strength fctk,0.05(28) unless more reliable information available
Tensile strain capacity εctu(lt) µε 127 εctu(lt) = fctk, 0.05(tltc)/ (Ecm Kc2)
Risk of long term cracking εr(lt)/εctu(lt) 0.49 Cracking predicted if εr(lt)/εctu(lt) > 1.
Long term crack-inducing strain εcr(lt) µε -1 Kc1[αcT1+ɛca(ea)]R1+Kc2[(ɛca(lt)-ɛca(ea))R2+αcT2R2+ɛcdR3]-0.5ɛctu(lt)



Crack control Introduction
C766 Predicting the risk of cracking and controlling crack widths

This calculator provides a basis for estimating the likelihood of cracking and for selecting or checking reinforcement to control crack widths
The approach is based on the method of BS EN 1992-1-1 with adjustments where considered appropriate (see Appendix A8)
Three conditions of restraint are dealt with
PAGE 2 Continuous EDGE restraint.
PAGE 3 END restraint
PAGE 4 INTERNAL restraint from temperature differentials
Each page of this spreadsheet is password protected to prevent accidental deletion of equations. For those wishing to modify or copy the spr
Input data are as follows (all other parameters are calculated):
PAGE 2 CONTINUOUS EDGE RESTRAINT

Section thickness mm
Strength class fck / fck,cube
Section details and Bar diameter φ

reinforcement Bar spacing S
Cover to reinforcement c
Yield strength of reinforcement fyk
Coefficient of expansion αc
Temperature drop T1
Early-age restrained strain Creep factor Kc1
Restraint at the location of the

R
maximum crack width
Age at cracking days
Risk of early-age
cracking

Risk of early-age
cracking Aggregate type
Minimum area of Coefficient for effect edge

kR,edge
reimforcement As,min restraint (Optional)
Crack spacing Factor for bond k1
Age at cracking days
Long term temperature change T2
Long term cracking Drying shrinkage εcd
Creep factor KC2

Restraint to T2 R2
Restraint to drying shrinkage R3
Coefficient for bond
Crack spacing k1
characteristics
PAGE 3 END RESTRAINT

Section thickness h
Strength class fck / fck,cube
Section details Bar diameter φ
Bar spacing s
Cover c
Properties of Characteristic yield strength fyk

reinforcement Elastic modulus Es
Coefficient for bond
Crack sacing k1
characteristics
Early-age 3 days
Age at cracking
Long term 28 days

Coefficient of expansion αc
Temperature drop T1
Creep factor Kc1

Early-age restrained strain
Restraint R
Early-age Days
Risk of early-age
cracking
Aggregate type
Long term cracking Age at cracking days
Long term temperature change T2
Drying shrinkage εcd
Creep factor Kc2
Restraint to T2 R2
Restraint to drying shrinkage R3

Restraint required to cause
Rcrack
cracking
PAGE 3 INTERNAL RESTRAINT
The input data for dealing with cracking caused by internal restraint is broadly the same as that required for edge restraint with the principal exception
surface ΔT replaces T1. Other changes inherent in the design calculation are the restraint factor R assumed to be 0.42 and the coefficients k and kc wh
compared with the condition of external restraint.

sk of cracking and controlling crack widths

estimating the likelihood of cracking and for selecting or checking reinforcement to control crack widths
od of BS EN 1992-1-1 with adjustments where considered appropriate (see Appendix A8)
INTERNAL restraint from temperature differentials

password protected to prevent accidental deletion of equations. For those wishing to modify or copy the spreadsheet, the password is C766
RAINT
Section thickness in mm
Select from the drop-down menu
Bar diameter in mm
Bar spacing in mm
Minimum cover to reinforcement
The characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement in MPa
A value of 12 µε / oC is recommended if there is no knowledge of the aggregate type. The recommended value in BS EN 1992-1-1 is 10
µε / oC but many aggregates in the UK produce concrete with higher values
This may be obtained from data in C660, the temperature model (Appendix A2) or by independent validated modelling or measurement.
BS EN 1992-1-1 does not define a creep factor but includes this in the value of restraint R = 0.5 which is the maximum value
recommended by BS EN 1992-1-1 and so must cover the worst condition of restraint. When this value of R is used, K1 should be assumed
to be 1. When R is calculated K1 may be assumed to be 0.65
BS EN 1992-1-1 permits R to be calculated from the relative stiffness of the element and the member against which it is cast. Where it
can be demonstrated that R < 0.8 the calculated value may be used with K1 = 0.65. The the maximum restrained strain occurs at a distance
of 0.1 x length of the wall above the joint with the base. When the wall abuts a previously cast length, the assumed length is calculating
the location of the maximum restrained strain is double the actual length.
Assumed to be 3 days for early age cracking unless more reliable information is available

The tensile strain capacity is the ratio of the tensile strength to the elastic modulus and the latter is affected by the aggregate type. If the
aggregate source is known this can be selected from the drop down menu. The default value for unknown aggregate is 1. This is the value
dervied from the properties calculated according to BS EN 1992-1-1 for quartz aggregate. Where the elastic modulusat 28 days is known
this may be entered and 'measured' should be selected from the drop down menu.
A drop down menu (YES/NO)provides the option to take account of the contributon of the edge restraint in limiting crack opening and the
amount of steel required to ensure that yield does not occur.
BS EN 1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8 but provides a factor of 0.7 where good bond cannot be guaranteed. k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14 for section
>300 mm thick with cover < 50 mm. If cracking is not predicted at early age, then k1 = 0.8.
For calculating long term cracking the 28-day properties of the concrete are adopted.
Where both the restrained and the restraining element are subject to a change in temperature, T2 is the differential change in temperature
between the restrained and the restraining element unless there is external restraint to both elements.
Calculate using the method of BS EN 1992-1-1 unless more reliable information is available. Only apply when causing differential
contraction between elements or when the elements acting integrally are subject to external restraint. The drying shrinkage is that
occurring at the end of the design life of the structure or part thereof.
When restraint is calculated, the long-term creep coefficient is taken as 0.5
Long term restraint will be reduced as the ratio of stiffness of the elements reduces and En / Eo approaches 1. Consideration must also be
given to the element acting integrally.
If cracking has occurred at early age, the same carack spacing is assumed for long-term cracking. If cracking has not occurred at early age,
the crack spacing is recalculated assuming that k1 =0.8
Section thickness in mm
Select from the drop-down menu.
Bar diameter in mm
Bar spacing in mm
Minimum cover to reinforcement
The characteristic yield strength of the reinforcement = 500 MPa
200 GPa
See ref to k1 above
Values of 3 days and 28 days are assumed for the estimation of early age and long-term properties. Values derived on this basis are have
been shown to be safe in relation to the design of reinforcement for crack control

A value of 12 µε / oC is recommended if there is no knowledge of the aggregate type. The recommended value in BS EN 1992-1-1 is 10 µε
/ oC but many aggregates in the UK produce concrete with higher values
This may be obtained from data in C766, the temperature model (Appendix A2) or by independent validated modelling or measurement.
BS EN 1992-1-1 does not define a creep factor but includes this in the value of restraint R = 0.5 which is the maximum value
recommended by BS EN 1992-1-1 and must cover the worst condition of restraint. When this value of R is used, K1 should be assumed to
be 1. When R is calculated K1 may be assumed to be 0.65
BS EN 1992-1-1 permits R to be calculated from the relative stiffness of the element and the member against which it is cast. Where it
can be demonstrated that R < 0.8 the calculated value may be used with K1 = 0.65. END restraint may be difficult to calculated, particulary
when there is a combination of restraints acting on the member, eg a slab on piles with a combination of friction from the base and lateral
resistance from piles. Some guidance is provided in Appendix A5, but the user may be required to undertake additional calculations where
the arrangement of restraints is complex.
Properties at 3 days are assumed for the estimation of early age cracking. However, when there is confience in the predicted time of
cracking there is the option to use other ages.
The tensile strain capacity is the ratio of the tensile strength to the elastic modulus and the latter is affected by the aggregate type. If the
aggregate source is known this can be selected from the drop down menu. The default value (coefficient = 1) is the value dervied from the
properties calculated according to BS EN 1992-1-1 for quartz aggregate. Where the elastic modulus is known this may be entered and
'measured' should be selected from the drop down menu.
For calculating long-term cracking the 28-day properties of the concrete are adopted.
Where both the restrained and the restraining element are subject to a change in temperature, T2 is the differential change in temperature
between the restrained and the restraining element unless there is external restraint to both elements.
Calculate using the method of BS EN 1992-1-1 unless more reliable information is available.
Long-term restraint will be reduced as the ratio of stiffness of the elements reduces and En / Eo approaches 1 and as elements act integrally.
As restraint may be difficult to calculate, the restraint required to cause cracking is also estimated and the user may judge whether this level
of restraint is likely to be achieved in practice.
king caused by internal restraint is broadly the same as that required for edge restraint with the principal exception that the temperature differential between the centre and the
es inherent in the design calculation are the restraint factor R assumed to be 0.42 and the coefficients k and kc which reflect the difference in the stress distribution within the section
ernal restraint.



Bar diameter φ mm 0.00001
Bar spacing s mm 0.00001
Area of steel per face per m As mm 2
0
Early age cracking
Restrained strain
C 24 T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature
Free contraction εfree(ea) µε 262 εfree(ea) = T1αc+ εca(ea)

Kc1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; Kc1, = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including creep) according to
BS EN 1992-1-1
Use restraint calculator for walls or adjacent slabs; or historical data. The restrant at the point
Restraint R1 0.39 of maximum crack width is estimated at a distance of 0.1L from the joint, where L is the
length of the joint
Early-age restrained contraction εr(ea) µε 66 εr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1 αc+ εca(ea))
Age at early cracking teac days 3 Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available
Aggregate type. Use the 'selected' option and enter Flint gravel 1.10 Coefficient for stiffness of aggregate
results. 30 Enter value of Ecm(28) if 'measured' selected from menu for aggregate type


Tensile strain capacity εctu(ea) µε 68 εctu(ea) = [ fctk,0.05(teac) / [Ecm(teac) x Kc1]
Risk of early age cracking εr(ea)/εctu(ea) 0.98 Cracking predicted if εr(ea)/εctu >1.
Early-age crack-inducing strain εcr(ea) µε 32 εcr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1αc + εca(ea)) - 0.5 εctu(ea) = (εsm - εcm)
Coefficient (BS EN 1992-1-1) k 1.00 k = 1.0 for h ≤ 300 mm, k = 0.65 for h ≥ 800 mm, intermediate values are interpolated
Coefficient for effect of edge restraint (optional) kRedge YES 0.81 Calculated as (1-0.5R1) for R1 at the location of the maximum crack width
Depth of surface zone representing Act hs,min mm 100 hs,min = k kc h/2
Minimum area of steel per face per m As,min mm2 237 As,min = (kRedge k kc(fctk,0.05(tc)/ fyk) Act Highlighted if As<As,min
Crack spacing
he,ef mm 0.0000125 he,ef = lesser of h/2 and 2.5 (c + φ/2)
Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing ρp,eff 0.62832 ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)
BS EN 1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8, but provides a factor of 0.7 where good bond cannot be
Coefficient for bond characteristics. k1 0.8 guaranteed. Recommended k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14 at early age for sections >300 mm thick with
cover < 50 mm.
Crack spacing Sr,max mm 0 Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 φ/ρp,eff
Early age crack width wk mm 0.00 wk = εc(ea) Sr,max(=0 if early-age cracking is not predicted)
Long term cracking



Autogenous shrinkage at 28 days δεca(lt) µε 49
Long-term temperature change T2 C

o
0 T2 and εcd only apply when causing differential contraction between the restrained and the
restraining member or when the members acting integrally are subject to external restraint.
Drying shrinkage εcd µε 17 The drying shrinkage is that occurring at the end of the design life of the structure or part
thereof.
Long-term free contraction εfree(lt) µε 306 αc T1 + ɛca(lt) + αc T2 + ɛcd

Kc2 = 0.5 if R is calculated, Kc2, = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including creep to BS EN
Creep factor - long term Kc2 0.50 1992-1-1)
Restraint to long-term thermal strains R2 0.38 Restraint of an individual member will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term.
However, consideration must be given to the fact that individually cast elements will act
integrally in the partially or fully completed structure. R2 and R3 will generally have the same
Restraint to drying shrinkage R3 0.38 value
Long-term restrained strain εr(lt) µε 76 Kc1[αcT1+ɛca(3)]R1+Kc1[(ɛca(28)-ɛca(3))+αcT2]R2+Kc2ɛcdR3]

Risk of cracking and crack-inducing strain
Age at long term cracking tltc days 28 Assume 28 days unless more reliable information is available
Elastic modulus Ecm(lt) GPa 38.7 Mean 28-day value unless more reliable information is available
Tensile strength fctk,0.05(lt) MPa 2.46 Characterisitic tensile strength fctk,0.05(28) unless more reliable information available
Tensile strain capacity εctu(lt) µε 127 εctu(lt) = fctk, 0.05(tltc)/ (Ecm Kc2)
Risk of long term cracking εr(lt)/εctu(lt) 0.60 Cracking predicted if εr(lt)/εctu(lt) > 1.
Long term crack-inducing strain εcr(lt) µε 13 Kc1[αcT1+ɛca(ea)]R1+Kc2[(ɛca(lt)-ɛca(ea))R2+αcT2R2+ɛcdR3]-0.5ɛctu(lt)



Risk and control of cracking due to continuous end restraint


Bar diameter φ mm 0
Bar spacing s mm 0
Elastic modulus of reinforcement Esm GPa 0
Area of steel per face per m As mm2 #DIV/0!
Early age cracking

Restrained strain
C 19.8 T1 = Peak temperature - mean ambient temperature
Free contraction εfree(ea) µε 220 εfree(ea) = T1αc+ εca(3)
Kc1 = 0.65 if R is calculated; Kc1, = 1 if R is assumed to be 0.5 (including creep to BS
EN 1992-1-1)
Restraint R 0.40
Early-age restrained contraction εr(ea) µε 57 εr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1 αc+ εca(3))

Age at cracking tc days 3 Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available
Aggregate type. Use the 'Selected' option and enter Flint gravel 1.10 Coefficient for stiffness of aggregate
results.


Input parameters
Aggregate type. Use the 'Selected' option and enter Symbol Unit Value Comments/guidance
results. 30 Enter valueof Ecm(28) if 'measured' selected from menu for aggregate type
Elastic modulus Ecm(tc) GPa 33.2 Mean value Ecm(tc).BS EN 1992-1-1 values are based on quartz aggregate
Tensile strain capacity εctu(ea) µε 68 εctu(ea) = [ fctm(tc) / Ecm(tc) ] x [Ksus / Kc1]

Risk of early age cracking εr(ea)/εctu(ea) 0.84 Low risk of early age cracking if εr(ea)/εctu < 1.
Where restraint is difficult to calculate the estimated magnitude of restraint required to
Restraint required to cause cracking Rcrack 0.48 cause cracking may be compared with reported typical values to assess whether this
value is likely to be exceeded
Crack-inducing strain
Modular ratio αe 0.00
Steel ratio ρ #DIV/0!
Crack-inducing strain (εsm - εcm) µε #DIV/0! (εsm - εcm) = 0.5 αe kc k fctk,0.05(tc) (1+1/(αeρ))/Es

Coefficient (BS EN 1992-1-1) k 0.76 k = 1.0 for h ≤ 300 mm; k = 0.65 for h ≥ 800 mm; intermediate values are interpolated
Surface zone representing Act hs,min mm 245 hs,min = k kc h/2
Minimum area of steel per face per m As,min mm 2

#DIV/0! As,min = k kc(fctk,0.05(tc)/ fyk) Act Highlighted if As<As,min
Crack spacing
he,ef mm 0 he,ef = lesser of h/2 and 2.5 (c + φ/2)
Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing ρp,eff #DIV/0! ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)


BS EN 1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8, but provides a factor of 0.7 where good bond
Coefficient for bond characteristics. k1 1.14 cannot be guaranteed. Recommended k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14 at early age for sections >300
mm thick with cover <50 mm.
Crack spacing Sr,max mm #DIV/0! Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 φ/ρp,eff
Early age crack width wk mm #DIV/0! wk = εc(ea) Sr,max(=0 if cracking is not predicted)
Maximum stress in the reinforcement σs N/mm2 #DIV/0! σs = 2(ɛsm - ɛcm)Es
Long-term cracking

Autogenous shrinkage at 28 days εca(lt) µε 49
T2 and εcd only apply when causing differential contraction or when the sections acting
Long-term temperature change T2 o
C 0
integrally are subject to external restraint.
The drying shrinkage is that occurring at the end of the design life of the structure or part
Drying shrinkage εcd µε 17
thereof.
Long term free contraction εfree(lt) µε 264 αc T1 + ɛca(28) + αc T2 + ɛcd
Creep factor - long term Kc2 0.50
Restraint to long term thermal strains R2 0.40 Restraint of an individual element will reduce as En / Eo approaches 1 in the long term.
However,consideration must be given to the fact that individually cast elements will act
Restraint to drying shrinkage R3 0.40 integrally in the partially or fully completed structure.
Long term restrained contraction εr(lt) µε 68 R1Kc1(αcT1+ɛca(28)) + (R2Kc1αcT2)+ (Kc2R2ɛcd)
Risk of cracking



Risk and control of cracking due to internal restraint


Bar diameter φ mm 0
Bar spacing s mm 0
Area of steel per face per m As mm2 #DIV/0!
Early-age cracking
Restrained strain
Temperature differential DT o
C 9.8 ∆T= Peak temperature - surface temperature
Free differential contraction εfree(ea) µε 118 εfree(ea) = ∆T.αc

Creep factor - early age Kc1 0.65 Kc1 = 0.65
Restraint R 0.34
Early-age restrained contraction εr(ea) µε 26 εr(ea) = R Kc1 (∆T.αc)

Aggregate type. Use the 'selected' option and enter Basalt 1.20 Coefficient for stiffness of aggregate
results. 30 Enter valueof Ecm(28) if 'measured' or obtained from historical data
Tensile strain capacity εctu(ea) µε 62 εctu(ea) = [ fctk,0.05(tc) / [Ecm(tc) x Kc1]
Risk of early age cracking εr(ea)/εctu(ea) 0.42 Low risk of early age cracking if εr(ea)/εctu < 1.

Risk and control of cracking due to internal restraint

Early-age crack-inducing strain εcr(ea) µε -5 εcr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1αc + εca(3)) - 0.5 εctu(3) = (εsm - εcm)

Age at cracking tc days 3 Assume 3 days unless more reliable information is available
Coefficient (BS EN 1992-1-1) k 0.50 For assumed triangular strain distribution
Surface zone representing Act hs,min mm 65 hs,min = k kc 0.2 h
Minimum area of steel per face per m As,min mm2 #DIV/0! As,min = (1-0.5R) k kc(fctk,0.05(tc)/ fyk) Act Highlighted if As<As,min
Crack spacing
Surface zone defining the effective area of concrete
he,ef mm 0 he,ef = lesser of h/2 and 2.5 (c + φ/2)
in tension, Ac,eff
Steel ratio for estimating crack spacing ρp,eff #DIV/0! ρp,eff = As / Ac,eff = As/ (he,ef x 1000)
BS EN 1992-1-1 recommends k1= 0.8, but provides a factor of 0.7 where good
Coefficient for bond characteristics. k1 0.8 bond cannot be guaranteed. Recommneded k1 = 0.8/0.7 = 1.14 at early age for
sections >300 mm thick with cover <50mm.
Crack spacing Sr,max mm #DIV/0! Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 φ/ρp,eff
Early age crack width wk mm #DIV/0! wk = εc(ea) Sr,max


C766 Crack Calculator For Walls

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C766 Crack Calculator For Walls

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Crack control Continuous edge restraint

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Section details and reinforcement

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete αc µε/oC 10.0 If aggregate is unknown use 12 µε / oC

Free contraction εfree(ea) µε 211 εfree(ea) = T1αc+ εca(ea)

Early-age restrained contraction εr(ea) µε 53 εr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1 αc+ εca(ea))

Risk of cracking and crack inducing strain

CIRIA C660 PAGE 2 / 1

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Tensile strain capacity εctu(ea) µε 68 εctu(ea) = [ fctk,0.05(teac) / [Ecm(teac) x Kc1]

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min

Coefficient (BS EN 1992-1-1) kc 1.00 For pure tension kc = 1

Crack spacing Sr,max mm 0 Sr,max = 3.4c + 0.425 k1 φ/ρp,eff

Maximum stress in the reinforcement σs N/mm2 21 σs = 2(ɛsm - ɛcm)Es

Long term cracking

CIRIA C660 PAGE 2 / 2

Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Long-term restrained strain

Long-term temperature change T2 C

Long-term free contraction εfree(lt) µε 250 αc T1 + ɛca(lt) + αc T2 + ɛcd

Long-term restrained strain εr(lt) µε 62 Kc1[αcT1+ɛca(3)]R1+Kc1[(ɛca(28)-ɛca(3))+αcT2]R2+Kc2ɛcdR3]

Long term crack-inducing strain εcr(lt) µε -1 Kc1[αcT1+ɛca(ea)]R1+Kc2[(ɛca(lt)-ɛca(ea))R2+αcT2R2+ɛcdR3]-0.5ɛctu(lt)

Minimum area of reinforcement As,min

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C766 Predicting the risk of cracking and controlling crack widths

PAGE 2 CONTINUOUS EDGE RESTRAINT

Section details and Bar diameter φ

Early-age restrained strain Creep factor Kc1

Restraint at the location of the

Age at cracking days

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Minimum area of Coefficient for effect edge

Crack spacing Factor for bond k1

Age at cracking days

Long term temperature change T2

Long term cracking Drying shrinkage εcd

Creep factor KC2

PAGE 3 END RESTRAINT

Properties of Characteristic yield strength fyk

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Creep factor Kc1

Long term cracking Age at cracking days

Long term temperature change T2

Drying shrinkage εcd

Creep factor Kc2

Restraint to drying shrinkage R3

PAGE 3 INTERNAL RESTRAINT

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sk of cracking and controlling crack widths

INTERNAL restraint from temperature differentials

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When restraint is calculated, the long-term creep coefficient is taken as 0.5

See ref to k1 above

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Risk and control of cracking due to continuous edge restraint

Section details and reinforcement

Coefficient of thermal expansion of concrete αc µε/oC 10.0 If aggregate is unknown use 12 µε / oC

Free contraction εfree(ea) µε 262 εfree(ea) = T1αc+ εca(ea)

Early-age restrained contraction εr(ea) µε 66 εr(ea) = R1 Kc1 (T1 αc+ εca(ea))

Risk of cracking and crack inducing strain