Lecture 4-Electromechanical Instruments (Analogue Meters) - P1-BW

0120321045
!""#$"!"
%&'()'*!+"$"!"
"#,"*- *"
.*""*/%&
9 3240
9:;<=97:

9 321>? 7@7=97:
:@4
?:A0
9<8
9
9 32BC7
=7D?8:@ED897:

9 323ED897
A2:F<8
9 32G>:
9<=97:
?H897?
9 32IC8
8
95A
895:7
A>:7?0
9<8
9
9 32J1K98
7:
:@7
A8:@C55>0
9<8
9
9 32L5:7
A0:
0
9<8
9
9 3251?8=9:;
:8982D80
9<8
9
9 32401?8=9: 997=0
9<8
9
9 32440
;<=97:
9D80
9<8
9
9 32411?8=9:9M8?0
9<8
9
9 324B78=97@789D80
9<8
9
1 0120321045 60601234516117543306176028
4
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!
" #

$%&'87(87 %
87
)*7(*+,-./0+10+./2.3451678.45.7.9/:+4:0/05.
;0:9+4/:./;.+4<-=
" >*88?7
(7?$8 %@9*8%?897%
%@
$%&898 AB7C-6-9+2/<7D:-+49.B9*8
&
897(8@@8(9 %@8$8(97((7(E79 CFB77C-6-9+2/5+7+49B9*8@%(8 G89)88

8$8(97($$(*&8'(%
'E(9% CF
'B777C-6-9+2/H+,-2<76.B9*8*897
&8@@8(9 C2
" IJK LK MN!NJLKKA8$8(97($ 7&
$O 8(*
7($@%(8%9%PE8

%E9?E9O %$9898%898
" QKLNKLNRKLS!RT!J!ULKA7 9*8% 9(%%
E 8'
7
9E8
9
PMMC instrument can be used for measuring a DC current or voltage of an electric circuit.
AC current ammeters and voltmeters must represent the RMS values of the current, or
voltage, respectively, when being applied to the instrument.
V 0120321045 6W6WX>Y#ZX[XX\Z#YYW6X\[W>]
^_JNUU!`!N!àNJRULKU
aNJR!ULKULNbcKJNUU!`!K!ddNbUA
" ef5/60+-.4:5+20<-:+5.ghijklmnopqrostuvA
%(%?7 %
)79*
%9*8
7
9E8
9G87
&8PE78'B9*8(%
9
9 %@9*87
9E8
9
'79 '8@$8(97%
O

%($7G97%
%@9*87
9E8
97 8PE78'Ce.g. the tangent galvanometer, PMMC
" w-9/:3728.4:5+20<-:+5.ghijklmnoxyrzu{R!|ostuvABG87
&($7G98'G
(%?7 %
)79*879*8
G %$E987
9E8
9%%
8)*7(** $8'G88
A galvanometer works as an
($7G98'C}($ 7@78'GA actuator, by producing a rotary
42W
'7(97
&7
9E8
9 A9%7
'7(989*8&
79E'8%@PE
979G87
&
deflection (of a "pointer"), in
response to the electric current
8 E8'e.g. VOM flowing through a coil in a
12\8(%'7
&7
9E8
9 A9%&78(%
97
E%E 8(%'%@9*8PE
979G87
& constant magnetic field.
8 E8'%8 ?8(7@78'?87%'2e.g. oscilloscope

V2W
98&97
&7
9E8
9 A9%8(%'9*89%9$7~8'88
9 %8 ?8(7@78'
?87%'%@978 e.g. Ampere hour and watt hour (energy) meters
3 0120321045 6W6WX>Y#ZX[XX\Z#YYW6X\[W>]
1
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$!%&"
' ()%*!&!##!&
' +,!%&*!##!&-9.8/0/1238
4./95787
918
9 6
' 7!&"8&%&!##!&
' 7!&"9%*!&!##!&-82:2;998986
' <,% !##!&
= 0120321045 6>6>?@ABC?D??ECBAA>6?ED>@F
$!%&*G"HI!8J(K
' L!#!&*&"HI!M#"!N4828
47
:12/
9.883809703 7:
39/O88 184
P .832 7
/997
:9.87
918
9/88
9Q/79 R8/2/ 797/
2
' S"&" *&"HI!M#"!N 273 27
: /:791 849/2/41089.8
TUVWXUYZV[\WUX]^_\-Q/9.8TUVWXUYZV[\à`W_b6
c1
097/
/Q9.80/
9/337
: 98N
REMEMBER!!!
The controlling torque/force is opposite to the deflecting torque/force.
When the deflecting and controlling torques are equal in magnitude, the movement
will be stopped at the particular position or in equilibrium.
d 0120321045 6>6>?@ABC?D??ECBAA>6?ED>@F

6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%&'(
) *+ "#$,-"./9017
293807
2 98908 9993847
5
68458798680 7970
9:77;52(without any oscillation or very small oscillation)
A damping force generally works in an

opposite direction to the movement of the
moving system.
< 0120321045 6=6=>?@AB>C>>DBA@@=6>DC=?E
REMEMBER!!!
Air friction, fluid friction and eddy currents provide the damping torque/force to act.
FG"%$."H*H%&I(
FIJ"K %L%+M
NO"%/ The power is...
PQRSTUVWXYSZ[\]^S 30:5618_WYQ]`8080970
590938a872390493807
289b
PQRSc\Wd]WUX[_ScU\dRS 30:5618TWXWTeT`0880 79890938088
9b
Nf$"%/(The purpose is to reduce oscillations of the moving system)
C: 88
70
`ghigjkllmnopjqb
?:9C: 88
70
`grigjkllmnopjq371s
b
t709
6u8a85187
2`qgji9:vwxymxz{|mu8a85b
C87
250686~8a85187
2u8a85187
2t709 ?:9C: 88
70

} 0120321045 6=6=>?@AB>C>>DBA@@=6>DC=?E
3
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%&#"$'()
($$"*+&,-
. /0"*!$
:7;7
<=>
9>?
@:7;7
<=>
9>?7

=9A?7
9A8
9
5 0120321045 61612345627228654416287139
!"#$%&#"$'B)
($$"*+&,'!)- to produce the controlling torque
. /0"*!$'!)
CD:E9>9??8
<9F>G 97;DHIJKLMN7OLPJQIRSTHUV?WX>:
YD:E9F8M7?9F7=Z
8
[D:E9F8M8;9F\]7M9F
^D4\1:E9>A
<_ >MA?A G>9F8987?>G9F8 ;7
<D`LaQbcSIdJHUV?WX>:
e DM7
:9F8M8G?8=97>
>G9F8>7
< 98
fgh!$$"*i &'j,) t (m)
b (m)
3F8=>
9>??7
<9>kA8lel7
9A8
9M8G?8=97>
40 0120321045 61612345627228654416287139

6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%&#"$'(
2$$"34&5'!(6
7 8#9"4!$
:7 9;8<=
9=>?87@;9
A7 9;8B7 9
<8=C9;8
=7
@ 98
DEB7
F9;8B8C>8<97=

=C9;8=7
@ 98
44 0120321045 6)6)*+,-.*/**0.-,,)6*0/)+1
!"#$%&#"$'(
GH 7 9;8B8C>8<97
@9=IJ8K?;7<;7 B78<9>L=L=97=
>9=9;8<J8
9M2
)C9;87
9J8
97 N"3O!$$&PK9;8<=
9=>>7
@9=IJ8Q87
@GRK?;8
9;8
B8C>8<97=
7 S2
kS =
at the final deflected position
+;8B8C>8<97=
7 L=L=97=
>9=9;8<J8
99;=J@;9;8 <>8
41 0120321045 6)6)*+,-.*/**0.-,,)6*0/)+1

6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%&#"$'()
*+ 7 9,8-8./8097
19234856,70,7 -7809/7272972
/929,8048
982
9.9,87
948
97 :#;"<=!$$&>59,802
92//7
192348?87
1*@56,8
9,8
-8./80972
7 A2
kg = w * l
4B 0120321045 6969CDEFGCHCCIGFEE96CIH9DJ
!"#$%&#"$'K)
L%#MN":<&M
O P"=Q"!">#MN":
O R$">=Q"!">#MN":
O S>><=! &>#MN":
43 0120321045 6969CDEFGCHCCIGFEE96CIH9DJ

6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%&#"$'()
*%#+,"-.&+'!)
/ 0"12"!"3#+,"-
457679587
897 9:
7 99;78<9:978:7
6 98
<:8 7

7
;7=8;5: 8<9:
88
<2
4> 0120321045 6?6?@AB4C@D@@EC4BB?6@ED?AF
!"#$%&#"$'G)
*%#+,"-.&+'!)
/ H$"312"!"3#+,"-
457679
899;78<9:978 97
<58:I978:7
6 98J<79 7
9:9:9:I
<97
6:75
< 7:85<=8;:958985 8=868<=:752A78I7;97:
5<67
978
<7 ;7 5K 7
978<78;97:
:99: 7
6:97:
2
4L 0120321045 6?6?@AB4C@D@@EC4BB?6@ED?AF

6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%"!#&'()
*$"+,!-.%+&)
/ 011.2%1"+,!-
348
48895675
89797
:987;58 7
948:
8977678;8< 7999459:4
;7
8 566578< 7898888798
9 7
948987;< 7
89789488=7
:6578
:7
99485975
5657
: 982
>488=7
:65787 =5=5975
;95948:
7998856798
9
8948 98
:9456
948678;82
>488=7
:65787 =5=5975
;959488;57795694857
: 98
87
?@AB7
7 856
5588
956948 982
4C 0120321045 6D6D@>EFG@H@@AGFEED6@AHD>I
!"#$%"!#&'')
!)011.2%1"+,!-J%K+%"#K+%
(bề rộng khối trụ)

(bề ngang khối trụ)
4L 0120321045 6D6D@>EFG@H@@AGFEED6@AHD>I
5
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%"!#&'()
!)*++,-%+"./!01%2.%"#2.%&)
$,".!"##,0%%"%+*34&56)!7%2.%8(EMF - Electromotive force)
Refer to
Lecture 1 Part 2
(MMF - Magnetomotive force)
45 0120321045 6969:;<=>:?::@>=<<96:@?9;A
!"#$%"!#&'B)
!!)*++,-%+"./!01%2.%"#+!
10 0120321045 6969:;<=>:?::@>=<<96:@?9;A
40
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$%"!#&'(
!!()**+,%*"-.!/0%1-%"#*! &(
(with k is a constant which

depends upon a radial position of
the disc and poles)
14 0120321045 6262345673833976552639824:
;<%-"%="/%=>!/!#?-%&'(
6@8AB8C97
DAEC8F
6CE
9EBB7
DAEC8F
6@G7
DAEC8F
5 8
11 0120321045 6262345673833976552639824:
44
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
! "#$!%"$&'()*+,
Magnetic
1- 0120321045 6.6./0123/4//53211.6/54.06
! "#$!%"$&'()*7,
13 0120321045 6.6./0123/4//53211.6/54.06
41
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,
Eddy currents
1- 0120321045 6.6./0123/4//53211.6/54.06
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+7,
18 0120321045 6.6./0123/4//53211.6/54.06
4
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
! "#$!%"$&'()*+
(dai, bền bỉ)

1, 0120321045 6-6-./012.3..42100-6.43-/5
! "#$!%"$&'()*6+
17 0120321045 6-6-./012.3..42100-6.43-/5
43
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,-
. /0'1%"#2*2*%##0!!&%)*
<=9>8?@7AB
C=8?9
DEAAE7
E
F@8B
G=9>8H8I9>@F9>8?@7AB
J= K7
IA8B
LNL =P8Q8AH87
D B
JMMNJOORS K7
D B
TU=K8
8
9D
89B
TR=K@A8 B
V<=F7W8I @F97?@

?A7
I7?A?@8B
TX=K@7
98B
YR= @F97@
@Z8B
15 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935;
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+[-
\0 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935;
4
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,-.
/ 01281
1
8 7381495821767 7
/ 819:81
825 7381495821767
/ 819638468297
;919:88<89831
95821767 <F
=4 0120321045 6>6>?8@AB?C??DBA@@>6?DC>8E
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,,.
/ &##'#G*785821
916919:814 H7
; 7 H1H1971
691958
;68I
951:;5J95821762
=1 0120321045 6>6>?8@AB?C??DBA@@>6?DC>8E
4
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,-.
/ 01%"#2*3
44 0120321045 65656789:6;66<:988566<;57=
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,>.
/ ?@$")#A!!&%)*)B
43 0120321045 65656789:6;66<:988566<;57=
4
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,-
. /%)0$")#1!!&%)*)2
(yếu, mỏng manh)
(like strong deflecting torque)

(nhỏ, mỏng) (sự quá tải thời gian dài)
34 0120321045 65656789:6;66<:988566<;57=
!"!#$%"&#%'()*+,>-
. ?@A',B
N= 60 turns
b=18mm
l=25mm
B=0.5T
ks = 1.5 x 10^-6 Nm/degree
theta = 100degree
3C 0120321045 65656789:6;66<:988566<;57=
4
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
! "#$!%"$&'()*+,

- ./0&12 A coil dimension:
l x b = 15 x 12 mm
Flux density: 1.8 x 10^-3 Wb/m2
ks = 0.14 x 10^-6 Nm/rad
The number of turns ==?
- 3"&)$"4 theta = 90degree = 90 x 2pi/360

rad
I = 5mA
@
turns
56 0120321045 676789:;<8=88><;::768>=79?
REMEMBER!!!!
For a final exam, you can use a cheat sheet with the A4 size to copy all important formulas.
! "#$!%"$&'()*+A,

- ./0&B4 Rm=20 Ohms
f.s. (full scale deflection) = 120
degrees
A potential difference: 100mV
l x b = 30 mm x 25 mm
N= 100 turns
ks = 0.375 x 10^-6 Nm/degree
Find:
B=? Tesla
The dimension of copper wire of
the coil winding =?
with 30% of the instrument
resistance is due to the coil
winding (30% x 20 = 6 Ohms)
The specific resistance
(resistivity) = 1.7 x 10^-8 (Ohm
meter)
5C 0120321045 676789:;<8=88><;::768>=79?
45
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
! "#$!%"$&'()*+,-

8 9:;&<*="-> Rm=20 Ohms
f.s. (full scale deflection) = 120
degrees
A potential difference: 100mV
l x b = 30 mm x 25 mm
N= 100 turns
ks = 0.375 x 10^-6 Nm/degree
Find:
B=? Tesla
The dimension of copper wire of
the coil winding =?
with 30% of the instrument
resistance is due to the coil
winding (30% x 20 = 6 Ohms)
The specific resistance
(resistivity) = 1.7 x 10^-8
(Ohmmeter)
.5 0120321045 6/6/01234050064322/6065/17
! "#$!%"$&'()*+?-

8 9:;&@ l x b = 40 mm x 30 mm
N= 100 turns
Tc = 240 x 10^-6 Nm
Deflection: 100 divisions on f.s
B=1 Wb/m2
Find:
What is the external resistance
connected in series with the coil
to give 1V/division
100 divisions --> 100V
The voltage of PMMC is 100V
(Neglect the resistance of the
voltmeter.)
30 0120321045 6/6/01234050064322/6065/17
10
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
! "#$!%"$&'()*+,-

7 89:&*;"-< l x b = 40 mm x 30 mm
N= 100 turns
Tc = 240 x 10^-6 Nm
Deflection: 100 divisions on f.s
B=1 Wb/m2
Find:
What is the external resistance
connected in series with the coil
to give 1V/division
100 divisions --> 100V
The voltage of PMMC is 100V
(Neglect the resistance of the
voltmeter.)
34 0120321045 6.6./0123/4//53211.6/54.06
=89($"">?!"> %'()(*@-
=@ABC)(D
0E8F33G7
9H8
9I
IJKLMNOPQNRSN T8U9VW78THUU IU8X8TU8I97V
2
YV8 H7
W9E8E7WE8IH8
9Z[\]^_8 7 9Và[\b7 IV
8I98X7
cUU8U9V
9E87
9H8
92
I = Im + Ish
31 0120321045 6.6./0123/4//53211.6/54.06
14
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$!%&&'()*+,-.
/0++)12*,3 .4
?79@A7 9@8BC97DC7

EDF?8FG @B
9
35 0120321045 6666789:;7<77=;:99667=<68>
!"#$!%&&'()*+,H.
-I J+)&*JKJ)4
LF8 B7
E@7E@8FC9E8 M@7E@8 7 9
N87 NF
8N98O)P2
9@87
9B8
99FC7799@8NB8
97
9@8NF7C9F G8CB82
8@8C779CB8FGNB8
9 @FBCOQRSRTU8VN88O9@8NB8
98WB78O9FDFOBN8
9@8GBCC NC8O8GC8N97F
2
XYZ
XA
33 0120321045 6666789:;7<77=;:99667=<68>
11
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-.
/0!1,*'+121*-3!.4
5796789968 878 8 7 979
5796968 878 8 7 979
:7;<9688=97>=7
?
@A97@78=97>=789 KMN
KL
3B 0120321045 6C6CDE:FGDHDDIGF::C6DIHCEJ
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-O.
3P 0120321045 6C6CDE:FGDHDDIGF::C6DIHCEJ
1
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#$!%&&'()*+,-.
#+/01 Resistance: 100 Ohm
f.s. deflection: 150 divisions
1V for 100 divisions
150 divisions --> 1.5V
How to measure 300V?
32 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935;
!"#$!%&&'()*+,.
#+/01 Resistance: 5 Ohm
f.s. deflection: 10mV
How to measure 50V? and 10A?
3< 6363456784944:8766364:935;
13
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-./
$,012 A fixed shunt: 0.02 Ohm
Rm = 1000 Ohm
Potential difference: 500 mV for
f.s. deflection
The shunted current?

The value of R ? when the
measured current is 10A or 75A
The value of R ? with 40% f.s.
with 100A
Rm
4000<= 026
300<> 0216
4000<= 026 Im is the f.s. deflecting current.
35 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935; ?000<> 426 0.5 = 1000 x Im

0.2 = Rm x Im
Im is the f.s. deflecting current.

0.5 = 1000 x Im
1.5 = Rm x Im
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-@/
$,012 A fixed shunt: 0.02 Ohm
Rm = 1000 Ohm
Potential difference: 500 mV for
f.s. deflection
The shunted current?

The value of R ? when the
measured current is 10A or 75A
A!1+!-B!/2
The value of R ? with 40% f.s.
with 100A
Rm
4C000<= 026
40C000<> 6
Linear relationship:
40% of f.s deflection --> 100A
100% of f.s deflection --> 100/0.4 = 250A
0 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935;
1
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-./0
$,;<= Rm = 1800 Ohm
?@
f.s. deflection current: 100microA
Reading of the shunted ammeter:

is 3.5mA on the scale of 5mA
A recently calibrated DC
ammeter: reading of 4.1mA
Questions:
>!<+!= a) The actual value of faulty shunt
on the 5mA range?
b) The current shunt for the 5 mA
range?
=70 microA
4.1 mA 70 microA
=70 microA Rm
4.1 mA -
70 microA
14 6262345673833976552639824:
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-..0
$,;<= Rm = 1800 Ohm
?@
f.s. deflection current: 100microA
Reading of the shunted ammeter:

is 3.5mA on the scale of 5mA
A recently calibrated DC
ammeter: reading of 4.1mA
Questions:
a) The actual value of faulty shunt
on the 5mA range?
b) The current shunt for the 5 mA
range?
i.e 4.1mA on the scale of 5mA
11 6262345673833976552639824:
1
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-./0
$,123 f.s. deflection current: 10mA and
100mV
Questions:
a) Calculate Rsh for the f.s.
deflection corresponding to 100A;
+ power dissipation
b) Rs for the f.s. deflection with

1000V
+ power dissipation
45 0120321045 6666789:;7<77=;:99667=<68>
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-.?0
$,123 f.s. deflection current: 10mA and
100mV
Questions:
a) Calculate Rsh for the f.s.
deflection corresponding to 100A;
+ power dissipation
b) Rs for the f.s. deflection with

1000V
+ power dissipation
43 0120321045 6666789:;7<77=;:99667=<68>
1
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!!"#$%!"&''()*+,-./
$,012 Rm = 75 Ohm
f.s. deflection current: 1mA and
100 divisions
A shunt resistor of 25 Ohms
Questions:
The load current with 80 divisions
1mA --> 100 divisions

0.8mA <-- 80 divisions
(75 Ohm)
(25 Ohm)
33 0120321045 6464567895:55;9877465;:46<
='!>%?)*!-')/)*+,-./
3@ 0120321045 6464567895:55;9877465;:46<
1
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#!$%&#"'()
*+##!,-##./&!"#!$%&#"0(contains the fixed coil and the moving coil/moving iron)
3<9=8>?8
97
9=8<7@8A>B7C7 88 8AD9=8<78CAEBA?>8AF79C B88 8 25=8
EBC797
A?>8AB
9=8
888 8 2GH,#&&!I&#H&J!&-#K#H&-$!!&#
#H&-LM#H&,&'&--&#!-,LL.%$#&J,&)",LN,."I&%,&#O&J
"$-H,N,.#H,##",##!,-#&J#H&-L $"&JK!I#H+P,JQP%&,"$!&"
12 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935;
!"#!$%&#"'R)
*+##!,-##./&!"#!$%&#"'-#)0
1S 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935;
15
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$"%&'$#()
CD'E%F#$GE'"!#$"%&'$#H
* +,8889-.
8 7
7/89,80.712
* 2
87 3748/
/9,8.9,87 .5182
* 6,8
9,8078
931.- 9,.78,9,80.71
/9,887 3.08.38971 7.

589-88
9,89-.
8 8 7197
87
9,8.88
9.39,8.7
8
82
:5 0120321045 6;6;<+=>?<@<<A?>==;6<A@;+B
!"!#$"%&'$#(I)
CD'E%F#$GE'"!#$"%&'$#(K$)H
> 9,8078
931.- 9,.78,9,80.71L9,888
898/8
89703781/7
/708 M'$KNF
EFN"$'#O$P$P'QR'MNM&N'2+,7 L88
-,8
9,8078
9
9,.78,9,80.717 198
97
8S3.>T8 788
9UL9,887 NFVNG#N"'E%F#
Q"K'NK$O'$V''$P'EF'#QQR'MNM&N'
J0 0120321045 6;6;<+=>?<@<<A?>==;6<A@;+B
0
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$"%&'$#()*
>?"@%'A@%B$C!"!#$"%&'$#D
angle
+,8--.78/0.9182327 4
54 0120321045 66667+89:7;77<:988667<;6+=
!"!#$"%&'$#(E*
>?"@%'A@%B$C!"!#$"%&'$#(N$*D
F8GH 8IJKI
/JLI88 ..2
81.8G97
19,8 8G0
/
/,71,80/898 7

..MH
97978 2
O
51
4
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$"%&'$#()
Y+"K%'ZK%7$D!"!#$"%&'$#(J$)[
* +,'-./0.12345#6"6"$78$9:;<=.>4/>2?.>@AB>C<0;.>D2?.>4E.=<235F>
1;==.52G
* +,'"'D"'H$,'I'D8'J$$"K%'#;53-3=.12345<0L,7$''"&7MN'$,'
687"$MD$,'J%""'$
O 0120321045 6P6PQRSTUQVQQWUTSSP6QWVPRX
!"!#$"%&'$#(\)
* ]I7$7'#[
W^_` 9a^
9à97^

b8c978cad8e
f%$7N8'D"&'7#%"N$,gh7I]h
i
j79d 9
b^8c^b^8
97c
O3 0120321045 6P6PQRSTUQVQQWUTSSP6QWVPRX
1
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$"%&'$#()*+
, -#./.$.'#0
12 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935;
!"!#$"%&'$#())+
, <=.&>?'#0
11

6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"!#$"%&'$#()*+
7 89:&;<'#=
,- 0120321045 6.6./0123/4//53211.6/54.06
!"!#$"%&'$#()>+
7 89:&;<'#=
(no deflection --> theta = 0 and I = 0)
,?
3
6789
8 88

78 79
0120321045
!"#"$%#&'(%$)*+
6 789':;($<
,5 0120321045 6-6-./012.3..42100-6.43-/5
=7;(>%#?@9''(%(#!A@:("$%#&'(%$)*+
6 /B8CDCEFGHIJKLMHMCFCGNFJOC7
9P8
97 FGLKQRCGNFJOC7
9P8
9 2
6 S89B8 8TTPTUVWV9BXY
Z1Y[\79BVP9VZ7U7T97V
9V8 P8
1Y]^(>9&$(_9`KaIaGCEFaHKLD%#b&(:#?&>(?_#^%c:$9?(
c9;__%c(>@>;(2
6 d%#&>%&#(eV7
fTV7gUV9B8V7
f 98h
Z9B8f
897TU78gZ
iV7Z8ZW9\VU7j8ZTV7g 7
98ZVU9B8i8
8
9f
892/B89\VU7j8Z
TV7g 8 897Tgg 79P98Z2
k0 0120321045 6-6-./012.3..42100-6.43-/5

6789
8 88

78 79

Lecture 4-Electromechanical Instruments (Analogue Meters) - P1-BW

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Lecture 4-Electromechanical Instruments (Analogue Meters) - P1-BW

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

0120321045

8 E8'%8  ?8(7@78'?87%'2e.g. oscilloscope

A damping force generally works in an

< 0120321045 6=6=>?@AB>C>>DBA@@=6>DC=?E

at the final deflected position

4> 0120321045 6?6?@AB4C@D@@EC4BB?6@ED?AF

(bề rộng khối trụ)

(MMF - Magnetomotive force)

(with k is a constant which

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*+,

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*7,

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*+

(dai, bền bỉ)

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*6+

(yếu, mỏng manh)

(like strong deflecting torque)

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*+,

- 3"&)$"4 theta = 90degree = 90 x 2pi/360

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*+A,

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*+,-

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*+?-

 ! "#$!%"$&'()*+,-

?79@A7 9@8 BC97DC7

150 divisions --> 1.5V

How to measure 300V?

How to measure 50V? and 10A?

The shunted current?

4000<= 026 Im is the f.s. deflecting current.

35 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935; ?000<> 426 0.5 = 1000 x Im

Im is the f.s. deflecting current.

The shunted current?

Reading of the shunted ammeter:

Reading of the shunted ammeter:

b) Rs for the f.s. deflection with

b) Rs for the f.s. deflection with

1mA --> 100 divisions

(no deflection --> theta = 0 and I = 0)

You might also like

8 E8'%8 ?8(7@78'?87%'2e.g. oscilloscope

< 0120321045 6=6=>?@AB>C>>DBA@@=6>DC=?E

4> 0120321045 6?6?@AB4C@D@@EC4BB?6@ED?AF

! "#$!%"$&'()*+,

! "#$!%"$&'()*7,

! "#$!%"$&'()*+

! "#$!%"$&'()*6+

! "#$!%"$&'()*+,

- 3"&)$"4 theta = 90degree = 90 x 2pi/360

! "#$!%"$&'()*+A,

! "#$!%"$&'()*+,-

! "#$!%"$&'()*+?-

! "#$!%"$&'()*+,-

?79@A7 9@8BC97DC7

4000<= 026 Im is the f.s. deflecting current.

35 0120321045 6363456784944:8766364:935; ?000<> 426 0.5 = 1000 x Im