Lecture 7-Alternating Current Meters and Bridges - P2-BW

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2019
Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation
Lecture 7 – P2 – Alternating Current Meters and Bridges
Content of Lecture 7 – P2
 Introduction
 Similar-Angle Bridge
 Maxwell Bridge
 Opposite-Angle Bridge
 Wien Bridge
 Schering Bridge
 Exercises
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Vietnamese-German University
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1. Introduction (1)
 Explain how a simple AC bridge circuit operates and derive an expression for the
unknown parameters;
 Explain the steps involved in balancing an AC bridge and derive the balance equations;
 Compute the values for the unknown impedance for the following AC bridges:
(a) Similar-angle bridge;
(b) Opposite-angle bridge;
(c) Maxwell bridge;
(d) Wien bridge;
(e) Radio-frequency bridge;
(f) Schering bridge;
1. Introduction (2)
 Alternating-current bridges are used to measure inductance and capacitances and all
AC bridge circuits are based on the Wheatstone bridge.
 The general bridge circuit consists of four impedances, an AC voltage source, and a
detector.
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1. Introduction (3)
 For the null or balanced condition, we have:
1 1 = 2 2
The dash line-in the figure indicates that

there is no potential difference and no
current between points b and c. The
voltages from point a to point b and from
point a to point c must now be equal.
1 3 = 2 4
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1. Introduction (4)
 If the impedance is written in the form =  where Z represents the magnitude and
 is the phase angle of the complex impedance.
 Therefore, two conditions must be met simultaneously when balancing an AC bridge.

- The first condition shows that the products of the magnitudes the opposite arms must be
equal:
- The second requirement is that the sum of the phase angles of the opposite arms be
equal:
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1. Introduction (5)
EXAMPLE 1:
1. Introduction (6)
EXAMPLE 1 (cont.):
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1. Introduction (7)
EXAMPLE 2:
1. Introduction (8)
EXAMPLE 2 (cont.):
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2. Similar-Angle Bridge (1)
 A similar-angle bridge is used to measure the impedance of a capacitive circuit

(sometimes called the capacitance comparison bridge or the series resistance
capacitance bridge).
 The impedance of the arms of the bridge can be written as:
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The similar-angle bridge is not dependent on

either the magnitude or the frequency of the
applied AC voltage.
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NOTE!!!
 The unknown impedance, Z4, can be any impedance whose reactance is more
capacitive than inductive. In other words, the unknown can be either an RC circuit or
an RLC combination whose reactive component is negative. The unknown resistance
and capacitance obtained are referred to as the equivalent-series resistance and
equivalent-series capacitance.
 Similarly, assuming that the unknown impedance consists of a capacitor and resistor in
parallel would result in finding the equivalent-parallel resistance and the equivalent-
parallel capacitance.
EXAMPLE:
The equivalent-series circuit is shown as follows:
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3. Maxwell bridge (1)
 A Maxwell bridge circuit (sometimes called a Maxwell-Wien bridge) is used to

determine an unknown inductance with capacitance standards.
 Capacitance is influenced to a lesser degree by external fields and capacitors set up
virtually no external field. Furthermore, capacitors are small and inexpensive.
 The impedance of the arms of the bridge can be written as:
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EXAMPLE:
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4. Opposite-Angle Bridge (1)
 For measurement of inductance, the similar-angle bridge could be used by

replacing the standard capacitor with an inductance.
 Since standard inductances are large and expensive to manufacture, inductive circuits
are generally measured by using a form of the bridge circuit known as the opposite-
angle bridge.
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 This bridge is known as a Hay bridge  used for measuring the resistance and
inductance of coils in which the resistance R is a small fraction of the reactance XL.
The symbol Q designates the ratio of XL to R for a coil (normally Q is greater than 10).
 Otherwise, the Maxwell bridge is used for measuring low Q coils (Q<10).
The balance conditions depend on

the frequency at which the measurement
is made.
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EXAMPLE:
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EXAMPLE (cont.):
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5. Wien Bridge (1)
 A Wien bridge can measure either the equivalent-series components or the

equivalent-parallel components of an impedance. This bridge circuit is widely used
for measuring capacitance of capacitors and their losses, even at high voltages.
 This bridge is also used extensively as a feedback arrangement for a circuit called the
Wien bridge oscillator.
 The Wien bridge is primary known as a frequency determining bridge. The circuit
diagram has a series RC combination in one arm and a parallel RC combination in
the adjoining arm.
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5. Wien Bridge (2)
 The general equation of the bridge,
+ R1
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5. Wien Bridge (3)
EXAMPLE:
Determine the equivalent parallel resistance and capacitance that causes a Wien bridge to
null with the following component values:
Solution:
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5. Wien Bridge (4)
EXAMPLE (cont.):
Determine the equivalent parallel resistance and capacitance that causes a Wien bridge to
null with the following component values:
Solution:
R3
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6. Schering Bridge (1)
 The Schering bridge is one of the most important and useful circuits available for
measurement of capacitance, dielectric loss and power factor.
 Used both for precision measurements of capacitors on low voltage and for study of
insulation and insulating structures at high voltages.
 A perfect capacitor C1 in parallel with a resistance R1, is to represent it as perfect
capacitor CX in series with resistance RX.
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 The general equations of the bridge are,
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 Power Factor. The power factor of a series RC combination is defined as the cosine of
the phase angle of the circuit.
For phase angle very close to 900, the reactance is almost equal to the impedance, so we
can write:
 Dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a series RC circuit is defined as the

cotangent of the phase angle.
D indicates the quality factor. It is the reciprocal of the quality factor Q, i.e., D = 1/Q.
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EXAMPLE:
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7. Exercises (1)
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7. Exercises (2)
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7. Exercises (3)
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7. Exercises (4)
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7. Exercises (5)
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7. Exercises (6)
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VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Bui Minh Duong

Lecturer in Electrical Power System
EEIT program, Faculty of Engineering
Email: duong.bm@vgu.edu.vn
Mobile phone: 0918163356
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21.05.

Electrical Measurement and Instrumentation

Lecture 7 – P2 – Alternating Current Meters and Bridges

2 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

3 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

4 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

 For the null or balanced condition, we have:

The dash line-in the figure indicates that

 Therefore, two conditions must be met simultaneously when balancing an AC bridge.

6 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

7 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

8 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

9 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

10 21.05.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

2. Similar-Angle Bridge (1)

 A similar-angle bridge is used to measure the impedance of a capacitive circuit

2. Similar-Angle Bridge (2)

 For the null or balanced condition, we have:

The similar-angle bridge is not dependent on

2. Similar-Angle Bridge (3)

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2. Similar-Angle Bridge (4)

The equivalent-series circuit is shown as follows:

3. Maxwell bridge (1)

 A Maxwell bridge circuit (sometimes called a Maxwell-Wien bridge) is used to

3. Maxwell bridge (2)

 For the null or balanced condition, we have:

3. Maxwell bridge (3)

4. Opposite-Angle Bridge (1)

 For measurement of inductance, the similar-angle bridge could be used by

4. Opposite-Angle Bridge (2)

The balance conditions depend on

4. Opposite-Angle Bridge (3)

4. Opposite-Angle Bridge (4)

5. Wien Bridge (1)

 A Wien bridge can measure either the equivalent-series components or the

5. Wien Bridge (2)

 The general equation of the bridge,

5. Wien Bridge (3)

5. Wien Bridge (4)

6. Schering Bridge (1)

6. Schering Bridge (2)

 The general equations of the bridge are,

6. Schering Bridge (3)

 Dissipation factor. The dissipation factor of a series RC circuit is defined as the

6. Schering Bridge (4)

Bui Minh Duong

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