Lecture 4-Electromechanical Instruments (Analogue Meters) - P4-BW

23.04.
2019
Electrical Measurement and Instrument
Lecture 4 – P3 – Electromechanical Instruments

and Analogue Electronic Meters
Content of Lecture 4
 4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits

 4.23 Operational Amplifier Voltmeter Circuits
 4.24 Ohmmeter Function in Electronic Instruments
 4.25 AC Electronics Voltmeters
 4.26 Current Measurement with Electronic Instruments
 4.27 Analog Electronic Multimeters
 4.28 Multimeter Probes
 4.29 Exercises/HOMEWORK
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Vietnamese-German University
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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (1)
4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters

 Provide a high input resistance to voltages being measured;
 Provide a low output resistance to drive current Collector
through the coil of a deflection meter; Base
Emitter
 The measured voltage, E, is supplied
to the transistor base.
The measured
DC
DC voltage
supply
4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)
Collector
Base
Emitter
The measured
DC voltage DC
supply
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The input resistance of transistor is very high

Collector
Ri
Base
The transistor base-emitter voltage Emitter
drop (VBE) will cause an error in
measurement.
The measured
DC voltage DC
supply
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 Transistor current gain

 The Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit
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4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.) (a potential divider)
(a PMMC meter)
(plus and minus

or dual polarity)
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4.22.2 Ground Terminals and Floating Power Supplies
4.22.2 Ground Terminals and Floating Power Supplies (cont.)
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4.22.3 Voltmeter Range Changing
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4.22.3 Voltmeter Range Changing (cont.)

 Input attenuator
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 FET-Input Voltmeter

Ground
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4.22.4 Difference Amplifier Voltmeter

4.22.4 Difference Amplifier Voltmeter (Cont.)
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4.23 Operational Amplifier Voltmeter Circuits (1)

4.23.1 Op-amp Voltage-Follower Voltmeter

4.23.1 Op-amp Voltage-Follower Voltmeter (cont.)
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4.23.1 Op-amp Voltage-Follower Voltmeter (cont.)
 The input attenuator is used to select the voltmeter range.
 For the Op-amp (voltage-follower), the output voltage (V0) exactly follows
the input.
 Meter circuit: using PMMC meter
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4.23.2 Op-amp Amplifier Voltmeter
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4.23.2 Op-amp Amplifier Voltmeter (cont.)

4.23.2 Op-amp Amplifier Voltmeter (cont.)
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4.23.3 Voltage-to-Current Converter
The PMMC meter is connected in series with R3

4.23.3 Voltage-to-Current Converter (cont.)
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4.24 Ohmmeter Function in Electronic Instruments (1)

4.24.1 Series Ohmmeter
Rx = 0  E = 0
Rx =   E = 1.5
A potential divider is
constituted by a
selected standard
resistor (R1) and the
unknown resistance (Rx) The voltage drop across
Rx is measured
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4.24.1 Series Ohmmeter (cont.)
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(at FSD, E = EB = 1.5)
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Two adjustments are required before use:
 The voltmeter must be zeroed electrically when the terminals are short-circuited.
 The calibration control must be adjusted to give FSD when the terminals are
open-circuited.
 To do that, an adjustable resistance (Rs) in series with the deflection meter (e.g.
PMMC instrument) is used.

4.24.2 Shunt Ohmmeter
A
regulated
power
(at FSD, E = 1.5V)
supply, 6V
A deflection meter
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4.24.2 Shunt Ohmmeter (cont.)
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4.24.3 Linear Ohmmeter
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4.24.3 Linear Ohmmeter (cont.)
4.25 AC Electronics Voltmeters (1)
 Connecting a rectifier in series with the meter circuit of the instrument
The capacitor (C1) is used to block unwanted DC voltages
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 Connecting a rectifier in series with the meter circuit of the instrument

(cont.)
 Use of a precision rectifier improves the accuracy of the AC electronic

voltmeter
There is no rectifier voltage drop from the input to output
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 An amplifier with a rectifier amplifies and rectifies low level AC voltages

prior to measurement.
The peak voltage applied to
the meter circuit is AvEp.
Rs
Rm

 A voltage-to-current converter with half-wave rectification:
Only the positive half-cycles of the

AC circuit are effective in passing I
current through the meter.
During the negative half-cycles, the

diode is reverse biased and no
current flows through the meter or
through resistor R3. with Ip is the meter
peak current
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 A voltage-to-current converter with full-wave rectification:
with Ip is the meter peak current

 A voltage-to-current converter with full-wave rectification (cont.):
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 Half-bridge full-wave rectifier circuit with DC blocking capacitors
 Half-bridge full-wave rectifier circuit with DC blocking capacitors (cont.)
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 Example:
Peak, RMS, and

average values
Peak and
Im = Iavg = 1mA average
Rm = 1.2k values
R3 = ? To get FSD
Vac, rms = 100mV
The meter deflection=? With Vac, rms = 50mV
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 Example (cont.):
REMEMBER: Prefer to the peak

or average values for calculation
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Im =
Because of the half-wave rectifiers,

Im = Iavg = 1mA
Rm = 1.2k
Now R3= 45 to get FSD
Vac, rms = 100mV
The meter deflection=? With Vac, rms = 50mV
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4.26 Current Measurement with Electronic Instruments (1)
 Voltmeters: need to produce a very high input resistance;

 Ammeters: the lowest possible resistance and need to amplify very small
currents to measurable levels
An electronic voltmeter can be used for current measurement by

measuring the voltage drop across a shunt resistor (Rs). The
instrument scale is calibrated to indicate the measured current.
To measure AC currents, it is necessary

to use half-wave or full wave rectifiers
connected to electronic instruments.
AvE
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 The instrument terminal voltage drop when used as an ammeter is called

burden voltage.
For example, the meter resistance on one instrument is specified as 9k

when operating on a 1.5A range. The burden voltage is:
There are many ways to indicate the burden voltage specifications, such as:
+ 250mV  the burden voltage is 250mV;
+ 2V on a 10A range  the burden voltage is 2V when measuring the
current of 10A;
+ 6mV/mA  the burden voltage is 6mV for measuring the current of 1mA
4.27 Analog Electronic Multimeters (1)
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4.28 Multimeter Probes (1)
 Many probes and adapters available for use with multi-meters (for both analog
and digital electronic instruments) to extend the ranges of measurements;
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 When a current-carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic field, a voltage

will be generated perpendicular to both the current and the field. This
principle is known as the Hall effect.
The basic principle of the Hall effect: a thin

sheet of semiconducting material (Hall
element) lets a current pass through it.
The output connections are perpendicular to

the direction of current.
When no magnetic field is present, current

distribution is uniform and no potential
difference is seen across the output.
 When a current-carrying conductor is placed into a magnetic field, a voltage

will be generated perpendicular to both the current and the field. This principle
is known as the Hall effect.
The basic principle of the Hall effect: When a

perpendicular magnetic field is present, a Lorentz force
is exerted on the current.
This force disturbs the current distribution, resulting in

a potential difference (voltage) across the output.
This voltage is the Hall voltage (VH).
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4.29 Exercises/HOMEWORK (1)
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Vp
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73 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
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VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Bui Minh Duong

Lecturer in Electrical Power System
EEIT program, Faculty of Engineering
Email: duong.bm@vgu.edu.vn
Mobile phone: 0918163356
38

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23.04.

Electrical Measurement and Instrument

Lecture 4 – P3 – Electromechanical Instruments

 4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits

2 23.04.2019 VGU I VIETNAMESE-GERMAN UNIVERSITY

4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (1)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters

4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (2)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (3)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (4)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

The input resistance of transistor is very high

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (5)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (6)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (7)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.) (a potential divider)

(plus and minus

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (8)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (9)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (10)

4.22.1 Emitter-Follower Voltmeters (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (11)

4.22.2 Ground Terminals and Floating Power Supplies

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (12)

4.22.2 Ground Terminals and Floating Power Supplies (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (13)

4.22.3 Voltmeter Range Changing

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (14)

4.22.3 Voltmeter Range Changing (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (15)

4.22.3 Voltmeter Range Changing (cont.)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (16)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (17)

4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (18)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (19)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (20)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (21)

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4.22 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits (22)

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4.23 Operational Amplifier Voltmeter Circuits (1)