Every organism inherited certain traits from their parents

which are genes. Genes are pieces of hereditary material

that pass from the parents to offspring. Genes affect the its
inherited traits. For an example of eye color is an inherited
trait from the parents.
Alleles are the form or position of DNA or gene in
chromosomes.
There are 2 types which determines an organism’s traits:
Genotype and Phenotype
Genotype is the unique DNA sequence which combined
with two alleles from each parent or it’s the genetic code in
gene which isn’t observed by naked eye or from certain
traits. For example, allergic to certain foods or medication
and the causes of diseases are the genotype which is 2
alleles that form inherited traits in DNA from each parents.
For example, If one of the parents is allergic to peanut but
one doesn’t, the offspring can have both of the alleles from
its parents, on the other hand, the offspring might allergic
to peanut if the one allele is dominant like Ff.
Phenotype is the observable inherited traits which depends
on both genotype and environment factors such as eye
color or height. If an offspring has brown eye or brown hair,
one of or both parents have brown eye such as FF_ both
are dominant alleles, Ff_ uppercase is dominant allele, if
both parents don’t have brown eyes, ff_ recessive alleles.
Environment factors are the way that we see or observe
those eye color or height.
An individual inherits two alleles, one from each parent, for
any given genomic location where such variation exists.
Alleles are variants in gene which carry the inherited traits
in DNA position or genomic location. Alleles are variants
form of gene but locus is the position of an allele in
chromosome for example, in a locus, there are 2 alleles.

Some genes have a variety of different forms, which are

located at the same position, or genetic locus, on a
chromosome. Humans are called diploid organisms
because they have two alleles at each genetic locus, with
one allele inherited from each parent. Each pair of alleles
represents the genotype of a specific gene.
Genotypes are described as homozygous if there are two
identical alleles at a particular locus such as FF or AA and
as heterozygous if the two alleles differ such as Ff. Alleles
contribute to the organism's phenotype, which is the
outward appearance of the organism (observable traits).
Some alleles are dominant or recessive. When an organism
is heterozygous at a specific locus and carries one
dominant and one recessive allele such as Ff, the organism
will express the dominant phenotype.
Uppercase are dominant if one of the uppercase contains in
alleles, so the phenotype is dominant. Ff or FF
Lowercase are recessive if both alleles containing both
lowercase such as aa or ff, the phenotype is recessive.
Facts: alleles are one or two forms or versions of DNA or
gene sequence but many of the organisms have more than
two alleles which are inherited from each parent such as
frog which has 8 alleles in gene, 4 alleles are from each
parent.

DNA molecules are made up of smaller parts called

nucleotides. Each chromosome contains one long molecule
of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid. Each gene is a specific
section of the long DNA molecule. A gene is a specific
section of nucleotides in a DNA molecule. The order of the
nucleotides in a gene is the gene sequence, which can be
written as a series of Cs, Gs, As, and Ts. A gene is the
specific order of nucleotides. Each nucleotide represents by
a single letter but gene sequence represents as a series of
letters.

Fact: The longest gene is over 2 million nucleotides long

which found in muscle fibers, made of dystrophin( a
protein). The shortest gene are around a few hundred
nucleotides.
The nucleotides that make up a gene are in a specific
order, or sequence. The gene sequence are determined by
the order of nucleotides sequence in a gene. The cell uses
gene sequence as a instruction to make molecule called
protein. _Protein gives shape to certain cells or tissues or
organs and control how an organism grow or develop and
control certain chemical reaction in cells. Protein affects
the organism’s traits.
Proteins are made up of parts called amino acids. Many
different amino acids are used to build proteins.
When a protein is made in cell, the amino acid first linked
to the chain to form the amino acid sequence in a gene
sequence. As amino acid builds, it folds to 3D shape and a
protein final shape depends on the amino acid sequence.
The protein structure depends on the order or sequence of
amino acid and the different protein structure function
differently which means the function of the protein in a cell
depends on the protein structure.
A protein's three-dimensional shape and the way its
different in amino acids are positioned within that shape
make up its structure. A protein's structure depends on the
order of amino acids in its chain. This is because as a
protein folds, the amino acids interact with each other and
with nearby molecules in the cell. Each type of amino acid
has unique properties and interacts with molecules in a
different way. These interactions determine the final shape
of the protein.

As genes contain structure for building amino acids, gene

sequence use as a code and tell the cell to add certain
amino acids or to link to its chain.
Each set of three nucleotides in a row is called codon, each
codon in gene sequence tells the cell to build or add amino
acids to its chain. The order of codons in a gene sequence
determines the order or sequence of amino acids because
there are different codons that correspond to each of the
different amino acids used to build proteins. For example,
the codon ATG corresponds to the amino acid methionine.
When a gene sequence contains the codon ATG, the protein
encoded by that gene will contain methionine.
Gene encodes proteins and protein affects the traits
because the protein carry out many function in a cell or
body to grow and develop.
A set of rules of how codons in gene sequence encode or
convert amino acid is called_ genetic code. The cells uses
as a code or a set of rules to determine the order or
sequence of amino acids(serine, methionine) in a protein
from a gene sequence(codons like ATG,TAA,UAA) is called
genetic code.
Most codons encode amino acids, but some do not. The
codons TGA, TAG, and TAA mark the end of a protein's
amino acid chain, so they are called stop codons. When a
cell builds a protein, it stops adding amino acids to the
protein when it reaches a stop codon. Many of the genes
don’t contain code for making protein but some do.