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1. Calculation Deflection in Accordance to EC-2

The short term deflection of a 7.0m span simply supported beam whose section is
shown in Figure 1 -1. The beam supports the interior floor spans of an office
building.
Deflections will be calculated using the rigorous method given in EC2, together
with an alternative simplified method. The results will then be compared with the
limiting span/effective depth ratios given in EC2.

1.1 Design data

7.0m

2φ16

500 mm

4φ24

300 mm
1.2 Calculation Method Figure 1-1 Cross-Section
The requirements for the calculation of deflections are given in Section 7.4.3 and
Appendix C of EC2.
Two limiting conditions are assumed to exist for the deformation of concrete
sections

1) Uncracked

2) Cracked.
Members which are not expected to be loaded above the level which would cause
the tensile strength of the concrete to be exceeded, anywhere in the member, will be
considered to be uncracked. Members which are expected to crack will behave in a
manner intermediate between the uncracked and fully cracked conditions.

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For members subjected dominantly to flexure, the Code gives a general equation for
obtaining the intermediate value of any parameter between the limiting conditions
Equation 1-1

Equation 1-2

Note: σsr/ σs may be replaced by Mcr/M for flexure or Ncr/N for pure tension, where
Mcr is the cracking moment and Ncr is the cracking force.

The effects of creep are catered for by the use of an effective modulus of elasticity
for the concrete given by

Equation 1-3

Curvatures due to shrinkage may be assessed from

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Equation 1-4

Shrinkage curvatures should be calculated for the uncracked and fully cracked
conditions and the final curvature assessed by use of Equation 1.1
In accordance with the Code, the rigorous method of assessing deflections is to
calculate the curvatures at frequent sections along the member and calculate the
deflections by numerical integration.
The simplified approach, suggested by the Code, is to calculate the deflection
assuming firstly the whole member to be uncracked and secondly the whole member
to be cracked. Equation 1.1 is used to assess the final deflection,

1.3 Rigorous Assessment

The procedure is, at frequent intervals along the member, to calculate

1) Moments

2) Curvatures

3) Deflections.
Here, calculations will be carried out at the mid-span position only, to illustrate this
procedure, with values at other positions along the span being tabulated there after.

1.3.1 Calculation of Moments

For buildings, it will normally be satisfactory to consider the deflections under the
quasi-permanent combination of loading, assuming this load to be of long duration.
The quasi-permanent combination of loading is given, for one variable action, by

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1.3.2 Calculation of Curvatures

In order to calculate the curvatures it is first necessary to calculate the properties of
the uncracked and cracked sections and determine the moment at which cracking
will occur.

1.3.2.1 Flexural Curvature

FOR THE VALUE AND DEFINITION OF ho REFER SECTION1.3.2.2

I. UNCKRACKED STATE

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x3 A3

x
x2 x1
A1

A2

Figure 1-2 Equivalent uncracked transformed cross section

Neutral axis depth of the uncracked section:

The second moment of the area of the uncracked section

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II. FULLY CRACKED STATE

x3 A3

x1 x
A1

x2

A2

Figure 1-3 Equivalent fully crscked transformed cracked cross section

Neutral axis depth of the cracked section: The position of the neutral axis can be
determined by taking the static moments of the shaded areas (Figure 1 -3), about
the centroidal axis (same as neutral axis):

NOTE: kx=0.498<0.448 the section is not ductile at ULS and needs to be

The second moment of the area of the cracked section

III. CRACKING MOMENT

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IV. CURVATURE OF THE UNCRACKED SECTION

V. CURVATURE OF THE CRACKED SECTION

VI. INTERMIDIATE CURVATURE VALUE

Having obtained the values for the two limiting conditions Equation 1.1s used to
assess the intermediate value

1.3.2.2 Shrinkage curvature

Curvatures due to shrinkage may be assessed from

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The calculation of the values above is presented as follows:

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Alternative approach in calculating basic drying shrinkage strain:

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I. CURVATURE OF THE UNCRACKED STATE

II. CURVATURE OF THE FULLY CRACKED STATE

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III. INTERMIDIATE CURVATURE VALUE

Having obtained the values for the two limiting conditions Equation 1.1s used to
assess the intermediate value

1.3.2.3 Total curvature

Here below is the tabulated result for curvature along the span on the beam at every
1/10th of the span length.
Table 1-1 Total curvature along the beam

Moment[ 1/rI [x10-6 1/rII [x10-6 1/rcs,I [x10- 1/rcs,II [x10- 1/r [x10-6 1/rcs [x10-6 1/rtot [x10
-
X/l ζ
kNm] rad/mm] rad/mm] 6 rad/mm] 6 rad/mm] rad/mm] rad/mm] 6 rad/mm]

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.161 0.346 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.100 51.266 1.169 1.611 0.161 0.346 0.340 1.319 0.224 1.544
0.200 91.140 2.078 2.864 0.161 0.346 0.791 2.700 0.307 3.008
0.300 119.621 2.728 3.759 0.161 0.346 0.879 3.634 0.324 3.958
0.400 136.710 3.117 4.296 0.161 0.346 0.907 4.187 0.329 4.516
0.500 142.406 3.247 4.475 0.161 0.346 0.915 4.370 0.330 4.700
0.600 136.710 3.117 4.296 0.161 0.346 0.907 4.187 0.329 4.516
0.700 119.621 2.728 3.759 0.161 0.346 0.879 3.634 0.324 3.958
0.800 91.140 2.078 2.864 0.161 0.346 0.791 2.700 0.307 3.008
0.900 51.266 1.169 1.611 0.161 0.346 0.340 1.319 0.224 1.544
1.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.161 0.346 0.000 0.000 0.161 0.161

1.3.3 Calculation of Deflection

Having calculated the total curvatures, the deflections may be calculated by

numerical integration using the trapezoidal rule.

The uncorrected rotation at any point may be obtained by the first integral given by

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Equation 1-5

Having calculated the uncorrected rotations, the uncorrected deflections may be

obtained by the second integral given by:

Equation 1-6

Where: the subscript x denotes the values of the parameters at the fraction of the
span being considered, and the subscript x-1 denotes the values of the parameters at
the preceding fraction of the span.

L is the span

n is the number of the span divisions considered

The uncorrected deflections may then be corrected to comply with the boundary
conditions of zero deflection at both supports. This is done by subtracting from the
uncorrected deflections the value of the uncorrected deflection at the right hand
support multiplied by the fraction of the span at the point being considered.

The values of the uncorrected rotations, uncorrected and corrected deflections at

positions x/l along the span are given in Table 1 -2.

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Table 1-2 Deflections along the beam [mm]

1st 2nd
X/l integral integral Correction Deflection
-3
[10 rad] [mm]
0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.100 0.504 0.176 7.227 -7.051
0.200 2.010 1.056 14.454 -13.398
0.300 4.345 3.281 21.681 -18.401
0.400 7.205 7.323 28.908 -21.585
0.500 10.323 13.458 36.135 -22.678
0.600 13.441 21.775 43.362 -21.587
0.700 16.301 32.185 50.589 -18.405
0.800 18.636 44.412 57.817 -13.404
0.900 20.142 57.984 65.044 -7.059
1.000 20.676 72.271 72.271 0.000

0.000 Span
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

-5.000

-10.000
Deflection

-15.000

-20.000

-25.000

1.3.4 Deflection Limit

EC2 restricts total deflection to span/250=7000mm/250=28mm>22.678mm…OK!

1.4 Simplified Approach

The procedure for this approach is to

1) Calculate the maximum bending moment and the moment causing cracking
2) Calculate the maximum deflections for the uncracked and fully cracked
conditions, and use Equation 1-1 to assess the final maximum deflection.

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1.4.1 Summarized design data from rigorous assessment

1.4.2 Calculation of deflection

1.4.2.1 Due to flexure

For simply supported beam with a uniform load acting on it the maximum deflection
is at mid span and can be computed as:

I. UNCKRACKED STATE

II. FULLY CKRACKED STATE

III. INTERMIDIATE STATE

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1.4.2.2 Due to shrinkage

Deflection due to shrinkage strain can be calculated as follows:

1.4.2.3 Total deflection

This value is slightly higher than the one calculated in the rigorous assessment.

1.4.3 Deflection Limit

span/250=7000mm/250=28mm>24.330mm…OK!

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