Fluid Mechanics 1 - Lab Report - Bernoulli's Principle Final

UNIVERSIRTY OF MAURITIUS
Faculty of engineering
CHE1203:Fluid Mechanics 1
Lab Report
To verify Bernoulli’s Principles
Kaudeer Mohammad Sarfaraz

Student ID:2013277
Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode
Student ID:2113317
Beng (Hons) Chemical Engineering-Level 1

Work Distribution
Abstract Kaudeer Sarfaraz
Introduction Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode
Literature Review Kaudeer Sarfaraz
Methodology Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode
Data Collection Kaudeer Sarfaraz
Data Analysis Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode
Discussion Kaudeer Sarfaraz
Conclusion Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode
Group leader: Kaudeer Sarfaraz
i
Abstract
In order to verify the Bernoulli’s Principle, eight experiments were carried out, using an apparatus
consisting of a set of piezometers connected altogether, each of different cross-sectional area.
Water was allowed to flow across the apparatus and once the water level was steady throughout,
the pressure head of each piezometer was recorded. The amount water flowing across the
apparatus was also measured, using a collecting vessel, over a noted amount of time and these
data were used to obtain the velocity head of the water and same were tabulated. Several graphs
were plotted notably the total head (mm) vs the length of passage (mm) graph for each
experiment. The projected result of the latter was a constant relationship throughout all
experiments. However, due to expected sources of errors such as air bubbles or frictional
resistance of the water, a linear relationship was instead obtained. Nevertheless, it could be
concluded that the extent of linearity of the graphs were not significant and Bernoulli’s Principle
do hold, provided the errors are minimised and the precautions and safety measures stated were
followed.
ii
Table of Contents
Abstract............................................................................................................................................ii
1.0 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Aim & Objectives ................................................................................................................... 2
2.0 Literature Review...................................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Theory ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.2 Assumptions .......................................................................................................................... 4
2.3 Limitations............................................................................................................................. 4
3.0 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 5
3.1 Precautions ........................................................................................................................... 5
3.2 Safety Measures .................................................................................................................... 5
4.0 Data Collection.......................................................................................................................... 6
4.1 Instrument Used ................................................................................................................... 6
4.2 Procedures ............................................................................................................................ 8
5.0 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................................. 9
5.1 Experiment 1 ......................................................................................................................... 9
5.2 Experiment 2 ....................................................................................................................... 12
5.3 Experiment 3 ....................................................................................................................... 15
5.4 Experiment 4 ....................................................................................................................... 18
5.5 Experiment 5 ....................................................................................................................... 21
5.6 Experiment 6 ....................................................................................................................... 24
5.7 Experiment 7 ....................................................................................................................... 27
5.8 Experiment 8 ....................................................................................................................... 30
6.0 Discussion ............................................................................................................................... 33
7.0 Conclusion............................................................................................................................... 34
8.0 References .............................................................................................................................. 35
iii
List of Figures
Figure 1: A venturi meter ................................................................................................................1

Figure 2: Lift generation on a typical wing ..................................................................................... 2
Figure 3: Set of piezometers ........................................................................................................... 6
Figure 4: Collecting vessel ...............................................................................................................6
Figure 5: A perspex tank ................................................................................................................. 7
Figure 6: A measuring tape .............................................................................................................7
Figure 7: A stopwatch ..................................................................................................................... 7
List of Graphs
Graph 1: Pressure head (mm) vs length of passage (mm) ........................................................... 10

Graph 2: Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm) ............................................................ 10
Graph 3: Total head (mm) vs length of passage (mm) ................................................................. 11
Graph 10: Pressure head (mm) vs length of passage (mm) ......................................................... 19
Graph 11: Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm) .......................................................... 19
Graph 12: Total head (mm) vs length of passage (mm) ............................................................... 20
iv
List of Tables
Table 1: Tabulated data .................................................................................................................. 9

Table 2: Tabulated data .................................................................................................................. 9
Table 3: Tabulated data ................................................................................................................ 12
Table 10: Tabulated data .............................................................................................................. 21
v
1.0 Introduction
Bernoulli's Principle is a seemingly counterintuitive statement about how the speed of a fluid
relates to the pressure of the fluid. It states that within a horizontal flow of fluid, points of
higher fluid speed will have less pressure than points of slower fluid
speed.[khanacademy,2018]
Bernoulli's Principle can be applied to various types of fluid flow, resulting in various forms
of Bernoulli's Equation. The simple form of Bernoulli's Equation is valid for incompressible
flows (e.g., most liquid flows and gases moving at low Mach number).
The formula resulting from Bernoulli’s Principle is given as:
𝟏 𝟏
P1+ ρv12+ρgh1=P2+ ρv22+ρgh2
𝟐 𝟐
Where: 𝝆 is the fluid density,
𝒈 is the acceleration due to gravity,
𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐 is the pressure at elevation 1 and elevation 2 respectively,
𝒗𝟏 and 𝒗𝟐 is the velocity at elevation 1 and elevation 2 respectively,
𝒉𝟏 and 𝒉𝟐 is the height at elevation 1 and elevation 2 respectively.
A practical application of Bernoulli’s

Principle is the venturi tube. The venturi
tube has an air inlet that narrows to a
throat (constricted point) and an outlet
section that increases in diameter toward
the rear. The diameter of the outlet is the
same as that of the inlet. The mass of air
entering the tube must exactly equal the
mass exiting the tube. At the
constriction, the speed must increase (Source:https://www.mecholic.com/2016/11/venturi-meter-
construction-working-equation-application-advantages.html)
to allow the same amount of air to pass
Figure 1: A venturi meter
in the same amount of time as in all
1
other parts of the tube. When the air speeds up, the pressure also decreases. Past the
constriction, the airflow slows and the pressure increases.[skybrary,2016]
Another important application of Bernoulli's Principle is the calculation of the lift force on
an aerofoil (e.g. wing) if the behaviour of the fluid flow in the vicinity of the foil is known.
For example, if the air flowing past the top surface of an aircraft wing is moving faster than
the air flowing past the bottom
surface, then Bernoulli's Principle
implies that the pressure on the
surfaces of the wing will be lower
above than below. This pressure
difference results in an upwards
lifting force. Whenever the
distribution of speed past the top and
bottom surfaces of a wing is known,
the lift forces can be calculated (to a
good approximation)
using Bernoulli's Equations.[byjus,2017] Figure 2: Lift generation on a typical wing
(Source: https://www.sciencefacts.net/bernoullis-principle-and equation.html)
1.1 Aim & Objectives
Aim:
• To verify Bernoulli’s Principle
Objectives:
• To grasp the theory behind the Bernoulli’s Principle and the importance of its
applications.
• To understand the derivation leading to the Bernoulli’s Equation.
• To understand the meaning of terms such as steady flow, pressure head, velocity head
and elevation head.
• To manipulate the equipment related to this practical and acquire adequate skills.
2
2.0 Literature Review
2.1 Theory
Bernoulli’s Principle states that the total mechanical energy of the moving fluid comprising
the gravitational potential energy of elevation, the energy associated with the fluid pressure
and the kinetic energy of the fluid motion, remains constant. The principle is named after
Daniel Bernoulli, a Swiss mathematician, who formulated and published it in 1738 in his book
Hydrodynamics. Although Bernoulli deduced the law, it was Leonhard Euler who derived
Bernoulli’s Equation in its usual form in the year 1752. [skybrary,2016]
Bernoulli's Principle can be derived from the Principle of Conservation of Energy. This states
that, in a steady flow, the sum of all forms of energy in a fluid along a streamline is the same
at all points on that streamline. This requires that the sum of kinetic energy, potential energy
and internal energy remains constant. [topperlearning,2014]
Bernoulli's Principle can also be derived directly from Isaac Newton’s Second Law of Motion.
If a small volume of fluid is flowing horizontally from a region of high pressure to a region of
low pressure, then there is more pressure behind than in front. This gives a net force on the
volume, accelerating it along the streamline. [Denker,2005]
This principle is only applicable only for isentropic flow. Isentropic flow is a fluid flow that is
both adiabatic and reversible. That is, where heat added to the flow and energy
transformations that occur due to friction are neglected. The Bernoulli’s Principle can be
applied to various types of fluid flow hence, there are various forms of the Bernoulli’s
Equation for different types of flow.
𝟏
𝑷+
𝝆𝒗𝟐 + 𝝆𝒈𝒉 = 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝟐
However, since this practical was carried out on a horizontal plane, the potential energy of the
streamline is constant. Thus, resulting in a more simplified Bernoulli’s equation:
𝟏
𝑷 +𝟐 𝝆𝒗2= 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕
𝑷 𝟏 𝒗𝟐
Dividing by 𝜌𝑔: + =constant
𝝆𝒈 𝟐 𝒈
𝑷 𝒗𝟐
Resulting to: + =constant
𝑾 𝟐𝒈
Where: P is the pressure, w is the specific weight of the fluid, v is the velocity of the fluid and g
is the acceleration due to gravity.
3
2.2 Assumptions
These are the following assumptions for Bernoulli’s Principle and subsequent derivation of
equation, to hold:
• The flow must be steady, that is the flow parameters (such as its velocity, density, etc...)
at any point cannot change with time.
• The flow must be incompressible – even though pressure varies, the density must
remain constant along the streamline.
• The fluid must be frictionless, i.e. friction caused by viscous forces must be negligible.
• There is no energy loss in the system.
2.3 Limitations
These are the following limitations of Bernoulli's Principle:
• The Bernoulli’s Principle is valid for a system consisting of a single stream only.
• In Bernoulli's Principle, the velocity of every particle of liquid across any cross-section
is considered uniform which is not correct. The velocity of the particles is different in
different layers.
• The loss of energy when the liquid is in motion is not considered while in fact some
kinetic energy is converted into heat and is lost.
• For the fluid to be assumed incompressible, the elastic energy of the fluid is not
considered.
4
3.0 Methodology
3.1 Precautions
• The readings must be taken carefully and precisely to prevent parallax error and the line
of sight must be placed perpendicular with the scale so that accurate readings can be
obtained.
• Should ensure that all the bubbles (air gap) are removed when adjusting the water flow
rate in the piezometers.
• The water flow rate across the piezometers should be adjusted gradually to avoid
overflow.
• The disposal tap of the collection vessel should be tightly closed and free of leaks, in
order to record an accurate volume of water collected.
3.2 Safety Measures
• Proper lab coats should be worn, in case of water spillage.
• Adequate shoes should be worn, to have a good body control on a possible slippery floor.
• No electrical appliances or sources of electricity should be near the experimental area.
• The measuring tape should be handled with care to avoid cuts or wounds.
5
4.0 Data Collection
4.1 Instrument Used
1. Set of piezometers
Figure 3: Set of piezometers
(Source: laboratory)
2. Collection Vessel
Figure 4: Collecting vessel
6
3. A perspex tank
Figure 5: A perspex tank
4. A measuring tape
Figure 6: A measuring tape
(Source: https://home.howstuffworks.com/tape-measure.htm)
5. A stopwatch
Figure 7: A stopwatch
(Source: https://bestviva.net/best-stopwatches/)
7
4.2 Procedures
• The measuring tape is used to measure the dimensions (length L × width W) of the
collecting vessel.
• The tap is opened and water is allowed to flow into the perspex tank. The flow of
water is adjusted so that a steady flow is obtained.
• When the water levels in the set of piezometers are neither moving up nor down, a
steady flow has been reached. The height of water, i.e. the pressure head, in each
piezometer is then measured and tabulated.
• Simultaneously, as the height of the water levels is being recorded, the water coming
out of the piezometer apparatus is filling the collection vessel.
• The water is allowed to fill the collection vessel over a recorded amount of time t
(using a stopwatch) and the water level risen in the collection vessel is also recorded.
• However, the collection vessel is prevented from overflowing by opening the tap
found behind it to allow the excess water to flow out in order to prevent spillage.
• The experiment is then repeated eight times by varying the flow of water from the
tap to obtain varying sets of values for the height of water in the piezometers. The
height H of water collected in the collection vessel and the time taken t are both
recorded and tabulated for each experiment.
Note:
 The volume of water collected V is calculated as Length L × Width W × Height H.
Volume V
 The volumetric flow rate Q is subsequently calculated as
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑄

 The speed v is calculated as
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐴 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
8
5.0 Data Analysis
5.1 Experiment 1
For experiment 1, the following data was collected.
Table 1: Tabulated data

Length of collecting vessel, L/mm 310
Width of collecting vessel, W/mm 310
Height of water collected, H/mm 5
Volume of water collected, V/mm3 0.481 × 106

Time needed to collect this height of water, t/s 14.25
Volumetric flow rate, Q/mm3s-1 33.8 × 103

Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150

𝒑
Piezometer reading /mm 110 109 109 108 106 104 103
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 113 123 135 150 169 193 225
𝒗𝟐 0.651 0.771 0.929 1.15 1.46 1.90 2.58
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 110.7 109.8 109.9 109.2 107.5 105.9 105.6
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
9
Pressure head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
104
103
102
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
length of passage (mm)
Graph 1: Pressure head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)
Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

3
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Graph 2: Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)
10
Total head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)
112
111
110
109
108
107
106
105
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Graph 3: Total head (mm) vs length of passage (mm )
11
5.2 Experiment 2



Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150
𝒑
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 44 48 53 59 66 76 89
𝒗𝟐 0.0987 0.117 0.143 0.177 0.222 0.294 0.404
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 148.1 146.1 143.1 140.2 138.2 135.3 133.4
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
12
150
148
146
144
142
140
138
136
134
132
130
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
13
150
148
146
144
142
140
138
136
134
132
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Graph 6: Total head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)
14
5.3 Experiment 3



Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150
𝒑
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 64 70 77 86 97 111 129
𝒗𝟐 0.209 0.250 0.302 0.377 0.480 0.628 0.848
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 197.2 195.3 194.3 192.4 188.5 185.6 182.8
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
15
200
198
196
194
192
190
188
186
184
182
180
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
16
200
198
196
194
192
190
188
186
184
182
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
17
5.4 Experiment 4



Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150
𝒑
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 74 81 89 99 111 127 148
𝒗𝟐 0.279 0.334 0.404 0.500 0.628 0.822 1.12
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 286.3 283.3 280.4 278.5 275.6 272.8 269.1
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
18
288
286
284
282
280
278
276
274
272
270
268
266
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

1.2
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
19
288
286
284
282
280
278
276
274
272
270
268
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
20
5.5 Experiment 5



Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150
𝒑
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 93 101 112 124 140 159 186
𝒗𝟐 0.441 0.520 0.639 0.784 0.999 1.29 1.76
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 338.4 336.5 334.6 333.8 331.0 329.3 326.8
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
21
340
338
336
334
332
330
328
326
324
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

2
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
22
340
338
336
334
332
330
328
326
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
23
5.6 Experiment 6



Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150
𝒑
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 98 107 117 130 146 167 195
𝒗𝟐 0.490 0.584 0.698 0.861 1.09 1.42 1.94
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 399.5 397.6 396.7 394.9 392.1 389.4 387.9
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
24
402
400
398
396
394
392
390
388
386
384
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
25
402
400
398
396
394
392
390
388
386
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
26
5.7 Experiment 7



Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150
𝒑
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 54 59 65 72 81 92 108
𝒗𝟐 0.149 0.177 0.215 0.264 0.334 0.431 0.594
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 416.1 414.2 411.2 409.3 406.3 403.4 400.6
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
27
418
416
414
412
410
408
406
404
402
400
398
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
28
418
416
414
412
410
408
406
404
402
400
398
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
29
5.8 Experiment 8



Section No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150
𝒑
𝒘
Speed, v /mms-1 132 144 158 176 198 226 264
𝒗𝟐 0.888 1.06 1.27 1.58 2.00 2.60 3.55
Kinetic energy / mm
𝟐𝒈
𝑝 𝑣2 444.9 443.1 442.3 439.6 438 434.6 431.6
+ /mm
𝑤 2𝑔
30
446
444
442
440
438
436
434
432
430
428
426
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

4
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
31
448
446
444
442
440
438
436
434
432
430
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
32
6.0 Discussion
For each experiment, three graphs are plotted namely the pressure head (mm) vs the length
of passage (mm), the velocity head (mm) vs the length of passage (mm) and the total head
(mm) vs the length of passage (mm).
The pressure head (mm) vs the length of passage (mm)
For experiment 1-8, the pressure head varied over a range of 100-450 mm to get a better
idea about the variation of pressure head to the length of passage, base taken on the
apparatus used. The pressure head varied almost linearly, with a decreasing gradient. It is
understood that as the cross-sectional area of the piezometer decreased, the pressure head
also decreased.
The velocity head (mm) vs the length of passage (mm)
For experiment 1-8, the velocity head varied approximately from 0.08mm to as much as 4
mm. To get a better idea about the variation of velocity head to the length of passage, base
taken on the apparatus used, a graph for plotted for each experiment carried out. It is
observed that the velocity head varied nearly parabolically, with an increasing gradient. It is
understood that as the cross-sectional area of the piezometer decreased, the velocity head
in turn increased.
The total head (mm) vs the length of passage (mm)
For experiment 1-8, the total head given by the sum of the pressure head and the velocity
head, is plotted on a graph against the length of passage, base taken on the apparatus used.
It was seen that the total head of the water varied almost linearly, with a decreasing
gradient, as the water moved across the apparatus. As the cross-sectional area of the
piezometer decreased, the total head also decreased.
33
7.0 Conclusion
According to Bernoulli’s Principle, the sum of the pressure head, the velocity head and the
elevation head (in this case equals zero), i.e. the total head should be constant, that is
𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟐𝟏 𝒑 𝒗𝟐 𝒑𝒏 𝒗𝟐𝒏
+ = 𝒘𝟐 + 𝟐𝒈𝟐 … …= + .
𝒘 𝟐𝒈 𝒘 𝟐𝒈
It follows that the total head should vary constantly with the length of passage, base taken on
the apparatus used for Bernoulli’s Principle to hold. However, in the experiments carried out, it
is observed that the relationship between the total head (mm) and length of passage (mm) is
linear and not constant. The reason for this outcome can be due to the possible presence of air
bubbles in the piezometers or due to some frictional resistance as the water moved across the
piezometers. Care should have been taken to cater for such problems and to increase the
reliability of the practical.However, considering that the linearity of the total head (mm) and
length of passage (mm) graphs for all the 8 experiments do not extend significantly over a large
interval and knowing that the values are within the range of the experiment, it can therefore be
concluded that the Bernoulli’s Principle does hold, provided that the possible sources of errors
are minimised.
34
8.0 References
• Admin (2017). Bernoulli’s Principle. [online] BYJUS. Available at:

https://byjus.com/physics/bernoullis-principle/.
• Bernoulli’s Equation | Physics. (2019). Retrieved from Lumenlearning.com website:

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/physics/chapter/12-2-bernoullis-equation/
• Coursehero.com. (2021). [online] Available at:

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p4ch18r/There-are-few-precaution-steps-that-
mustbe-taken-in-this-experiment-First-of/ [Accessed 21 July 2022].
• Khan Academy (2018). What is Bernoulli’s equation? [online] Khan Academy.

Available at: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/physics/fluids/fluid-
dynamics/a/what-isbernoullis-equation.
• Science Facts. (2021). Bernoulli’s Principle & Equation: Assumptions & Derivation.
[online] Available at: https://www.sciencefacts.net/bernoullis-principle-
andequation.html [Accessed 21 July 2022].
• Skybrary.aero. (2016). Bernoulli’s Principle - SKYbrary Aviation Safety. [online]

Available at: https://www.skybrary.aero/index.php/Bernoulli%27s_Principle.
• TopperLearning.com. (n.d.). what are the limitations of bernoullis theorem - Physics -

TopperLearning.com | a62h2o66. [online] Available at:
https://www.topperlearning.com/answer/what-are-the-limitations-of-
bernoullistheorem/a62h2o66 [Accessed 21 July 2022].
35

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UNIVERSIRTY OF MAURITIUS

Kaudeer Mohammad Sarfaraz

Beng (Hons) Chemical Engineering-Level 1

Abstract Kaudeer Sarfaraz

Introduction Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode

Literature Review Kaudeer Sarfaraz

Methodology Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode

Data Collection Kaudeer Sarfaraz

Data Analysis Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode

Discussion Kaudeer Sarfaraz

Conclusion Naimat-E-Uzma Lalmahamode

Group leader: Kaudeer Sarfaraz

Figure 1: A venturi meter ................................................................................................................1

Graph 1: Pressure head (mm) vs length of passage (mm) ........................................................... 10

Table 1: Tabulated data .................................................................................................................. 9

The formula resulting from Bernoulli’s Principle is given as:

𝒈 is the acceleration due to gravity,

𝑷𝟏 and 𝑷𝟐 is the pressure at elevation 1 and elevation 2 respectively,

𝒗𝟏 and 𝒗𝟐 is the velocity at elevation 1 and elevation 2 respectively,

𝒉𝟏 and 𝒉𝟐 is the height at elevation 1 and elevation 2 respectively.

A practical application of Bernoulli’s

(Source: https://www.sciencefacts.net/bernoullis-principle-and equation.html)

1.1 Aim & Objectives

• To verify Bernoulli’s Principle

• To understand the derivation leading to the Bernoulli’s Equation.

• There is no energy loss in the system.

These are the following limitations of Bernoulli's Principle:

3.2 Safety Measures

• Proper lab coats should be worn, in case of water spillage.

• No electrical appliances or sources of electricity should be near the experimental area.

Figure 3: Set of piezometers

Figure 4: Collecting vessel

Figure 5: A perspex tank

Figure 6: A measuring tape

 The volume of water collected V is calculated as Length L × Width W × Height H.

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑄

For experiment 1, the following data was collected.

Table 1: Tabulated data

Width of collecting vessel, W/mm 310

Height of water collected, H/mm 5

Volume of water collected, V/mm3 0.481 × 106

Table 2: Tabulated data

Area, A/mm2 300 275 250 225 200 175 150

Graph 1: Pressure head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

Graph 2: Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

Graph 3: Total head (mm) vs length of passage (mm )

For experiment 2, the following data was collected.

Table 3: Tabulated data

Width of collecting vessel, W/mm 310

Height of water collected, H/mm 5

Volume of water collected, V/mm3 0.481 × 106

Table 4: Tabulated data

Graph 4: Pressure head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

Graph 5: Velocity head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

Graph 6: Total head (mm) vs length of passage (mm)

For experiment 3, the following data was collected.

Table 5: Tabulated data

Width of collecting vessel, W/mm 310

Height of water collected, H/mm 5

Volume of water collected, V/mm3 0.481 × 106

Table 6: Tabulated data

Fluid Mechanics 1 - Lab Report - Bernoulli's Principle Final

Fluid Mechanics 1 - Lab Report - Bernoulli's Principle Final