Group members:

1. Nguyễn Trương Anh Thư - ENENIU19107

2. Đặ ng Thị Phương Trang - ENENIU19113
3. Huỳnh Thị Ngọ c Ngâ n - ENENIU19072
4. Lê Thị Ngọ c My - ENENIU19065

1. What is a reference? What is the main difference between the semantic and
pragmatic definitions of reference?
● Reference is the action of mentioning or alluding to something.
● Difference between the semantic and pragmatic definitions of reference

Reference in semantics Reference in pragmatic

- Reference is generally construed - Reference is an act in which a

as the relationships between
nouns or pronouns and objects
that are named by them (ex: the
word "John" refers to the person
John)
- A two-place relation between a
linguistic expression and an object
or a set of objects in the external
world.
speaker or writer uses linguistic
form to enable a listener or reader
to identify something (words don’t
refer, people do).
- A three-place relation among
speakers, linguistic expressions
and objects.

2. What is bridging-cross reference anaphora? Provide 5 examples to illustrate

- Bridging-cross reference anaphora: establishing a link of association with
some preceding linguistic expression via the addition of background
assumptions.
- Examples:
● My dad has just booked an apartment for the up-coming trip. The
bedrooms are really well-decorated.
 ● The taxi driver came on time but he didn’t stop.
● This is my school. The school yard is big enough for all students to
play at break time.
● My grandmother goes to her garden every morning. She kindly
waters the flowers there.
● Jimmy wants to drop by Mega Market right after work because the
food is all for sale.
3. What are the major types of referring expressions?
- Major types: proper names, definite descriptions (include definite genitive
NPs and definite pronouns), demonstrative NPs, indefinite NPs including
indefinite genitive NPs.