Literature Research Review 
APA citation of article:   Retrieved from (website
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Scanzera, A. C., Shorter, E.,
Kinnaird, C., Valikodath, N., Al-
Khaled, T., Cole, E., ... & Chan,
R. P. (2022). Optometrist's
perspectives of Artificial
Intelligence in eye care. Journal
of Optometry, 15, S91-S97.
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[HTML] sciencedirect.com •The University of Illinois at
Chicago Institutional Review
Board approved a survey that
400 optometrists took part in.
54.5% of the respondents
were male while 45.5% were
female. In the survey, there
were questions to evaluate the
benefits, issues, and concerns
for AIs in the optometry field.
66.8% of the respondents said
they were familiar with AIs
and other computerized
technology. Furthermore,
72.0% claimed that AIs
would most likely improve
Optometry, for both the
career and for Optometry
schools. However, while
being hopeful for the
development in the future,
53.0% of participants were
concerned about the
diagnostic accuracy of AIs. 
•The advantages of AI were
seen as greater efficiency,
assistance in tracking the
evolution of diseases, and
increased accuracy in
diagnosis, refraction, and
triage. Though, there are
challenges and worries such
as ensuring practical training
before blending AIs into the
workplace, relying too
heavily on technology, a
change in patient-provider
connection/relationship, cost,
and the profession’s overall
adaptability. 
 •Currently, AIs are not
widely accessible in
optometric practices. Despite
this fact, numerous AI
platforms are being
investigated for possible use
in Optometry. Since they are
still in the beginning steps of
the experimental stage,
additional testing is necessary
to determine whether these
algorithms are suitable for
clinical use. Still, in the end,
AIs will not be able to take
over the entire job.

Bailey, R. N., & Heitman, O. E. [PDF] aoa.org •Optometrists need to focus

(2000). Ethics in Clinical on ethical issues as they
Optometry. AN
OPTOMETRIST’S GUIDE TO develop their specialized
CLINICAL ETHICS, 3. knowledge and skills. The
expertise and abilities of
professionals should be clear
to the people they serve.

•Like other healthcare

professions, optometrists
have ethical responsibilities
to their patients. Optometrists
need to acknowledge, respect,
and safeguard the rights of
their patients because by
doing this, patients will be
encouraged to be comfortable
in their treatment and can
establish trustworthy
connections with their
optometrist. It is expected
that professionals should be
people of integrity and
intelligence who go above
and beyond the bare
requirements to create and
maintain relationships that are
based on trust.

•Optometrists should know


Jiang, L., Wu, Z., Xu, X., Zhan,
Y., Jin, X., Wang, L., & Qiu, Y.
(2021). Opportunities and
challenges of artificial
intelligence in the medical field:
Current application, emerging
problems, and problem-solving
strategies. Journal of
International Medical
Research, 49(3),
03000605211000157.
that any information relating
to their patients’ needs to be
held in professional ways,
and it needs to be used only
for the patient. They should
strive to provide the best
possible care for their
patients. They also need to
make an effort to stay up to
date with every recent
development in their field, to
improve their knowledge and
to personally contribute to
their career’s advancement.
Finally, an optometrist’s
office should always be kept
clean and professional.
[PDF] sagepub.com •Medical education, medical
image processing and other
applications have been
advancing slowly but
significantly due to the
progressive improvement of
AI in daily medical practice.
Still, AIs can’t be employed
on a significant scale in actual
offices since there is a lack of
standardized processes and
supervision. 
•So far, an ethical individual,
such as a licensed
optometrist, is much more
trustworthy during situations
where complex clinical
decisions are necessary,
despite the fact that a strictly
rule-oriented robot might
appear to be more reliable.
This is because there may be
imprecise results brought on
by bias in data sources. AIs
are programmed to perform
based on existing data sets
 that they have, so they will
have limited diagnoses. If the
current clinical scenario is
different from the situation
they have in the data, then the
algorithm will not be able to
achieve the reported level of
predictive accuracy.

•Even if most patients are

willing to accept a diagnosis
they get from an AI, they will
still tend to trust doctors more
if an AI-based diagnosis
differs from the doctors’. 

•AIs may be used in the

future, but most likely only
after a succession of approval
processes for small-scale
clinical applications.
Therefore, AIs won’t be
replacing optometrists;
instead, they will give
assistance to the optometrist
to make their job slightly
simpler.

Aslam, T. M., & Hoyle, D. C. [HTML] springer.com •The use of AI systems will

(2022). Translating the machine: most likely complement
skills that human clinicians must
develop in the era of artificial
clinicians rather than replace
intelligence. Ophthalmology and them, but nevertheless, it
therapy, 11(1), 69-80. could have a revolutionary
effect. 

•There are fields where

human intelligence delivers
essential services above and
beyond what is currently
possible with AI technology,
and optometry is one of them.
Even if AI systems may now
possess knowledge that is at
the same level as or even
exceeds that of humans,
computer systems still require
 expert human expertise to
interpret and interact with. 
 
•Diagnoses from the medical
doctor and AI will need to be
merged. An AI cannot
function alone since it may
not be reliable or safe
enough. Clinicians need to
ponder ways to efficiently
work with AIs so that they
can put their full potential to
use. In order to give their
patients the safest, most
effective, and most efficient
healthcare system possible,
AI systems need to be
combined with the best
aspects of human
intelligence. It will be wiser
to combine predictions from
multiple algorithms than to
solely rely on one or the
other, in order to increase
overall accuracy.

•The efficiency of AI systems

in the optometry office is not
yet promising, so further
evaluation is crucial to make
sure that they can work
accurately and accordingly
under strict methodological
standards.

Gupta, V. K., & Gupta, V. B. [PDF] mdpi.com •Students of optometry will

(2016, November). Using benefit from learning
technology, bioinformatics and
health informatics approaches to
experiences containing AI
improve learning experiences in technology. The majority of
optometry education, research orthoptics and optometry
and practice. In Healthcare (Vol. training institutions are
4, No. 4, p. 86). MDPI. already utilizing a variety of
ICT-based teaching and
learning techniques, but long-
term technology use and the
capacity to electronically
access and analyze data are
still in their infancy. This
could include computer-based
e-learning in optometry
school that is both offline and
online, as well as
bioinformatics, health
informatics, and virtual
reality settings. The
educational activities are
carried out using a personal
computer, software, and other
digital equipment that uses
task-specific strategies in
offline learning. This is also
true for most studies for
health care professionals. 

 •By remotely connecting

with ophthalmologists and
eye hospitals, optometrists
around the world are playing
a large role and serving as the
front line of eye care, making
it more important than ever to
maximize the use of ICTs in
the optometry profession.

•Optometry is a rapidly
expanding field that deals
with managing diseases,
injuries, and other eye
conditions as well as
diagnosing and treating visual
issues and prescribing
eyeglasses or contact lenses.
The necessity for students to
understand how to examine
and make appropriate
diagnoses is increased as the
popularity of the optometry
field expands. Schools must
address the evolving
educational and professional
needs as more students
choose optometry as a career.
 As more and more time
passes, our world will be
dominated by AIs, so it is
crucial to get used to
computer-generated
technology as soon as
possible. By learning with
AIs in Optometry school,
students will already be
familiar with the technologies
and be able to work with the
technology with less time
being spent to adapt to them
once they become an
optometrist. Information and
communications technology
(ICT) knowledge can give
professionals and students
access to a vast amount of
biomedical and clinical data
in this regard.

Buckingham, M. H. (1985). The [PDF] core.ac.uk •Computers and technology

computer in optometry: An have been used in optometry
overview of its uses to date and
its potential in didactic and
for a while for making notes
clinical optometric education. of the patients’ symptoms.
Computers have been utilized
in practice applications in a
number of unique
circumstances, according to
professors and students at
optometric schools. Several
academics discussed how
they used computers and
automation to provide lessons
in laboratories more
effectively.

•Although computers still

aren't widely accepted,
artificial intelligence is
becoming more and more
common in optometric
educational settings.
Technology is a powerful
instrument currently
employed minimally in
optometry, but many
optometrists actually believe
that their use should be
increased. So far, there has
been nothing reported to
demonstrates that AIs have
been operating in accordance
with a long-term institutional
plan. Therefore, that is why
the employment of modern
technologies has been slow to
gain support in optometric
education. 

•More computer assisted

education will be announced
as more machines are put in
the hands of those who will
create the programs, the
educators, and the students.
By making AIs more precise,
larger range of clinical and
didactic problems can be
identified in the hands of AIs,
with help from optometrists.