Semester I maternal

Unit-1
In the Bazars of Hyderabad
By Sarojini Naidu

In The Bazaars of Hyderabad:

What do you sell, 0 ye merchants?

Richly your wares are displayed,

Turbans of crimson and silver,

Tunics of purple brocade,

Mirrors with panels of amber,

Daggers with handles of jade.

What do you weigh, 0 ye vendors?

Saffron and lentil and rice.

What do you grind, 0 ye maidens?

 Sandalwood, henna and spice.

What do you call, 0 ye pedlars?

Chessmen and ivory dice.

What do you make, 0 ye goldsmiths?

Wristlet and anklet and ring,

Bells for the feet of blue pigeons,

Frail as a dragon-fly’s wing,

Girdles of gold for the dancers,

Scabbards of gold for the king.

What do you cry, 0 ye fruit men?

Citron, pomegranate and plum.

What do you play, 0 musicians?

Cithar, sarangi and drum.

 What do you chant, 0 magicians?

Spells for the aeons to come.

What do you weave, 0 ye flower-girls?

With tassels of azure and red?

Crowns for the brow of a bridegroom,

Chaplets to garland his bed,

Sheets of white blossoms new-gathered

To perfume the sleep of the dead.

Summary
Author introduction: - Sarojini Naidu (1879-1949) was born in
Hyderabad in a highly educated Bengali family, she called
Bharath kokila The Nightingale of India, was a patriot and
freedom fighter, but her first love was poetry. When she
started writing poetry, she imitated English poets. Soon,
however, she began to write about Indian themes. She played
an important part in the social and cultural life of Hyderabad
This poem describes the various stalls in the bazaars of
Hyderabad. The poem consists of questions and answers.
Through the poem In the Bazaars of Hyderabad, Sarojini Naidu
wanted to convey the message of Indian richness in tradition.
She explained where traditional Indian products are ruling, no
need to buy foreign products. She asked the merchants about
what they are selling. The merchant replies that selling crimson
(deep red) and silver-colored turbans, purple brocade tunics,
mirrors with amber-frame, and daggers with handles made of
jade (greenstone).
The poet then visits the vendors, the maidens, and the pedlars
(salesmen). She asked the vendors which they are weighing for
sale. The vendors reply that they are weighing saffron, lentil,
and rice. She asked the maiden girls what they grinding. They
replied that they are grinding sandalwood, henna, and spices.
She asked the pedlars what they are calling. They say that they
are selling chessmen and dice made from ivory for the game of
chess.
She asked goldsmiths what they are making. They are making
wristlets, anklets, and rings to adorn and bells to be tied to the
feet of blue pigeons. And the bells are as thin and lightweight
as the wings of a dragonfly. They are also making golden
girdles for the dancers, and golden sheaths for keeping the
king’s swords.

She asked the fruit sellers what fruits are they selling. They
answer that there are citron, pomegranate, and plum. She
asked the musicians what instruments they are playing, they
reply that they are playing on sitar, sarangi, and drums she
asked the magicians why they are chanting. He replied he is
chanting the spells to bring in eons (a divine power) who would
help him perform his magical tricks.
The poet asked the flower girls what they are weaving with the
azure (deep blue) and red tassels (strands of flower). The
flower girls are making garlands for the bride and the groom
and to adorn their bed for the wedding night. They are also
making sheets of newly brought white flowers for the dead
man’s grave for fragrance.
Thus the poet Sarojini Naidu represents an Indian market to
give us a sense of the rich Indian heritage. This poem was her
protest against European products and an appreciation of our
goods.
Important questions.
1. Describe the scene of the bazar in your own words
2. Reading this poem is an experience that involves the
sense. Discuss.
3. What do you think are the special features of the Bazaar?
How does it compare with a fair or Bazaar in your own town?

The Eyes are Not Here

Ruskin Bond
Summary
About the Author: - Ruskin Bond was born on 19 May 1934 in
Kasauli, Himachal Pradesh, and raised in Shimla, Jamnagar,
Dehradun, and Mussoorie. He is a noted Indian writer of fiction
in English. He spent four years as a young man on Channel
Island and in London. He was awarded the ‘Sahitya Academy
award in 1992 and the Padmashri in 1999.
 
The narrator of this story, a blind man with sensitive eyes to
light and darkness, travelled by train to Dehradun when he met
and chatted with a female. The narrator discovers the girl’s
blindness only after she has departed and another passenger
has entered the compartment.
The narrator is alone in the compartment. A girl enters the
compartment at that station, her parents bid her farewell and
gave precautions directing her on where to store her
possessions, not to lean out the window, and how to avoid
strangers. 
Once the train departs from the platform, the narrator
approaches the girl and inquires about her trip to Dehradun.
She is taken aback by the voice, as she had assumed she was
alone in the cabin. The girl informed him that she would be
traveling to Saharanpur to meet her aunt. The narrator speaks
about Mussoorie, 
She told him that she would be received by her aunt, he told
her he was going to Mussoorie, and they exchanged their views
about that place. The narrator took care not to reveal his
disability to the girl. He did this by making only general
remarks which were safe. 
When the girl got off at her railway station another man got
into his compartment. It was then that the narrator came to
know that he was blind like her. Blindness made the narrator
sensitive to minute things in his surroundings. As he said, lack
of sight makes the other four senses more acute. He liked to
play guessing games about the people and places around him.
Though he seemed to take his disability philosophically, the
presence of the girl made him youth, he wants to keep it a
secret. His description of Mussoorie shows him as a nature-
lover.
Important questions
1. What are instances in the story where it is evident that
both the narrator and the girl are blind? How do the try
to mislead each other? Do they succeed?
2. Several times in the conversation, the narrator tries to
cover up his disability, identify these instances and
comment on them.
3. Compare how the narrator and the new passengers
each from an impression of the girl.

Word roots
Most words can be broken down into smaller units that have
some meaning of their own, for example, the English word ‘
unable’ can be broken down into two smaller units: un
( meaning ‘not’) + able( meaning ‘ can be done).
The smallest meaningful unit that forms the main part of a
word is called its root, Words grow from their roots. In the
above example, the root of the word ‘unable’ is able. From the
word able, words such as ‘enable’ (en+ able), portable, (port +
able), ‘disability’ (dis +able+ ity), and many others can be
formed

Root Examples
audi audi, audience
Bio biology, biography
contra contradict, contrast
Dem democracy, demography
Eco ecology, ecosystem
Fin final, confine
Geo geography, geology
Gen gene, generation
homo homogeneous, homonym
Kilo kilogram, kilometre
Logy biology, geology
meter thermometer, kilometre
mega Megawatt, megabyte
photo Photograph, photosynthesis
hyper Hyperactive, hyperbole
Para Paradox, paranormal
Pan Pandemic, pantheon
scope Telescope, microscope
Tele Television, telescope
Theo theology, atheist
Ultra ultrasound, ultraconservative
Vis visible
 NOUN

A noun is a part of speech that identifies a person, place, thing,

quality, concept, idea, emotion, thought or anything that
exists. There are different kinds of nouns.
Types of nouns
Common nouns, proper nouns, countable nouns, uncountable
nouns,
A Common noun: - refers to a general class of person, place
or object; for example, city, state, person, player, book, and
ball.
A Proper noun: - refers to a specific person, place, object etc;
for example, Hyderabad, Telangana, Radhika, Sachin
Tendulkar.
Common noun Proper noun
Mountain Mount Everest
City Hyderabad
Girl Radhika
Cricket Sachin Tendulkar
State Telangana
Prime minister Narendar modi
University Osmannia

Countable nouns: - refers things which can be recognised and

counted as individual items, they usually have a singular and a
plural form
Uncountable nouns: - refers substances such as material,
liquid, powder. Not usually considered as their individual
components
 Countable nouns Uncountable nouns

Singilar plural Tea, sugar, water, air, rice,

One dog Two dogs Knowledge, water, beauty,
anger, fear, love, money,
One shop Two shops
research. Butter, petrol, Oil,
One idea Two ideas juice, wood.
Book Books
Person People
Mouse Mice

Creativity
Creativity or innovative thinking is the kind of thinking that
leads to new insights, novel approaches, fresh perspectives,
and connecting things. The products of creative thought include
some obvious genres like, music, poetry, dance, literature,
innovations and technology.
Critical and creative thinking are the two most basic thinking
skills, critical thinking is a matter of thinking clearly and
rationally, creativity consists with new and relevant ideas. To
be a good and effective thinker, both kinds of thinking skills are
needed
Creativity can be divided into two kinds, one is cognitive
creativity that is involved in solving problems second one is
aesthetic creativity relating to artistic creation
Socrates developed intra- group communication. The
participants of a discussion bound by seven principles to
maintain a sense of collegiality, Socrates called these principles
Koinonia meaning ‘spirit of fellowship’
● Establish dialogue
● Exchange ideas
● Don’t argue
● Don’t interrupt
● Listen carefully
● Clarify your thinking
● Be honest

Unit -2
If—
Rudyard Kipling

If you can keep your head when all about you

Are losing theirs and blaming it on you,
If you can trust yourself when all men doubt you,
But make allowance for their doubting too;
If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,
Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies,
Or being hated, don’t give way to hating,
And yet don’t look too good, nor talk too wise:

If you can dream—and not make dreams your master;

If you can think—and not make thoughts your aim;
If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster
 And treat those two impostors just the same;
If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken
Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,
Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,
And stoop and build ’em up with worn-out tools:

If you can make one heap of all your winnings

And risk it on one turn of pitch-and-toss,
And lose, and start again at your beginnings
And never breathe a word about your loss;
If you can force your heart and nerve and sinew
To serve your turn long after they are gone,
And so hold on when there is nothing in you
Except the Will which says to them: ‘Hold on!’

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with Kings—nor lose the common touch,
If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,
If all men count with you, but none too much;
If you can fill the unforgiving minute
With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,
Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,
And—which is more—you’ll be a Man, my son!
Summary
Author introduction: - Rudyard Kipling was born in 1836,
was an English poet and novelist, was a strong advocate in
British India, got Nobel Prize in literature in 1907.
 Father is advising his son on how to lead his life. If people
blame you, Do not do anything wrong to those people, when
some people doubt you give allowance to their doubts, rethink
what you did If some people create some lies on you don't take
it negatively give your answer politely, when some people hate
you, don't hate them and don't close them.
The author says, if you can dream big but never  make
the dreams your master. Similarly, never think your thoughts
are your aims because to succeed in life, one has to work hard,
He says one should meet with Triumph and Disaster and treat
those two impostors just the same
These are the two extremes in life they either make one
extremely happy or miserable, should keep what you have
spoken the truth even though some rascals wanted to twist it.

The author says though you have lots of winnings, take

seriously one lose and start from the bottom to cover the loss,
strength and willpower can lead you to a successful person,
therefore, should keep a positive attitude to reach higher goals.

The author says touch with people from every class of the
society. You have to talk with the general people without losing
your virtue or moral values. Again, we should be able to walk
with kings without going beyond the reach of the people. The
general touch would help us realize the reality and feel the
needs of society. On the other hand, the noble touch would
give us the power and opportunity to reach higher goals.

The author says you are on this earth everything you have
done in it. If you follow all the advice. You will be a man and
my dear son.
Important questions.
1. What kind of a person does the poet wants his child to be?
What are the qualities that the poet is espousing?
2. According to the poem, what are some of the challenges
that a person will have to face in life?
3. Summarise the poet’s message in your own words. Do
you agree with it?
 On saying please
A.G. Gardiner
Summary
Author introduction: - A.G Gardiner was born in 1865 and
died in 1946. He was one of the most distinguished writers in
the twentieth century, his essays are delightful, humorous, and
thought-provoking dealing with simple and serious subjects.
A.G. Gardner's essay On Saying Please deals with the
importance of the expressions ‘Please' or thank you in daily
social life. It settles many bitter arguments in this essay the
writer talks about the value of good manners in society.
Gardner gives examples from his own experience. Once, a
liftman throws a passenger out of the lift because the
passenger did not say "Top please" the act of the liftman is
wrong After all, one cannot punish impoliteness with physical
violence. Hence the action of the liftman is not legally justified.
Impoliteness is not a legal offense, and it cannot treat by
violence.
Though incivility and impoliteness are not legally wrong, they
are extremely dangerous and will affect the life of the course.
Bad manners are like infections. They do more damage to the
general life than all crime in the world.
The pain caused by bodily injuries passes away soon, but the
wound caused by bad manners remains even green. Bad
manners make life very bad, good manners make life happy
and cheerful. Therefore one should use good manners and
politeness in social behaviour. The first requirement of good
manners is that when one requires a service he/she should say
'Please’. When the service is made, one should gratefully say
`thank you. 'Please and 'thank you' are the courtesies by which
humans can keep the machine of life oiled and graceful. These
courtesies make life happy.
The writer narrates another personal incident. One day the
writer boarded a bus. He felt that he had no money in his
pocket. The conductor did not insult him but, recognizing him a
gentleman issued him a ticket. The writer found some money
in his pocket and paid the fare. He was much impressed by the
courtesy and politeness of this conductor. A few days after
same bus conductor pressed the writer's toe. He felt pain, but
the manner of the bus conductor was so pleasing that he forgot
it.
The writer recognized that the conductor was a model of good
manners. He had a knack for making his passengers
comfortable. He was extremely kind and simp and with children
as caring as a father.
He created an atmosphere of good temper and kindliness.
Hence a journey with him a lesson in natural courtesy and good
manners. He got through his work with ease and courtesy to
others. The writer says that war has badly affected our
manners. War has made people uncivil and boorish. He advises
restoring good manners to make life a happy one
The writer says that war has badly affected our manner, war
has made people uncivil and boorish. He advises restoring good
manners to make life a happy one. One should teach a moral
lesson to those who are guilty of bad manners. In this
connection, people should follow the example of Lord
Chesterfield.
Gardiner concludes the essay by observing that rudeness
seemed to be the aftermath of war. He earnestly appeals to his
readers to bring back civility to social behaviour. Thus we see
that the essay clearly shows the distinction between what is
punishable by law and what is desirable though not punishable
by law. While the law is very definite about how individuals
should act, it does not have much to say about the issues of
courtesy and kindness/politeness to others.
Important questions
1. Why, according to the author, is it important to exhibit
good social graces?
2. Comment on the importance of patience with respect to
the theme of this essay.
3. How, according to the author, can bad manners and a
poor temper affect society?

Prefixes and suffixes

A prefix is a word fragment added in front of a root or a
word.
Prefix + word
Prefix en - + word sure = new word ensure
Prefix un- + word sure = new word unsure
A suffix is a word fragment add at the end of a root or a
word.
Word+ suffix
Word sure+ suffix – ly = new word surely
Word sure + suffix –ty = new word surety

EXCERCISE
For each sentence below, study the word that is
printed in green .try to identify the root word along
with any prefix and/or suffix that is /are attached
to it.
1. Salman watched a preview of the movie.
2. Don’t be so childish!
3. The magicians made the pigeon disappear.
4. Ayub supervised the correction of the answer scripts.
5. Radhika asked the actress for her autograph.
6. Vaishnavi is always methodical in her work.
7. The biology lab has a microscope.
8. Good temper goes hand in hand with happiness and
contentment.
9. The airport grounded flights due to low visibility.
10. I stood on a balcony overlooking the park.
11. Himesh’s story was unbelievable
12. Chandan removed the item from the box.
13. One should not dress informally in office
14. Tata motors manufactures cars
15. He contradicts everything she says.
 16. Rithika has a postgraduate degree.
17. I am reading a biography.
18. Sylvia says she can predict the future.

Fill in the blanks by modifying the words in the

brackets as instructed
1. He wants unfriend me on face book. ( prefix +friend )
2. She un underestimate her strength (prefix + estimate)
3. Our team own the hockey championship (champion
+suffix)
4. It is illegal to kill endangered animals.(prefix +legal)
5. She was given a handful of sweets. (hand+ suffix)
6. You need a combination of hard work and determination
to succeed (combine +suffix)

Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that can be used in place of a noun or
noun phrase.

Personal pronoun:

1st person Singular Plural

Subje W
ctive I e
form
Objec M U
tive e s
form
Posse M O
ssive i u
form n r
e s

2nd person Singular Plural

 Subjective You You
form
Objective form You You
Possessive Yours Yours
form

3rd person Singular Plural

Subjective He, She, It They

form
Objective form him, her, It Them
Possessive his, hers, Its Their
form

Fill in the blanks with suitable pronouns

1. If anyone asks, tell him/her I will be back tomorrow.
2. Fatima said that she and her sister work together.
3. Rohan wants to do it herself
4. The camera I wanted for so long is finally it!
5. There is no ‘us’ and ‘you’. We are all in together.
6. They cooked the meat in their own juices.

Interpersonal skills
Interpersonal skills involve the ability to communicate and
build relationships with others. Often called ‘people skills’,
they tend to incorporate both your innate personality
traits and how you’ve learned to handle certain social
situations. Effective interpersonal skills can help you
during the job interview process and can have a positive
impact on your career advancement.

● Active listening
● Teamwork
● Responsibility
● Dependability
● Leadership
● Motivation
● Flexibility
● Patience
● Empathy

Unit-3
Ulysses
Alfred Tennyson

It little profits that an idle king,

By this still hearth, among these barren crags,
Match’d with an aged wife, I mete and dole
Unequal laws unto a savage race,
That hoard, and sleep, and feed, and know not me.

I cannot rest from travel: I will drink

Life to the lees: All times I have enjoy’d
Greatly, have suffer’d greatly, both with those
That loved me, and alone, on shore, and when
Thro’ scudding drifts the rainy Hyades
Vext the dim sea: I am become a name;
For always roaming with a hungry heart
Much have I seen and known; cities of men
And manners, climates, councils, governments,
Myself not least, but honour’d of them all;
And drunk delight of battle with my peers,
Far on the ringing plains of windy Troy.
I am a part of all that I have met;
Yet all experience is an arch wherethro’
Gleams that untravell’d world whose margin fades
For ever and forever when I move.
How dull it is to pause, to make an end,
 To rust unburnish’d, not to shine in use!
As tho’ to breathe were life! Life piled on life
Were all too little, and of one to me
Little remains: but every hour is saved
From that eternal silence, something more,
A bringer of new things; and vile it were
For some three suns to store and hoard myself,
And this gray spirit yearning in desire
To follow knowledge like a sinking star,
Beyond the utmost bound of human thought.

   This is my son, mine own Telemachus,

To whom I leave the sceptre and the isle,—
Well-loved of me, discerning to fulfil
This labour, by slow prudence to make mild
A rugged people, and thro’ soft degrees
Subdue them to the useful and the good.
Most blameless is he, centred in the sphere
Of common duties, decent not to fail
In offices of tenderness, and pay
Meet adoration to my household gods,
When I am gone. He works his work, I mine.

   There lies the port; the vessel puffs her sail:

There gloom the dark, broad seas. My mariners,
Souls that have toil’d, and wrought, and thought with me
—
That ever with a frolic welcome took
The thunder and the sunshine, and opposed
Free hearts, free foreheads—you and I are old;
Old age hath yet his honour and his toil;
Death closes all: but something ere the end,
Some work of noble note, may yet be done,
Not unbecoming men that strove with Gods.
The lights begin to twinkle from the rocks:
The long day wanes: the slow moon climbs: the deep
Moans round with many voices. Come, my friends,
’Tis not too late to seek a newer world.
 Push off, and sitting well in order smite
The sounding furrows; for my purpose holds
To sail beyond the sunset, and the baths
Of all the western stars, until I die.
It may be that the gulfs will wash us down:
It may be we shall touch the Happy Isles,
And see the great Achilles, whom we knew.
Tho’ much is taken, much abides; and tho’
We are not now that strength which in old days
Moved earth and heaven, that which we are, we are;
One equal temper of heroic hearts,
Made weak by time and fate, but strong in will
To strive, to seek, to find, and not to yield.

Summary

Author introduction: - Alfred Tennyson was born in 1809

United Kingdom. Tennyson wrote in a variety of poetic
styles and on a wide range of subject matters.
The poem presents the spirit of hope by using the
character of Ulysses he was old enough for continuing his
lifelong voyage Ulysses expresses frustration at how dull
and pointless his life now seems as king of Ithaca, trapped
at home on the rocky island of Ithaca.
As long as he's alive, he doesn't want to stop doing the
things that, in his eyes, make life worth living. He found
joy, he claims, in every moment he spent traveling, even
at the times when he was suffering.
His wife is old, and he must spend his time enforcing
imperfect laws as he attempts to govern people he
considers stupid and uncivilized. His feeling all his people
do store up wealth, sleep and eat. They have no
conception of who Ulysses is or what his life has been like.
Ulysses still yearns to travel the world like he used to do.
Telemachus, who will inherit Ulysses’ role as ruler of the
island when Ulysses dies. Ulysses affirms that he loves his
son, who is a lot of effort and thinking about how he will
best carry out his responsibilities as ruler. With patience
and judgment,
Ulysses cannot find any faults in Telemachus; he devotes
his life to the responsibilities of his role, he pays proper
respect to his people and his parents, and after his father
dies, he will continue offering appropriate sacrifices to the
gods that Ulysses most honoured. Telemachus is well
suited for the role of the ruler—just as Ulysses is well
suited for a different role, the role of explorer.
As long as he's alive, he doesn't want to stop doing the
things that, in his eyes, make life worth living. He found
joy, he claims, in every moment he spent traveling, even
at the times when he was suffering.
Even as an old man, his greatest desire is still to explore
the world and keep learning more. He wants to go beyond
the limits of what humans have seen and known, the way
a shooting star seems to go beyond the horizon when it
falls and disappears.
Ulysses still has the goal of sailing past the horizon, as
far as he can go, before he ultimately dies. He
acknowledges that the waves may sink their ship, but
they may also find their way to the place where the souls
of the blessed go after death.

Important questions
1. What is the theme of the poem? How does the poet
communicate this to the readers through image in
the poem?
2. Write a character sketch of the protagonist of the
poem.

Seeing people off

Max Beerbohm
Summary
Henry Beerbohm was born in 1872 was an English writer
and caricaturist. He feels that he is not at seeing off
people at a part of the station to send a friend off is the
most difficult thing in the world, the text Seeing People
Off tells us about two men: the narrator, who is seeing his
friend off. He is confused and embarrassed; he does not
know how to tell in this situation how to express his
feelings.

Henry Beerbohm feels that he is not good at seeing off

people at a port or train station. For him, to send a friend
off is one of the most difficult things in the world.
Beerbohm opines that when a friend is going on a longish
journey and will be absent for a longish time, we turn up
at the railway station. He laments that the process of
'seeing off' or 'sending off' cannot match our deep feelings
towards the person who is traveling.

The limitation of seeing off also fails in matching the

seriousness of departing of a friend to a longer distance.
It has become a formality or farce. Therefore, Beerbohm
considers the limitations of the seeing off are a failure.
Instead, he prefers to make the farewell quite worthy in a
room, or, even or a door-step.

For him, leave-taking is an ideal one when it ends in a

private place where the friends can express their genuine
feeling sorrow without any awkwardness, no restraint on
their side. In the contrast, even after their yesterday's
part, when the same friends turn up at the railway station
the next day, they gaze at each other dumb animals
gazing at human beings. They try to 'make conversations'
and are fed up with waiting eagerly for the train guard to
blow his whistle and put an end to the farce- their
impatient wait. Therefore, Beerbohm considers the act of
'seeing people off' as a tedious one and not worth doing it.

Hubert Le Ros, who is seeing a young American lady off.

This man perfectly knows how to behave in this situation.
He is speaking, he is crying, he is expressing his feelings
freely. The narrator is looking at him with envy. Suddenly,
 he recognized his old acquaintance in this man. Hubert Le
Ros recognized the narrator too. During their
conversation, Le Ros tells the narrator about the Anglo-
American Social Bureau and his role in it. Eventually, they
agreed that Le Ros would give the narrator a course to
teach him to be a good seer-off, to express his feelings
freely.

Important questions

1. How did the author’s farewell at the train station differ

from le ros’ send-off? What was ironic about the
difference?
2. What is Beerbohm’s attitude towards seeing people off at
a port or train station? Why does he feel this way, and
what does he prefer instead?

Vocabulary
Homonyms, homographs, homophones
Homonyms are the words that have same spelling and the
same pronunciation, but different meanings
I wanted to le. Lie= say something that is not true
I wanted to lie down. Lie= assume a reclining position

Matching set X with set Y

set X Y
 1, You must not a. Financial institution
bank on him.
A 2, She withdrew b. Sloping land besides a
money from the water body
bank.
3, I sat on the c. Rely on
bank and watched
boats sail by

1, He was fair- a, travelling show or

skinned. exhibition
B 2, It wasn’t fair b, slightly average
deal. quality
3, We visited the c, free from bias or
fair. deception
4, Her d, lightly coloured
performance was
fair.
1, it suits my a, set of garments
needs b, legal proceedings
C. 2, I wore my best c, be acceptable to
suit
3, I brought a suit
against him
1, The map was a, get on the top of
D. not to scale. b, ratio between
2, The thief could actual size and its
easily scale the image
wall. c, standard of
3, The patient reference
stood on the scale. d, weighing
4, They were instrument
ranked on a scale
of 10.
1, We need a, advantage held by
E someone to lead a competitor
 the team. b, evidence pointing
2, The police are to possible solution
following a lead. c, be in charge of
3, She lost her
lead in the final
round

Fill in the blanks in each set of sentences with a

single homonym
1. A snake bit him.
Add a bit of salt.
2. She wrote a new play
The children went to play in the park.
3. I was asked to pen a few lines of verse.
She uses a brush pen for calligraphy.
The sheep are not in their pen
4. The lime tree is found in temperate regions.
Let’s limp up the house before the guests arrive.
5. We didn’t realise the scale of the pandemic.
The symphony is in the scale of C major.
You need to Scale the fish before cooking it.
6. Watch out for fraudulent calls and e- mails.
She got me an expensive watch for my birthday.

Homographs: Words that have the same spelling, but

different pronunciations and meanings
Se X Y
t
A 1, The mayor a, something given as
will present the a gift
award.
2, She gave me b, to give, especially
a present for an award
Diwali.
B 1, You missed a, immeasurably small
 the train by a
minute. b, unit of time
2, The chances
of success are
minute.
C 1, I watched the a, to inhabit
match live.
2, I live in b, being performed
Hyderabad. while hearing or
viewing; not a
recording
D 1, Pick up the a, to express
object. disapproval or
disagreement
2, I did not
object to her b, a material thing
demand.
E 1, She refused a, to lower one’s head
to bow before in respect
the queen. b, a material thing
2, The archer
picked up his
bow.
F 1, She did not a, to separate by force
shed a single
tear. b, liquid produced by
2, Do not tear the eye when one cries
the paper.
G 1, The pipe was a, a type of metal
made of lead.
2, Global b, result in
warming will
lead to climate
change.
H 1, My wound a, injury
 has not yet
healed. b, to arrange or coil
around
2, I wound the
tape.

Homophones: Words that have the same pronunciation,

but different spellings and different meanings.
Fill in the blanks with the correct homophones from
the options given in the box below.

Road, rode to, two, too board, bored

Banned, band principal, principle their, there, they’re
1. I am bored of board games.
2. She rode her bike down the road.
3. Our principal is a lady of great principle.
4. They’re in their garden over there .
5. Did you buy two tickets to the show too?
6. Arjun’s band was banned from playing in the school.
Fill in the blanks with the correct homophone from
the options given in the brackets.
1. I bought a pair of gloves. (pare, pair, pear)
2. The king’s reign did not last very long. (rein, rain, reign)
3. If you park here, the police will tow your car away. (tow,
toe)
4. The lioness picked up the scent of her prey. (sent scent,
cent)
5. She wanted to wear her favourite outfit. (wear ware)

Adjective

An Adjective describe some aspect of a noun or a

pronoun.
Adjectives of Quality describes feelings or qualities;
state nationality or origin; tell about a noun’s
characteristics, age, size, shape, or colour; indicate what
something is made of: and express judgments or values.
 Examples:-
Before a noun Samera is a
voracious
reader
After the verbs She appears
appear,become,feel,get,turns,tastes, dull in that
smells, sounds, dress

without nouns the homeless

Homeless
people need
our help.

Exercise 1
Complete the exchanges below with single words or
group of words chosen from below.
Lovely tiny pink Rusty and chipped blue
silk dress
Famous Old brass long and frilly short
middle-aged
1. A do you know the short middle aged man sitting by the
window?
B I do. He is a famous artist
2. A I love these tiny pink flowers
B yes, they are lovely
3. A is this blue silk dress Deepa’s?
B no, I don’t think so. Hers is long and frilly.
4. A We saw an old brass coin in the shop window.
B was it rusty and chipped?
Exercise 2
Fill in the blanks in the following sentences with the
right form of the adjectives in brackets.
1. What kind of food do you like the least? (Little)
2. Mother is a better singer than I am. (Good)
3. Rahul is a kind boy.(kind)
 4. This task is more urgent than all others.(Urgent)
5. He thinks his car is as fast as yours.(fast)
6. The man was nobled than his father.(noble)
7. Savita is the most childish all of my friends.(childish)
8. His house is farther from the college than hers.(far)
9. It is safer to stay out in the open than indoors when
there is an earthquake.(safe)
10. Of all the boxes in the van, the black steel one is the
heaviest. (Heavy)
Exercise 3
Rewrite the following sentences using the words in
brackets in place of the words in italics. Make sure that
the meaning of your re-written sentence remains the
same as that of the original sentence given to you. See
the example given below.

1. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

(Higher)
2. Suman is quicker than anyone in the group.(quickest)
3. Pune is closer to my village than Nagpur is.(close)
4. Mother is not tall as her sister.(taller)
5. No player in the team is as talented as prabhakar.(most
talented)
6. Asha’s house is farther from the city than all ours.(far)
7. Nitin’s watch is less expensive than everyone else’s.
(least expensive)
8. Of all his children,Sudha is closest to her father.(closer)
9. Maharashtra is one of the largest states in the country.
(large)
Kamala has fewer chocolates than all her friends.
(Fewest)
 Rewrite the following sentences using the words in
brackets in place of the words in italics.

1. Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world.

(higher)
Mount Everest is a higher mountain than any in the
world.

2. Suman is quicker than anyone in the group.(quickest)

Suman is the Quickest in the Group
3. Pune is closer to my village than Nagapur is ( close)
Pune is close to my Village than Nagapur.
4. Mother is not as tall as her sister. (taller)
Mother is not taller than her sister.
5. No player in the team is as talented as Prabhakar.(most
talented)
Prabhakar is the most talented player on the team.
6. Asha’s house is farther from the city than all ours.
Our houses are not far from the city as Asha's.
7. Nitin’s watch is less expensive than anyone else’s (least
expensive)
Our houses are not far from the city as Asha's.
8. Of all his children, Sudha is closest to her father. (
closer)
Sudha is closer to her father than all his children
9. Maharashtra is one of the largest states in the country.
(large)
Maharashtra is one of the large states in the country

10. Kamala has fewer chocolates than all her friends.

(fewest)
Kamala has the fewest chocolates of all her friends.
 Fill in the blanks choosing the correct adjective from
the list below. Each word can be used only once.

Second Several What Every Heavy

Good Few Next Same Great

1. The ship sustained heavy damage.

2. I have called several times.
3. Every dog has its day.
4. What time is it?
5. Abdul won the second prize.
6. The man fell down from a great height.
7. Good wine needs no bush.
8. Don’t say the same thing twice over.
9. He is a man of few words.
10. My uncle lives in the next house.
Fill in the blanks with the comparative and
superlative forms of the adjectives given in the
brackets.
1. My bungalow is larger than hers. My bungalow is the
largest in my colony.(large)
2. I am the fastest runner in my school. But my sister can
run faster than me.(fast)
3. Not only is her handwriting better now, it is in fact best
in her class.
4. This task is more important to me. It is the most
important task I’ll do this week.(important)
5. I thought the green ones would cost the least, but the
red ones cost the least/less.(little)

Motivation
Motivation is the driving force that leads us to undertake
and accomplish various actions, motivate one’s own self –
esteem and an accurate assessment of self-worth, self-
 esteem is imbalanced because we don’t have right image
of ourselves
Some strategies for self-motivation
● Positive meaningful relationship
● Self-analysis
● Great people ideology
● Reading books

Unit-4
Shyness My Shield
By M.K.Gandhi
Summary

Introduction: - Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born

in 1869 popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi was a key
figure of the Indian national freedom struggle, it was
taken from his autobiography ‘My Experiment with”

When Mohan Das Karamchand Gandhi was studying Law

in England he used to fear delivering a public speech. He
became a member of the Vegetarian Society. When there
were differences between Mr. Hills, the Chairman of the
society, and Dr. Hills, the supporter of family planning
methods.
Mr. Hills is the financier of the committee. He was a
puritan. Dr.Allison was another member of the society and
he was an anti-puritan. He was also an advocate of the
new birth control movement. He preached its methods as
cutting at the root of the morals. Therefore a motion was
brought for his removal. This interested Mr.Gandhi, he
thought it was quite improper to remove a man from a
vegetarian society. He thought that any vegetarian could
be a member of society, irrespective of his views on other
morals. Gandhi wanted to support Mr.Allison but he was
not successful in expressing his opinion. So, Gandhi
resigned to society.
 The second instance was Gandhi went to Ventnor with
Sjt.Majumdar. They stayed there with a vegetarian family.
They met Mr.Howard. He invited them to speak at a
meeting for the promotion of vegetarianism. Gandhi had
written down his speech. He stood up to read it. But he
could not read. His vision became blurred and he
trembled. Majumdar had to read it for him. The third
instance was that before leaving London.
However, Gandhiji felt that his silence did not
become a disadvantage. It actually helped him to develop
his personality by sticking to the truth. His shyness taught
him the economy of words. He learned to control his
thoughts. Gandhiji never uttered a thoughtless word in his
life. He also felt that silence was part of the spiritual
discipline of a supporter of truth. Gandhiji finally said that
unnecessary talk was so much waste of time. He
concludes that his shyness helped him to grow. It is his
shield.
Important questions
1. What are the Gandhi’s views on speaking versus
staying silent? do you agree with his views
2. Gandhi says that his shyness eventually turned out to
be a useful trait. Explain.

Vocabulary
Collocations
A collocation is a combination of words that are commonly
used together;
Underline the correct collocations from the
following options.

1. do a mistake make a mistake

2. make a difference bring a difference
3. gossip writer gossip columnist
4. do your duty work your duty
5. speak fluent English speak easy English
 6. press an icon click on an icon
7. have a conversation make a conversation
8. Glare at glare towards
9. Honest apology Sincere apology
10. Warm welcome profuse welcome
11. Complete a promise fulfil a promise
12. Have sympathy for pay sympathy to
13. Sow benefits reap benefits
14. Play a part do a part
15. Have conversation with make conversation
With.

GRAMMAR
Article
Articles are used before nouns to define their use in
the context of the sentence. There are two kinds of
articles.
● Indefinite articles: a, an
● Definite articles: the
Take a look at how indefinite articles are used.
● A is used before singular, countable nouns which begin
with consonant sounds. 
He is a teacher.
● A is used before words such as European or University
where the initial vowel is pronounced like a consonant.
Remember, it is the sound and not the spelling .
● She has a one-rupee coin.
● An is used before singular, countable nouns which begin
with vowel sounds.
He is an actor.
● An is used before a word beginning with a silent /h/.
He was late by an hour.
● In English, some nouns are uncountable (e.g.,
information, air, advice, salt, water, paper, milk, coffee,
rice, cloth, wood, etc.). Do not use a or an before these
uncountable nouns.
 I drink coffee every morning. I also have bread and
butter.
Now let us see how the definite article is used
● The is used when talking about something which is
already known, to the listener, or which has been
previously mentioned, introduced, or discussed.
I have a pen. The pen is blue. 
● The is used before the names of oceans, seas, coasts,
rivers, mountain ranges, groups of islands, planets, gulfs,
newspapers, magazines, musical instruments, directions,
deserts, names of trains, hotels, holy books, ordinal
numbers, and superlative degrees.
While waiting for a ferry to take him to
cross the Godavari, Amit read the Times of India and
listened to Gita practice the Sitar.
● The is used before proper nouns for the sake of
comparison.
Kalidas was regarded as the Shakespeare of India.

Fill in the blanks with indefinite articles where

necessary.

1. She doesn’t own a car.

2. He came from humble beginnings.
3. I saw the bears at the zoo.
4. He asked for milk.
5. She didn’t get an invitation.
6. I saw an eagle fly by.
7. She was an English teacher. She taught at a European
university.
8. He bought milk, butter, and a loaf of bread.
9. The table is made of wood

10. Dr. Abdul Kalam was an honest man.

 Correct the following sentences by inserting
articles wherever necessary.
1. There is a book in my backpack. The book is very heavy.
2. Do you know where I left my car keys?
3. I enjoy reading detective novels, especially one famous
author Arthur Conan Doyle.
4. French drink wine, while Americans drink beer.
5. A group of MBA students from the University of Mumbai
visited Harvard University in the United States.
6. Bible was the first book to be printed by Gutenberg
in the fifteenth century.
7. I am fond of the music of Mozart. My grandfather
owns an antique piano.
8. Cloth is sold by the meter. Metre of this fabric cost
me the moon.
9. Sun is at the highest point in the sky at noon.

10. After humans, the chimpanzee is the most intelligent

among animals.

Self-analysis
Self-analysis is the first step toward every goal, target or
height of success the one wants to reach. Because the journey
starts within ourselves. Self-analysis gives us road map to
become the kind of person we want to be. Because it opens a
way to think about ourselves and everything else which has
made us what we are today. And when we analyse ourselves
we know everything about ourselves that needs to be changed
or improved within ourselves in order to grow.
Self-analysis is catalyst to self-improvement and self-love. And
both are important for growth. It gives our mind clarity to think
in right direction. We tend to focus more on how to make a
positive outcome with all the personality traits we have. Even
when we see negative sides in other's personality we try to
reason those with our own behaviour that results in good
communication in friend circle and work place. Self-analysis
enables us to be mindful of our actions, words and motives.
And mindfulness is key to peace and happiness.