CE.

418 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING

การออกแบบผิวทาง
Pavement Design

Source: http://www.catdumb.com/maltoy-asphalt-call-290/ Source: WSDOT (2010)

By Asst.Prof.Bhawat Chaichannawatik, Ph.D., Civil Engineering Department, FOE, KBU 1

 CE.418 HIGHWAY ENGINEERING
บทที่ 8 การออกแบบผิวทางลาดยาง
UNIT 8 Bituminous Pavement Design

Source: http://www.catdumb.com/maltoy-asphalt-call-290/

By Asst.Prof.Bhawat Chaichannawatik, Ph.D., Civil Engineering Department, FOE, KBU 2

 8.1 Concept of Pavement Design
1. Subgrade Evaluation 2. Design Traffic
Consideration of
• Construction
• Maintenance Structural
Concept Design
• Environmental
Aspects
3. Pavement Materials Comparison and
Implementation

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasem Bundit University 3

- Type of Pavement
Pavements can be categorized into three types based on
pavement behaviors and materials.
Asphaltic
Concrete Surface
Asphaltic
Base Concrete Surface
(crushed rock)
Concrete Surface Concrete Surface
Subbase
(aggregates ) Subbase (sand) Subbase (sand)

Subgrade Subgrade Subgrade

(roadbed soil) (roadbed soil) (roadbed soil)

Flexible Rigid Composite

Pavement Pavement Pavement
Example of Rigid Pavement
(Pavement with Concrete Surface)
Example of Flexible Pavement
(Pavement with Asphaltic Concrete Surface)
Example of Composite Pavement
(Asphaltic Concrete on Rigid Pavement)
- Pavement Behaviors and Applications
2.1 Pavement Behaviors
- Structure and Load Distribution
- Behaviors
2.2 Pavement Applications
- Applications of Rigid Pavement
- Applications of Flexible Pavement
(A) Structure & Load
Distribution
of Rigid
Pavement
(B) Structure & Load
Distribution
of Flexible
Pavement
8.1 Concept of Pavement Design
Pavement Applications
A. Application of Rigid Pavement

 Urban Street
 Heavy vehicle traffic lanes
 High volume traffic lanes
Advantages of Rigid Pavement
• Good durability Suitable for High-Volume & Heavy-
Vehicle Traffic
• Long service life
• Withstand repeated flooding & subsurface water
without deterioration

Disadvantages of Rigid Pavement

• Higher Initial Construction Cost
• Needs even sub-grade with uniform settling
B. Application of Flexible Pavement
•Low Traffic Volume Road/Traffic
lanes
•Auxiliary lanes
•Ramps
•Frontage roads
•Shoulders
Advantages to Flexible Pavement
• Low Initial Construction Cost
• Adjusts to limited differential settlement
• Quieter and smoother
• More tolerant for temperature & Traffic Loads
• Easily repaired
• Additional thickness added any time
• Higher Recurring Maintenance Cost
Disadvantages of Flexible Pavement
• Loses some flexibility & cohesion with time
 8.1 Concept of Pavement Design
Principal Factors in Pavement Design
1. Traffic Loading
(Load on Pavement)
2. Characteristic of Pavement Material
(Quality of Pavement Foundation)
3. Climate or Environment
(Working Environment)
15
 1. Traffic Loading

 The higher amount of traffic requires a thicker

pavement or a pavement with higher
performance materials.
 The heavier trucks require a thicker pavement or
a pavement with higher performance materials.
(A) Primary loading factors
1. Magnitude of axle (and wheel) loads (maximum
loading of vehicle on highway is commonly controlled by legal
load limits)
2. Volume and composition of axle loads
(Total amount of vehicles (traffic) that will use the pavement
during its design life, e.g. 15-25 years)
3. Tire pressure and contact area
 (B) Analysis of Traffic Loading
• Most design methods convert various types of vehicles and
axle loads to Standard Unit
• For example
• AASHTO (1993), all traffic loads are converted to Equivalent
Single Axle Load (ESAL)
• Asphalt Institute (1970), all traffic loads are converted to
Design Traffic Number (DTN)
 (C) Quantification of Traffic Loading
 Converts wheel loads of various magnitudes and
repetitions ("mixed traffic") to an equivalent
number of "standard" or "equivalent" loads
 Traffic Loading
= Total ESAL that will use the pavement during its
design life (e.g. 15-25 years)
 Concept of ESAL
• Based on the amount of damage that the vehicles do
to the pavement
• Commonly used standard load is =18,000 lb. (18-kip)
= 80-kN
= 1 ESAL
• ESAL is “Equivalent Single-Axle load”
Asphalt Institute’s Equivalent Axle Load Factor
Various axle load configurations
< Single axle

Tandem axle >

 < Tridem axle

More than 3-axle >

Load Equivalent Factor (LEF)
 Based on the amount of damage that
the vehicles do to the pavement
 Using concept of generalized fourth
power approximation

4
 load 
  = relative damage factor
 18,000 lb. 
Typical Load Equivalent Factor (LEF)

6
5.11
5
ESALs per Vehicle

1.85
2
1.35
1
0.0007 0.10
0
Car Delivery Truck Loaded 18-Wheeler Loaded 40' Bus Loaded 60'
Articulated Bus

Notice that car is insignificant (LEF = 0.0007) and

thus usually ignored in pavement design
Equivalent Axle Load Factor (EALF)

EALF = Wt18/Wtx
Wt18 = Wtx * EALF
Wt18 = no. of 18-kip single-axle load repetition
Wtx = no. of x-kip single-axle load repetition

For example
200 single-axle load of 20-kip
= 200 * 1.51 = 302 ESAL (18-kip)
 EALF and ESAL
Single Axle Number of load
EALF ESAL
load (kips) repetition
12 200 0.19 37.8
14 117 0.36 42.1
16 85 0.62 53.0
18 (=18,000 lb) 61 1.00 61.0
20 47 1.51 71.0
22 21 2.18 45.8
24 12 3.03 36.4
26 6 4.09 24.5
28 3 5.39 16.2
30 1 6.97 7.0
32 1 8.88 8.9
34 0 11.18 0.0
Total ESAL 403.5
Approximate EALF

EALF = Wt18/Wtx = (εx / ε18)4

For single axle load

EALF = (Lx/18)4

General equation for tandem and tridem ELAF = (Lx/Ls)4

2. Characteristics of Pavement
Materials

Put stiffer materials on top to protect

softer materials from damages of traffic
loads.
Stiffness
Concrete >
Asphaltic Concrete >
Crushed rock >
Sand or Soil aggregates
Rigid Pavement Flexible Pavement

Concrete Layer

Subgrade Condition

Subgrade Condition
 Pavement Materials
Layer Flexible Pavement Rigid Pavement
Surface layer -Concrete
Asphaltic
(AC)
- Portland Cement
Concrete (PCC)
Base - Crushed rock - Sand cushion
- Soil cement
- Pavement
recycling materials
- Selected materials
Sub-Base - Soil aggregate
- Soil (Sandy,
Sub-Grade Silt, Organic) Fine - Soil (Sandy, Fine
Silt, Organic)
 Important of Sub-Grade
Rigid Pavement Flexible Pavement

Subgrade Condition

Subgrade Condition
Problem when Sub-Grade failed
 California Bearing Ratio
Quality of Subgrade (CBR)
Measures shearing
resistance
•Characterized by Units: percent
• Strength Typical values: 0 to 20
(measured by CBR)
• Stiffness Resilient Modulus (MR)
(measured by MR) Measures stress-strain
relationship
Units: psi or MPa
Typical values: 3,000 to
40,000 psi
 Typical Subgrade Condition

Classifi- CBR MR
Typical Materials
cation (%) (psi)
Gravels, crushed
Good ≥ 10 20,000 stone and sandy soils.

Clayey gravel and

Fair 5 – 9 10,000 clayey sand, fine silt
soils.

Fine silty sands, clays,

Poor 3 – 5 5,000 silts, organic soils.
 3. Working Environment
• Raining Area
• Flooding Area
• Earthquake Area
• Temperature extreme
- Very hot environment
- Very cold environment (frost
action)
4. Pavement Design Methods

1. Rigid Pavement
- AASHTO (1993)
- Portland Cement Association
2. Flexible Pavement
- AASHTO (1993)
- Asphalt Institute (1970)
- Asphalt Institute (1991)
AASHTO (1993) PAVEMENT DESIGN
 Based on AASHO Road Test (1956-1960) in Ottawa
(Illinois)

 Objective of the
Test … to study the
performance of
pavement structures
of known thickness
under moving loads of
known magnitude and
frequency.
AASHO Road Test Location

< Chicago

Took place in Ottawa, Illinois (approximately 130 km southwest of Chicago)

 AASHO Test Loop Layout

All were segments two-lane divided highway (I-80)

Loop 1: Environmental (not loaded)
Loops 2-6: Loadings
AASHO Test Traffic
• Started November 1958
• Loops 3-6:
• 6 vehicles/lane
• 10 vehicles/lane (Jan ‘60)
• Operation
• 18 hours 40 minutes
• 6 days/week
• Total Loads
• 1,114,000 Applications
• Average ESAL 6.2
million
• Maximum ESAL 10
million (Flex)
 Max Single Axle

The drivers were driving

in circles with an
average speed of 35
mph .

Max Tandem Axle

Typical AASHO Pavement Sections
Empirical Equations from Road Test

• 1993 AASHTO Equation for Flexible Pavement

 ∆PSI 
log10  
 4 . 5 − 1 . 5  + 2.32 × log (M ) − 8.07
log10 (W18 ) = Z R × S o + 9.36 × log10 (SN + 1) − 0.20 +
1094 10 R
0.40 +
(SN + 1)5.19
• 1993 AASHTO Equation for Rigid Pavement
 
 
 
 ∆PSI   
log10  
log10 (W18 ) = Z R × S o + 7.35 × log10 (D + 1) − 0.06 +  4.5 − 1.5  + (4.22 − 0.32 p )× log   ( 0.75
)
(Sc′ )(Cd ) D − 1.132 

t 10
1.624 ×107   
1+  
(D + 1)8.46 
215 . 63( J )D −
0 . 75 18 . 42 
  0.25 
  Ec   
   
   k   
AASHTO Design Chart- Flexible Pavement
AASHTO Design Chart (segment 1)
AASHTO Design Chart (segment 2)
 Example 1: Flexible Pavement Design
Use AASHTO 1993 method to design a new pavement
section of a 4-lane highway. The highway has 3 layers:
- Surface course (made from asphaltic concrete),
- Base course (made from crushed rock), and
- Sub-base course (made from soil aggregate) on top of
subgrade (existing soil).
Given that the material properties are as listed in Table 1
Given that:
• Design ESAL = 20,000,000 ESAL
• Reliability for design (R) = 95%
• Overall Standard Deviation (So)= 0.35
• Initial Serviceability Index = 4.2
• Terminal Serviceability Index = 2.2
• Drainage Modifying Factor of Base Course (m2) = 1.0 and
Factor of Sub-base Course (m3) = 1.0
• No Seasonal Variations of Subgrade Properties
Table 1. Material Properties
Materials of Pavement Approximate Resilient
CBR
Layers Modulus (MR in psi)
1. Surface
n.a. 360,000
(Asphaltic Concrete)
2. Base Course (Crushed
80 40,000
Rock)
3. Sub-base Course (Soil
25 20,000
Aggregates)
4. Sub-grade
5 6,000
(Existing Soil)
Summary of Overall Design Procedure & Steps
A. Prepare all inputs
B. Design Thickness of Surface Course (D1*)
• Use monograph to determine the structural number of Surface course (SN1)

• Calculate and adjust Surface course thickness (D1*)

C. Design Thickness of Base Course (D2*)

• Use monograph to determine the structural number of Base course (SN2)

• Calculate and adjust Base course thickness (D2*)

D. Design Thickness of Sub-Base Course (D3*)

• Use monograph to determine the structural number of Sub-base course

(SN3)
• Calculate and adjust Sub-base course thickness (D3*)
Solution for Example 1
A. Prepare all Inputs
1. Reliability for Design (R) = 95%
2. Overall Standard Deviation (So) = 0.35
3. Design ESAL (W18) = 20,000,000 ESAL
4. Resilient Modulus (MR)
5. Design Serviceability Loss (∆PSI)
= Initial serviceability index –
Terminal serviceability index
4. Effective Elastic (Resilient) Modulus (MR)
From Table 1

MR (Surface) = MR (Asphaltic Concrete) = 360,000 psi

MR (Base Course ) = MR (Crushed Rock) = 40,000 psi

MR (Sub-base Course ) = MR (Soil Aggregate) = 20,000 psi

MR (Sub-grade) = MR (Existing Soil) = 6,000 psi

• No Seasonal Variations of Subgrade Properties

5. Serviceability Loss or ∆PSI
From data given in Example 1

- Initial Serviceability Index = 4.2

- Terminal Serviceability Index = 2.2

∆PSI = Initial serviceability index

- terminal serviceability index
= 4.2 – 2.2 = 2.0
Formula for Determining “Layer Thickness” (D)
D1 ≥ SN1 / a1
D2 ≥ [SN2 - a1D1*] / a2m2
D3 ≥ [SN3 - a1D1* - a2D2*m2] / a3m3
B. Design Thickness of Surface Course (D1*)
R = 95 %, S0 = 0.35
MR (Base Course) = MR (crushed rock) = 40,000 psi
∆PSI = 4.2 - 2.2 = 2.0
Use AASHTO design chart  SN1 = 3
a1 = 0.4 x log [Esurface] – 1.82
= 0.4 x log 360,000 – 1.82 = 0.403
D1 ≥ SN1/a1 = 3/0.403 = 7.44 in
= 18.9 cm
Use AC layer thickness (D1*) of 20 cm or 7.87 in
(greater than minimum thickness of 4.0 in.)
 Recommended Minimum Thickness of
Pavement Layers
Asphaltic Aggregate Base
Traffic (ESALs)
Concrete or Sub-base
Less than 50,000 1.0 inch 4 inch

50,001 – 150,000 2.0 inch 4 inch

150,001 – 500,000 2.5 inch 4 inch

500,001 – 2,000,000 3.0 inch 6 inch

2,000,001 – 7,000,000 3.5 inch 6 inch

Greater than 7,000,000 4.0 inch 6 inch

Note. Minimum Thickness is in inch (1 inch = 25.4 mm.)

Design Thickness of Asphaltic Concrete (AC) Layer

3
2
4

1 5

SN1 = 3
C. Design Thickness of Base Course (D2*)
R = 95 %, S0 = 0.35
MR (SubBase Course) = MR (soil aggregate) = 20,000 psi
∆PSI = 4.2-2.2 = 2.0

Use AASHTO design chart  SN2 = 3.6

a2 = 0.249 x log [Ebase] – 0.977
= 0.249 x log 40,000 – 0.977 = 0.169
m2 = 1.0
D2 ≥ [SN2-(a1D1*)]/a2m2 = [3.6-(0.403 x 7.87)]/(0.169 x 1.0) = 2.53 in
= 6.43 cm
Use crushed rock layer thickness (D2*) of 15 cm or 5.91 in
(approximate to minimum thickness of 6.0 in.)
 Recommended Minimum Thickness of
Pavement Layers
Asphaltic Aggregate Base
Traffic (ESALs)
Concrete or Sub-base
Less than 50,000 1.0 inch 4 inch

50,001 – 150,000 2.0 inch 4 inch

150,001 – 500,000 2.5 inch 4 inch

500,001 – 2,000,000 3.0 inch 6 inch

2,000,001 – 7,000,000 3.5 inch 6 inch

Greater than 7,000,000 4.0 inch 6 inch

Note. Minimum Thickness is in inch (1 inch = 25.4 mm.)

Design Thickness of “Crushed Rock” Base Layer

3
2
4

1 5

SN2 = 3.6
D. Design Thickness of Sub-Base Course (D3*)
R = 95 %, S0 = 0.35
MR (subgrade) = 6,000 psi
∆PSI = 4.2-2.2 = 2.0

Use AASHTO design chart  SN3 = 5.4

a3 = 0.227 x log [Esubbase] – 0.839
= 0.227 x log 20,000 – 0.839 = 0.137
m2 = 1.0, m3 = 1.0
D3 ≥ [SN2-(a1D1*)-(a2D2*m2)]/a3m3
≥ [5.4-(0.403 x 7.87)-(0.169 x 5.91 x 1.0)]/(0.137 x 1.0)
≥ 8.98 in = 22.81 cm
Use Sub-Base layer thickness (D3*) of 25 cm or 9.8 in
(greater than minimum thickness of 6.0 in.)
 Recommended Minimum Thickness of
Pavement Layers
Asphaltic Aggregate Base
Traffic (ESALs)
Concrete or Sub-base
Less than 50,000 1.0 inch 4 inch

50,001 – 150,000 2.0 inch 4 inch

150,001 – 500,000 2.5 inch 4 inch

500,001 – 2,000,000 3.0 inch 6 inch

2,000,001 – 7,000,000 3.5 inch 6 inch

Greater than 7,000,000 4.0 inch 6 inch

Note. Minimum Thickness is in inch (1 inch = 25.4 mm.)

Design Thickness of “Soil Aggregate” Sub-base Layer

3
2

4
1
5

SN3 = 5.4
D1* = 20 cm

D2* = 15 cm

D3* = 25 cm
 End
Question?

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasem Bundit University 67

 HOMEWORK#10 - bhawat.cha@kbu.ac.th
Please describe the meaning of these words in short.
Truck Factor ,ESAL ,AASHTO ,Warping Stress
Prime Coat ,Tack Coat ,Seal Coat ,Surface Leveling
Asphalt Overlay,
Full Depth Asphalt Pavement,
Asphalt Cement ,Cutback Asphalt,
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction (K)

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasem Bundit University 68

 HOMEWORK#11 - bhawat.cha@kbu.ac.th
1. Describe and draw cross section of standard standard flexible pavement
structure.
2. What is Equivalent Standard Axle Load (ESAL)?
3. What is Emulsify Asphalt?

Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasem Bundit University 69