PAVEMENT DESIGN

AND ANALYSIS
(CE-860)

Fall Semester 2018

 LEC-03
Dr. Arshad Hussain
drarshad@nit.nust.edu.pk , Office Room # 111, Tel:
05190854163, Cell: 03419756251

School of Civil & Environmental Engineering (SCEE)

National University of Science and Technology (NUST)
NUST Campus, Sector H-12, Islamabad
(20th Century)
EVOLUTION OF PAVEMENT DESIGN
METHODOLOGY

 Pavement design:
1) Mix design of material
2) Thickness design of structural layers
 Pavement design philosophy:
1) Empirical
2) Mechanistic ( Theoretical , Analytical, Structural)
3) Mechanistic-Empirical
 DESIGN APPROACHES

Road Note 29 (TRRL, UK 1960, 1970,

Empirical)
Road Note 31
The Asphalt Institute Manual Series
AASHTO Guide for Design of Pavement
Structures
 ROAD NOTE 29
 A guide to the structural design of Pavements for
new roads …TRRL, UK 1960, 1970,
 Empirical Approach: study performance of
experimental sections built into in-service road
network
 Foundation soil CBR .. Upto 7 %
 Traffic.. Upto 100 Million Eq. Standard Axles
 Specification of material
 Design life..20mm rutting or severe cracking
 ROAD NOTE 29
 Performance data interpreted in light of structural
theory, mathematical modeling of pavement
behavior, simulative testing of road materials and
pavements
 The Structural Design of Bituminous Roads..
TRRL Laboratory Report 1132 published in 1984
 Structural design criteria:
1) Critical stress and strain
2) Permissible strains induced by standard 40 KN
wheel load at pavement temperature of 20o C
 ROAD NOTE 31
 A guide to the structural design of bitumen-
surfaced roads in tropical and sub-tropical
countries ( Overseas Edition 1962,1966,1977)
 For traffic upto 30 msa in one direction, for >30
msa use TRRL 1132 with calibration to local
conditions
 subgrade strength by CBR method
 6 Sub-grade strength classes(2,4,7,14,29,30+)
 8 Traffic classes (0.3.0.7,1.5,3.0,6.0,10,17,30)
 Design charts for 8 type of road base/surfacing
material
THE ASPHALT INSTITUTE (MS-1)
 Thickness Design-Asphalt Pavements for Highways and
streets ( 1964,1981,1991)
 Initially developed from data of AASHO Road test
 Design charts in latest edition developed using DAMA
elastic –layered pavement analysis program that modeled
two stress strain conditions ( mechanistic based design
procedure uses empirical correlations)
 Roadbed soil strength characterized by Mr
AC by Modulus of Elasticity and Poisson’s ratio
 The design charts for 3 MAAT/ computer program for full
depth asphalt concrete or with emulsified base/ untreated
aggregate base are given
 AASHTO GUIDE FOR THE DESIGN OF
PAVEMENT STRUCTURES

 Approach : study performance of trial sections

constructed to a wide range of overall thickness
round a close loop trafficked by repetitions of
known axle loads
 Developed empirical model by regression analysis
from data of ASSHO Road Test
 Interim guide 1961,1972, 1981
 ASSHTO Guide for the design of Pavement
Structures (1986,1993)
 AASHTO GUIDE…………..contd.

 Performance period  Roadbed soil resilient

 Analysis period modulus
 Traffic ..Load  Resilient modulus for
Equivalence Values unbound material
 Reliability  Elastic model for
 Standard deviation asphalt concrete
 Serviceability  Layer co-efficient
 Drainage
AASHTO GUIDE…………..contd.

 Log(W18)= Zr x So+9.36 log10 (SN+1)-0.20

+
 Structural design model/equation
log10[ΔPSI/4.2-1.5]
0.40 + 1094
( SN+1) 5.19

+ 2.32x log10 ( Mr) – 8.07

 SN = a1D1 + a2 D2 m2 + a3D3m3
PAVEMENT RESPONSES

Flexible Pavements
Given Wheel Load

150 psi
Wearing C.
Base
Sub-base
3 psi Sub-grade

Load Distribution in Flexible Pavements

 PAVEMENT RESPONSES

 Load related responses:

1) Vertical ( compressive)stresses and strains
2) Shear stresses and strain
3) Radial ( compressive or tensile) stresses and
strain
 Temperature induced responses:
1) Shrinkage stresses and strains ( temp: cycling)
2) Low temperature cracking
3) Thermal cracking
 PAVEMENT RESPONSES
Critical responses:
1) horizontal tensile stress/strain at the bottom of
bound layers
2) Vertical compressive stress/strain at the top of sub-
grade

 Calculating responses:
1) Using equations
2) Graphical solutions
3) Elastic layer computer programs
i) CHEVRON ii) ELSYM5
iii) ILLI-PAVE iv) MICH-PAVE
 PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION MODELS

 Performance prediction models are also

called distress models or transfer
functions
 Models relate structural responses to
pavement distress
1) Fatigue cracking Model
2) Rutting Model
3) Thermal cracking Model
 PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION MODELS

 Fatigue cracking Model

 Nf = f1( εt ) –f2 ( Es)-f3 (General form)

 Nf = 0.0796( εt ) –3.291 ( Es)-0.854 (A. Inst)

 Nf = 0.0685( εt ) –5.671 ( Es)-2.363 (Shell)

 Nf = 1.66x 10-10 ( εt ) –4.32 (TRRL)

 Nf = 5.0 x 10-6 ( εt ) –3.0 (IDOT)

 PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION MODELS
 Rutting Model(subgrade strain model)
Nf = f4( εv ) –f5 (General form)

Org f4 f5 Allowable Rut

Depth mm
Asp Inst 1.365 x 10-6 4.447 13
Shel 1.94 x 10-7 4.00 13
TRRL 6.18 x 10-8 3.95 10
 PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION MODELS

 Permanent deformation model

log εp = a + b (log N) or εp = A (N)b

a = Exp estb material/stress condition

parameter
A= antilog of “a”
b= 0.1---0.2
 PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION MODELS

 Asphalt concrete Rutting Model

log εp = Cv + C1(log N) +C2 (log N)+ C3 (log N)
 Cv depends on temp and deviator stress
 C1, C2 are constants
 Sub-grade Rutting Model
log εp = Cv + C1(log N) +C2 (log N)+ C3 (log N)
 Cv depends on moisture and deviator stress
 PAVEMENT PERFORMANCE
PREDICTION MODELS

 Thermal Cracking Model

1) Low temperature cracking
2) Thermal fatigue cracking
3) Models like that Shahin-McCullough model
are quite complex , but examine both types of
cracking.
 DESIGN PARAMETERS

Subgrade

Loads

Environment
 SUBGRADE
Characterized by strength
and/or stiffness
◦ California Bearing Ratio (CBR)
 Measures shearing resistance
 Units: percent
 Typical values: 0 to 20
◦ Resilient Modulus (MR)
 Measures stress-strain relationship
 Units: psi or MPa
 Typical values: 3,000 to 40,000 psi

Picture from University of Tokyo Geotechnical Engineering Lab

 SUBGRADE
Some Typical Values

Classificatio
CBR MR (psi) Typical Description
n
Gravels, crushed stone and
sandy soils. GW, GP, GM,
Good ≥ 10 20,000
SW, SP, SM soils are often
in this category.
Clayey gravel and clayey
sand, fine silt soils.  GM, GC,
Fair 5–9 10,000
SM, SC soils are often in this
category.
Fine silty sands, clays, silts,
organic soils.  CL, CH, ML,
Poor 3–5 5,000
MH, CM, OL, OH soils are
often in this category.
 LOADS

Load characterization
Tire loads
Axle and tire configurations
Load repetition
Traffic distribution
Vehicle speed
 LOAD QUANTIFICATION
Equivalent Single Axle Load (ESAL)
◦ Converts wheel loads of various magnitudes and repetitions ("mixed
traffic") to an equivalent number of "standard" or "equivalent" loads
◦ Based on the amount of damage they do to the pavement
◦ Commonly used standard load is the 18,000 lb (80 kN) equivalent
single axle load
Load Equivalency
◦ Generalized fourth power approximation

4
 load 
   relative damage factor
 18,000 lb. 
 TYPICAL LEFS

Notice that cars are insignificant and thus

usually ignored in pavement design.
 LEF EXAMPLE
The standard axle weights for a standing-room-only
loaded Metro articulated bus (60 ft. Flyer) are:

Axle Empty Full

Steering 13,000 lb. 17,000 lb.
Middle 15,000 lb. 20,000 lb.
Rear 9,000 lb. 14,000 lb.

Using the 4th power approximation, determine the total

equivalent damage caused by this bus in terms of ESALs
when it is empty. How about when it is full?
 TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
Jointed Plain Concrete Pavement (JPCP)
 TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
 Jointed Reinforced Concrete Pavement (JRCP)
 TYPES OF RIGID PAVEMENT
ContinuouslyReinforced Concrete
Pavement (CRCP)
Thanks