CE-428

Method of Slices

Dr. Turab Jafri

 Introduction
 Ordinary Method of Slices
 Bishop’s Simplified Method
 Janbu’s Simplified Method

2
3
1 Introduction

General comments
(1) In this method, the soil mass above the slip surface is subdivided into a number of vertical
slices and the equilibrium of each of these slices is considered.
(2) This method is useful for nonhomogeneous soil in which the shear strength is dependent
on the normal stress.
(3) The pore water pressure can be taken into consideration.

4
1 Introduction

Forces acting on a slice

𝑂

1
2
𝑏i
3
Xi
4

θi
i Wi 𝐸i
n
𝐸i + 1 𝑑i

Xi + 1
𝛼i

5
1 Introduction

Forces acting on a slice 𝑏i

Forces acting on the ith slice Xi

Wi =Weight of slice
θi
Wi 𝐸i
N’i =Effective normal force acting on the base of slice
𝐸i + 1 𝑑i
Ui =Pore water pressure acting on the base of slice

Xi + 1
Ti =Shear force acting on the base of slice
𝛼i
Ei , Ei+1 = Normal force acting on the vertical face of slice

Xi , Xi+1 = Shear force acting on the vertical face of slice

* A sufficient number of slices is generally used that

the differences between the curved base and straight
line base are negligible.
∗ A sufficient number of slices is generally used that
the differences between the center (mid width)
and the center of gravity of the slice are negligible. 6
7
2 Ordinary Method of Slices

(Swedish Method or Fellenius Method)

rsinαi
𝑂
𝑏i
r Xi

r
r
1 Wi 𝐸i
3 2
i 𝐸i + 1
Wi 𝛼i
𝛼i

Xi + 1
n 𝛼i
𝛼i
𝛼i

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2 Ordinary Method of Slices

• Assumption
The inter slice forces are zero
E=0, X=0 𝑛 𝑛

𝑀𝑟 = 𝑆𝑖 𝑙𝑖 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑆𝑖 𝑙𝑖
• Forces acting on failure surface
ΣFN’=0 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
N’i+Ui= Wicos𝛼i
N’i= Wicos𝛼i-Uili 𝑛

• Factor of safety =𝑟 𝑐𝑖 + 𝜎𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖 )𝑙𝑖

Taking moments about the center of slip circle, 𝑖=1
the factor of safety can be expressed as follows:
𝑀𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑛 𝑛
𝐹𝑠 = =
𝑀𝐷 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑟 𝜎𝑖′ 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑊𝑖 𝑟sin𝛼𝑖 = 𝑟 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛
Shear strength =𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑟 𝑁𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖
𝑆𝑖 = 𝑐𝑖 + 𝜎𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖 𝑖=1 𝑖=1

9
2 Ordinary Method of Slices

𝑛 𝑛

𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑟 𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛
𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 +𝑟 𝑖=1
𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑛
𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖

𝑛 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑖=1
𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹𝑠 = 𝑛
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
• General comments
(1) The forces on the sides of the slices are neglected
(2) This method under estimates factor of safety.
[Fs]Fellenius=(0.4~0.9)[Fs]correct
(3) This method is convenient for hand calculations.
(4) This method only satisfies moment equilibrium.
10
11
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

𝑏i
• Assumption Xi
The forces on the sides of the slice are
assumed to be horizontal (i.e. there are
no shear stresses between slices) Wi 𝐸i
X=0 𝐸i + 1

Xi + 1
• Vertical Force Equilibrium ΣFv=0 (+)

𝑊𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 − 𝑁𝑖′ cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 = 0 𝛼i

𝑁𝑖′ cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 [A]

• Shear stresses can be expressed as follows

𝑆 𝑐 + 𝜎′tan𝜙
𝜏= = N’i N’icos𝛼i
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠 Tisin𝛼 i 𝛼i

𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑁𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖 𝛼i
𝑇𝑖 = [B] Ticos𝛼 i N’isin𝛼 i 𝛼i
𝐹𝑠
𝑏𝑖 𝑏𝑖
= cos𝛼𝑖 → 𝑙𝑖 =
𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 12
3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

Substituting Eq. [B] into Eq. [A]

′ 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑁𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖
𝑁𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − sin𝛼𝑖
𝐹𝑠

𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 𝑁𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖

= 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − − sin𝛼𝑖
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠

tan𝜙𝑖 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑁𝑖′ cos𝛼𝑖 + sin𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 −
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠

𝐶𝑙
𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝐹𝑖 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑠 [C]
𝑁𝑖′ =
tan𝜙
cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝐹 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑠

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3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

• Factor of safety
Taking moments about the center of slip circle,
the factor of safety can be expressed as follows
𝑀𝑅 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝑠 = =
𝑀𝐷 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑛

𝑀𝐷 = 𝑟 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛

𝑀𝑟 = 𝑆𝑖 𝑙𝑖 𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖 + 𝜎𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖 )𝑙𝑖

𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑛 𝑛

=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑟 𝑁𝑖′ tan𝜙𝑖 [D]

𝑖=1 𝑖=1

Substituting Eq. [C] into Eq. [D]

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3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

𝑛 𝐶 𝑙
𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑖 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝑛 𝐹𝑠
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 𝑙𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 + sin𝛼𝑖
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠

𝑏
Where 𝑙𝑖 = cos𝛼
𝑖
→ 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖
𝑖

𝑛 𝐶 𝑏
𝑛
𝑏 𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 − 𝑖 𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖
𝐹𝑠
𝑀𝑟 = 𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
𝑖=1 cos𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠

𝑛 𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
𝑛
𝑏 (𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 𝐹𝑠
=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖 −𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
𝑖=1 cos𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 ) cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠

𝑛 tan𝛼𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 𝑛
1 𝐹𝑠 (𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 − tan𝜙𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 ) cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠

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3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

𝑛 tan𝜙𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 𝑛
1+ tan𝛼𝑖 − tan𝜙𝑖 (𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹𝑠 𝐹𝑠
=𝑟 𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 +𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 ) cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠 𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠

𝑛
𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 +(𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑟 tan𝜙𝑖
cos𝛼𝑖 (1+ tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝐹𝑠

𝑛
𝑀𝑅 𝑟 𝑖=1
𝑐𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 1
∴ 𝐹𝑠 = = 𝑛 ×
𝑀𝐷 𝑟 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 𝑀(𝛼 )

tan𝜙𝑖
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑀(𝛼 ) = cos𝛼𝑖 (1 + 𝐹𝑠
tan𝛼𝑖 )

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3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

• General comments
(1) The inter slices forces are assumed to be horizontal
(2) This method requires a trial and error solution because the factor of safety (Fs)
appears on both sides of the equations.
o Convergence of trials is very rapid
o As a first trial
Fs = 1.1[Fs]Fellenius for total stress or effective stress analysis with low u
Fs = 1.2~1.25 [Fs]Fellenius for total stress or effective stress analysis with moderate
to high U

(3) This method gives fairly accurate results and hence this is recommended for
general practice

(4) This method satisfies moment and vertical force equilibrium.

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3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

Soil 1
6 ɣ=0.115kip/ft3
10ft 5 C’=0.3ksf
4
Ф=20o
3 Soil 2
2
1 ɣ=0.125kip/ft3
C’=0.2ksf
b4 Ф=34o
ɣw=0.062kip/ft3

h4
d4

𝛼4

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3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

Solution for the Ordinary Method of Slices

Slice li Ci Cili bi hi ɣi Wi=ɣibihi αi Wicosαi Ui=ɣidi Ui l i Wicosαi- (Wicosαi- Wisinα
No. (ft) (ksf) (kips/ft) (ft) (ft) (kips/ft3) (kips/ft) (deg) (kips/ft) (kips/ft2) (kips/ft) Ui l i Ui l i ) i
(kips/ft) (kips/ft)
tanфi
(kips/ft)

1 10 0.2 2.0 10.0 3.5 0.125 4.38 11 4.3 0.22 2.2 2.1 1.42 0.84

2 10.5 0.2 2.1 10.0 9.2 0.125 11.5 19 10.87 0.42 4.41 6.46 4.36 3.74

3 11.5 0.2 2.3 10.0 13.3 0.125 16.63 29 14.54 0.45 5.18 9.37 6.32 8.06

4 12.8 0.2 2.56 10.0 15.0 0.125 18.75 36 15.12 0.28 3.58 11.59 7.82 11.02

5 15.5 0.3 4.65 10.0 14.0 0.115 16.1 48 10.77 0 0 10.77 3.92 11.97

6 14.2 0.3 4.26 7.2 6.5 0.115 5.4 60 2.7 0 0 2.70 0.98 4.65

= 17.9 = 24.82 = 40.3

6 6
𝑖=1 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 + 𝑖=1
𝑊𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 17.9 + 24.82
𝐹= 6 = = 1.06
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 40.3

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3 Bishop’s Simplified Method

Solution for the Simplified Bishop Method of Slices

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) 10 (11)
Slice
No.
bi
(ft)
Cibi
(kips/ft)
Uibi
(kips/ft)
Wi
(kips/ft)
Wi -Uibi
(kips/ft)
(Wi -Uibi)tanфi
(kips/ft)
(3)+(7)
(kips/ft) M(α) = cos𝛼𝑖 (1 +
tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹𝑠
tan𝛼𝑖 ) (8)  (9) Wisinαi
(kips/ft)

FS=1.1 FS=1.08 FS=1.1 FS=1.08

1 10.0 2.0 2.2 4.38 2.18 1.47 3.47 1.10 1.10 3.15 3.15 0.84

2 10.0 2.0 4.2 11.5 7.3 4.92 6.92 1.15 1.15 6.02 6.02 3.74

3 10.0 2.0 4.5 16.63 12.13 8.18 10.18 1.18 1.18 8.70 8.63 8.06

4 10.0 2.0 2.8 18.75 15.95 10.76 12.76 1.18 1.18 10.91 10.81 11.02

5 10.0 3.0 0 16.1 16.1 5.86 8.86 0.92 0.92 9.63 9.63 11.97

6 7.2 2.16 0 5.4 5.4 1.97 4.13 0.79 0.79 5.23 5.23 4.65

= 43.64 = 43.47 = 40.3

6
𝑖=1
𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑢𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 1
𝐹= 6 × Where M(α)= cos𝛼𝑖 (1 +
tan𝜙𝑖
tan𝛼𝑖 )
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 𝑀(𝛼 ) 𝐹𝑠

1st trial
43.64
Assume F1=1.10 Calculated 𝐹1 = 40.30 = 1.08
2nd trial
43.47
Assume F2=1.08 Calculated 𝐹2 = 40.30 = 1.08 ∴ 𝐹1 = 1.08

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21
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

(Noncircular Failure Surface) 𝑏i

• Assumption Xi

The inter slices forces are horizontal

(i.e. there are no shear stresses between Wi 𝐸i

slices) 𝛼i Eicos𝛼i
𝛼i 𝛼i
X=0 𝐸i + 1

• Vertical Force Equilibrium ΣFv=0 (+)

Xi + 1
𝑊𝑖 − 𝑁𝑖cos𝛼𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 = 0
𝛼i

𝑁𝑖cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 [A]

Shear stress can be expressed as follows:

𝑆 𝑐𝑖 + (𝜎i − Ui)tan𝜙𝑖
𝑇𝑖 = = [B] 𝑁i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
𝐹0 𝐹0
𝑇i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i 𝛼i
Substituting Eq. [B] into Eq. [A] 𝑁i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i

𝛼i 𝑇i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
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4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖 + (𝑁i − Ui𝑙𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 𝑏i

𝑁𝑖cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − sin𝛼𝑖 Xi
𝐹0

Wi 𝐸i
𝑁itan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 1
𝑁𝑖cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 − − (𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 − Ui𝑙𝑖tan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 )
𝐹0 𝐹0 𝛼i Eicos𝛼i
𝛼i 𝛼i
𝐸i + 1

Xi + 1
tan𝜙𝑖 1
𝑁𝑖 (cos𝛼𝑖 + sin𝛼𝑖 ) = 𝑊𝑖 − (𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 − Ui𝑙𝑖tan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 )
𝐹0 𝐹0
𝛼i

1
𝑊𝑖 − (𝐶 𝑙 sin𝛼𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 )
𝐹0 𝑖 𝑖
𝑁𝑖 = [C]
𝑀(𝛼 )
𝑁i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i

𝑇i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i 𝛼i
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑁i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i
tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝑀(𝛼) = cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝐹 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 = cos𝛼𝑖 (1 + 𝐹 𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 )
0 0 𝛼i 𝑇i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
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4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

𝑏i
• Force Equilibrium parallel to the base of slice Xi

𝐹𝑇 = 0 → (+)
Wi 𝐸i
𝐸𝑖+1 − 𝐸𝑖 )cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝑇𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖
𝛼i Eicos𝛼i
𝛼i 𝛼i
𝐸i + 1
𝐸𝑖+1 − 𝐸𝑖 )cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 − 𝑇𝑖 [D]

Xi + 1
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. 𝐵 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞. [𝐷]
𝛼i
𝐶𝑖𝑙𝑖 + (𝑁i − Ui𝑙𝑖)tan𝜙𝑖
(𝐸𝑖+1 −𝐸𝑖 )cos𝛼𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 −
𝐹0
1
𝐸𝑖+1 − 𝐸𝑖 = 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 − 𝐶 𝑙 + 𝑁i − Ui𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 sec𝛼𝑖
𝐹0 𝑖 𝑖
• Overall Force Equilibrium 𝐹𝐻 = 0 → (+) 𝑁i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i

𝑛 𝑇i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i 𝛼i
(𝐸
𝑖=1 𝑖+1
− 𝐸𝑖 ) = 0 𝑁i𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼i

𝛼i 𝑇i𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼i
24
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

n
1 n

i 1
Wi tan i   [Ci l i  (Ni  Ui l i )tani ]sec  i
F0 i 1 [E]

• F𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒂𝒇𝒆𝒕𝒚
𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐸𝑞. 𝐶 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝐸𝑞. [𝐸]
n n
F0 Wi tan i cos  i   [Ci l i  Ui l i tani  Ni tani ]
i 1 i 1

𝑛 𝑊𝑖 −1 𝐹0 (𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 )

= 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 + tan𝜙𝑖
𝑖=1 𝑀(𝛼)

𝑛 tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 (cos𝛼𝑖+ 𝐹 𝑖 sin𝛼𝑖 )−𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖(cos𝛼𝑖 + 𝐹 𝑖sin𝛼𝑖
0 0
= ( +
𝑀(𝛼)
𝑖=1
tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝑊𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 −𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 𝐹 𝑖 +𝑈𝑖 𝑙𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖sin𝛼𝑖 𝐹 𝑖
0 0
)
𝑀(𝛼)

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4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

𝑛
𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 +𝑊𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖 −𝑈𝑖𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹0 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 =
𝑖=1 𝑀(𝛼)

𝑏𝑖
Where = cos𝛼𝑖 → 𝑏𝑖 = 𝑙𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖
𝑙𝑖
𝑛
𝑛 𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 +(𝑊𝑖 −𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖
𝐹0 𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 =
𝑖=1 𝑀(𝛼)

𝑛
𝑖=1
𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 1
∴ 𝐹0 = 𝑛 ×
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 cos𝛼𝑖 𝑀(𝛼 )
𝑛
𝑖=1
𝐶𝑖 𝑏𝑖 + (𝑊𝑖 − 𝑈𝑖 𝑏𝑖 )tan𝜙𝑖 1
= 𝑛 ×
𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 tan𝛼𝑖 𝑛(𝛼 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
tan𝜙 tan𝜙
𝑛 𝛼 = cos𝛼𝑀 𝛼 = cos𝛼(cos𝛼 + 𝐹 sin𝛼) = cos2𝛼(1 + 𝐹 tan𝛼)
0 0

26
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

To represent the influence of inter slice shear force distribution on F0 ,

Janbu et al. (1956) proposed a correction factor f0.
Ff=f0F0
Where 1.0≦f0≦ 1.13
Correction factor is in the nature of an increase in the factor of safety and
depends on the relative depth of the landslide in relation to the length, and
on the nature of soil properties.
It has a maximum value of 13% increase in F0.
Note that the correction should be applied after the routine procedure has
been followed.
i.e. The correction is made to the converged factor of safety, not during the
iterative procedure.
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4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

For c>0 and ф>0

2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓0 = 1 + 0.5 − 1.4
𝐿 𝐿

For c=0
2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓0 = 1 + 0.31 − 1.4
𝐿 𝐿

For ф=0

2
𝑑 𝑑
𝑓0 = 1 + 0.69 − 1.4
𝐿 𝐿

28
4 Janbu’s Simplified Method

• General comments

(1) The inter slices forces are assumed to be horizontal.

(2) This method requires a trial and error solution because the factor of

safety Fo appears on both sides of the equation.

(3) This method is suitable for analysis of a failure surface of any shape.

 The failure surface can be reasonably assumed.

(4) This method satisfies horizontal and vertical force equilibrium.

29