Connect Homework

DUE THURSDAY, JAN 30TH AT PRACTICE PROBLEMS ON

11:59PM CONNECT
Poisson’s Ratio: After Siméon Denis Poisson
• For a slender bar subjected to axial loading:

x = x  y = z = 0
E
• The elongation in the x-direction is
accompanied by a contraction in the other
directions. Assuming that the material is
homogeneous and isotropic (no directional
dependence),
 y = z  0
Fig. 2.29 A bar in uniaxial tension and
a representative stress element.
• Poisson’s ratio is defined as
lateral strain y z
=− =− =− Positive
axial strain x x
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥
𝜀𝑥 = 𝜀𝑦 = 𝜀𝑧 = −𝜈 = −𝜈𝜀𝑥
𝐸 𝐸
Fig. 2.30 Materials undergo transverse
contraction when elongated under axial load. −1 < 𝜈 < 0.5
Multiaxial Loading: Generalized Hooke’s Law
• For an element subjected to multi-axial
loading, the normal strain components
resulting from the stress components may be
determined from the principle of
superposition. This requires:
1) Each effect is linearly related to the load
that produces it.
2) The deformation resulting form any given
load is small and does not affect the
conditions of application of the other loads.
• With these restrictions:
x  y  z
x = + − −
E E E
y  z Generalized
 x
y = − + − Hooke’s
E E E Law
Fig. 2.33 Deformation of unit cube under  x  y z
multiaxial loading: (a) unloaded; (b) deformed. z = − − +
E E E
Multiaxial Loading: Generalized Hooke’s Law
Conditions:
• Homogenous, Isotropic, Linear, Elastic (HILE) material.
• Small deformations

y • Is this a generalized state of stress? No

• No shearing stresses

z
x
Dilatation: Bulk Modulus
• 𝑣 = 1 + 𝜀𝑥 1 + 𝜀𝑦 1 + 𝜀𝑧
≈ 1 + 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧
• Change in volume,
𝑒 = 𝑣 − 1 = 𝜀𝑥 + 𝜀𝑦 + 𝜀𝑧
1 2𝜈
• 𝑒= 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧 − 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐸 𝐸

1−2𝜈
= 𝜎𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑧
𝐸
• If 𝜎𝑥 = 𝜎𝑦 = 𝜎𝑧 = -p
1−2𝜈
𝑒= −3𝑝
𝐸
−𝑝 𝐸
• 𝑒= 𝑘= Bulk Modulus
𝑘 3 1−2𝜈

• Subjected to uniform pressure, dilatation

must be negative, therefore
0    12
Fig. 2.33 Deformation of unit cube under
multiaxial loading: (a) unloaded; (b) deformed. −1 < 𝜈 < 0.5
Shearing Strain
Fig. 2.36 Unit cubic element
subjected to shearing stress.
Fig. 2.37 Deformation of unit cubic
element due to shearing stress.
• A cubic element subjected to only shearing stress
will deform into a rhomboid. The corresponding
shearing strain is quantified in terms of the
change in angle between the sides,
( )
 xy = f  xy xy in radians
• A plot of shearing stress vs. shearing strain is
similar to the previous plots of normal stress vs.
normal strain except that the strength values are
approximately half. For values of shearing strain
that do not exceed the proportional limit,
 xy = G  xy  yz = G  yz  zx = G  zx
where G is the modulus of rigidity or shear
modulus.
Hooke’s Law for Shear
Example
A rectangular block of material with
modulus of rigidity G = 630 MPa is
bonded to two rigid horizontal plates.
The lower plate is fixed, while the
upper plate is subjected to a horizontal
force P. Knowing that the upper plate
moves through 1 mm under the action
of the force, determine (a) the average
Fig. 2.41(a) Rectangular block loaded in shear.
shearing strain in the material, and (b)
the force P exerted on the plate.

Fig. 2.41(b) Deformed block showing the shear strain.

Generalized Hooke’s Law for general stress state for HILE

Conditions:
• Homogenous, Isotropic, Linear, Elastic (HILE) material.
• Small strains
• Three constants E,  and G. Only two needed to be determined; third
determined by a simple calculation.
Relation Between E, , and G
• An axially loaded slender bar will
elongate in the x direction and contract in
both of the transverse y and z directions.
• An initially cubic element oriented as
in Figure 2.42(a) will deform into a
rectangular parallelepiped. The axial
load produces a normal strain.

• If the cubic element is oriented at 45o

as in Figure 2.42(b), it will deform into a
rhombus. Axial load also results in a
shearing strain.

• Components of normal and shearing

Fig. 2.42 Representations of strain in an axially strain are related,
E E
= (1 +  ) or G =
loaded bar: (a) cubic strain element faces
aligned with coordinate axes; (b) cubic strain
2G 2 (1 +  )
element faces rotated 45º about z-axis.
Read Section 2.8
Example
A circle of diameter d = 225 mm is
scribed on an unstressed aluminum plate
of thickness
t = 18 mm. Forces acting in the plane of
the plate later cause normal stresses x =
84 MPa and z = 140 MPa.
For E = 70 GPa and  = 1/3, determine the
change in:
a)the length of diameter AB,
b)the length of diameter CD,
c)the thickness of the plate, and
d)the volume of the plate.
Plane Stress and Plane Strain
Plane Stress

Plane Strain