Fluid Statics

Pressure
 Normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.

𝑭 magnitude of SI unit :
𝒑= the normal force
𝑨
=
area of the surface on
contact
pressure
Pressure at a point
• The fluid must be continuously deformed when any shear
stress is applied.
when the fluid is stationary or in rigid motion, the shear
stress does not act and only the normal stress acts.
• The pressure is always at right angles at all points.
Pressure at a point 𝛿𝑧 B
A 𝛿𝑠 𝑃𝑠
 = x Area ABEF = 𝛿𝑦
𝑃𝑥
=-(Area ABCD)=-=-
E
F 𝜃
C
D

+(-)=0 𝑃𝑥 ¿ 𝑃𝑠 𝛿𝑥
𝑃𝑦
 Pressure at a point 𝛿𝑧 B
A 𝛿𝑠 𝑃𝑠
 = x Area CDEF =
=-(Area ABCD)==
𝛿𝑦
𝑃𝑥
Force due to weight of element = mg =
g E
F 𝜃
C
D
Since x, y, and z are very small quantities, xyz is 𝛿𝑥
negligible in comparison.
𝑃𝑦
+(-) g =0 𝑃𝑦 ¿𝑃𝑠
Therefore, == The pressure acting on one point must be the
same in all directions.
 Pascal's principle
The pressure that the left piston exerts against the water will be ex-
actly equal to the pressure the water exerts against the right piston.
𝐴1 𝐴1
== 𝐹1 𝐹2

A change in pressure at 𝐴1 𝐴1
any point in an enclosed
fluid at rest is transmitted
undiminished to all points
in the fluid.
 Basic equations of fluid statics
∑ 𝐹=𝐹𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 +𝐹 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒
(p + )

y 𝛿𝑧

Weight Pressure

𝛿𝑦
• Body force has only gravity force. 𝛾 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿 𝑧
𝛿𝑥 p
• The surface force does not have a O
shear force, so only the force due to x
the pressure exists.

z
 Basic equations of fluid statics
(p + )
• If you select the vertical direction as the y-
axis, The body force acts in the y direction.
y 𝛿𝑧
• When the pressure at the center (x, y, z) is
p, the force acting on the plane that is per-
pendicular to the y-axis and nearest to the
origin is 𝛿𝑦
𝛾 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿 𝑧
(Taylor series) 𝛿𝑥 p
• The force acting on the opposite side is O
x

(Taylor series)

𝜕𝑝 z
𝛿 𝐹 𝑦 =− 𝛿 𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿𝑧 −𝛾 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿 𝑧
𝜕𝑦
 Basic equations of fluid statics (p + )

• For the x and z directions, no body force

component exists in this direction. y 𝛿𝑧

𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
𝛿 𝐹 𝑥 =− 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧 𝛿 𝐹 𝑧 =− 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑦 𝛿𝑧
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
𝛿𝑦
• Therefore, the force vector F is 𝛾 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿
𝛿𝑥 p

( 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝 𝜕𝑝
)
O
𝛿𝐹=𝑖𝛿𝐹 𝑥 + 𝑗 𝛿𝐹 𝑦 +𝑘 𝛿𝐹 𝑧 =− 𝑖 + 𝑗 +𝑘 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿 𝑧 − 𝑗𝛾 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿𝑧 x
𝜕𝑥 𝜕 𝑦 𝜕𝑧
• If divide both sides by A and approach x, y,
and z to zero
z
 Basic equations of fluid statics (p + )

y 𝛿𝑧
• This value means the consequences of act-
ing on a unit basis at one point, and its size
should be zero out of the stationary fluids. 𝛿𝑦
The amount in parentheses is expressed in 𝛾 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿
𝛿𝑥 p
∇ and is called del, and is a vector differen- O
tial operator as follows. x
𝜕 𝜕 𝜕
∇=𝑖 + 𝑗 +𝑘
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
• -∇p is the Vector chapter f of surface forces
acting on the unit volume by pressure. z

𝑓 =− ∇ 𝑝
 Basic equations of fluid statics
(p + )
• Finally, the law of statics about the pressure
change is as follows. y 𝛿𝑧
𝑓 = 𝑗 𝛾 =0
• is the result of acting on a fluid when only 𝛿𝑦
gravity is acting as body force. 𝛾 𝛿𝑥 𝛿 𝑦 𝛿 𝑧
𝛿𝑥 p
O
x

z
THANK YOU