ANGULAR MEASURE AND THE
with the terminal side.
UNIT CIRCLE
ANGLE MEASURE
▪ An angle can be defined as the union of
two rays with a common endpoint
called the vertex of the angle.
▪ An angle is formed by rotating a ray
about its vertex from one position,
called the initial side of the angle, to
another, called the terminal side.
▪ An angle is in standard position if it is
drawn in the 𝑥𝑦-plane with its vertex at
the origin and its initial side on the
positive 𝑥-axis.
▪ If an angle is formed by a
counterclockwise rotation, its measure
is positive. If an angle is formed by a
clockwise rotation, its measure is
negative.
▪ The amount of opening of an angle is its
measure, also called angular measure.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT OF ANGLES
▪ There are two (2) most used units for
angular measure and one of it is the
degree. It is denoted by ° (small-raised
circle) placed after the number.
▪ To measure the angle of rotation, it is
important to note that one full rotation
of the initial side is 360°. If it is in one
full rotation, the initial side coincides
▪ A radian (1 radian) is the measure of the
central angle subtended by an arc of a
circle whose length is equal to the
radius of the circle.
CONVERTING RADIANS TO DEGREES (VICE VERSA)
COTERMINAL ANGLES
▪ Are angles in standard position (angles
with the initial side on the positive x-
axis) that have a common terminal side.
▪ The measure of any angle coterminal
with an angle of degree measure θ is
obtained by evaluating 𝜃 + (𝑛)(360°),
where 𝑛 is an integer (see function
below). 𝒇(𝒏) = [𝜽 + (𝒏)(𝟑𝟔𝟎)] °
UNIT CIRCLE
▪ It is a circle whose center is at the
origin and the radius is equal to 1 unit.
▪ It has the equation of 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1. The
circle intersects on the x-axis with the
coordinates: (1,0) & (−1,0) and on the y-
axis with the coordinates: (0,1) & (0, −1).
1
CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS AND
GRAPHING TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
SIX CICRCULAR FUNCTIONS
GRAPHS OF THE SINE AND COSINE FUNCTIONS
▪ Graphing is one of the most important
tools available to engineers, scientists,
and other professionals in their efforts
to understand functions. Commonly
used in data analysis and problem
solving, a graph characterizes a
functions behavior which makes it
easier to analyze along with the insights
it provides.
AMPLITUDE
▪ The maximum/minimum vertical
distance between the graph and the x-
axis.
PERIOD
▪ The x interval needed for the function to
complete one cycle or simply the
number of degrees or radians we must
graph before it begins another cycle
again.
Periodic Function and Its Period
▪ A function 𝑓 is periodic if there exists a
positive number 𝑝 such that 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝑝) =
𝑓(𝑥) for every 𝑥 in its domain.
▪ The least positive number 𝑝, if it exists,
is the period of 𝑓.
Period of the Sine and Cosine Function
▪ The functions 𝒇(𝜽) = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒃(𝜽 − 𝒉) + 𝒌
and 𝒈(𝜽) = 𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃 (𝜽 − 𝒉) + 𝒌 are
periodic and their period 𝑝 is given by 𝒑
= 𝟐𝝅 |𝒃| a, b, h, and k are constants, and
a and b are nonzero.
Amplitude of a Sine and Cosine Function
2
▪ The amplitude of 𝒇(𝜽) = 𝒂 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝒃 (𝜽 − 𝒉)
+ 𝒌 and 𝒈(𝜽) = 𝒂𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃(𝜽 − 𝒉) + 𝒌 is
given by |𝒂|.
Phase Shifts of the Sine and Cosine Functions
▪ If 𝒇(𝜽) = 𝒂𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃(𝜽 − 𝒉) + 𝒌 and 𝒈(𝜽) =
𝒂 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒃(𝜽 − 𝒉) + 𝒌 , then the graph of
𝑓 and 𝑔 is the graph of
1. 𝑓(𝜃) = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝜃 − ℎ) + 𝑘 and 𝑔(𝜃) =
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏(𝜃 − ℎ) + 𝑘, respectively, shifted |ℎ|
units to the right if ℎ is positive and |ℎ|
units to the left if ℎ is negative.
2. 𝑓(𝜃) = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏(𝜃 − ℎ) + 𝑘 and 𝑔(𝜃) =
𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏(𝜃 − ℎ) + 𝑘, respectively, shifted |𝑘|
units upward if 𝑘 is positive and |𝑘| units
downward if 𝑘 is negative.
FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC
IDENTITIES
DOMAIN OF AN EXPRESSION OR EQUATION
▪ The domain of an expression (or
equation) is the set of all real values of
the variable for which every term (or
part) of the expression (equation) is
defined in ℝ.
IDENTITY AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION
▪ An identity is an equation that is true for
all values of the variable in the domain
of the equation. An equation that is not
an identity is called a conditional
 equation. (In other words, if some
values of the variable in the domain of
the equation do not satisfy the equation,
then the equation is a conditional
equation.)

FUNDAMENTAL TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES

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