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PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS
Force, Vector, and Scalar
Engr. Miguel Albert D. Calizar
Learning Objective:
• What is the difference between vector and scalar quantities.
• Determine the resultant of two or more vector quantities.
• Find the rectangular components of a vector.
Recall:
• Mechanics is the area of physics which deals with the motions of
macroscopic objects: objects that are large enough for us to
observe without instrumentation.
• Forces applied to objects results in displacements, or changes in
the position of the object relative to its environment.
• These forces can be long-range forces or contact forces.
• Long-range forces do not require the two objects to be touching.
These forces can exist even if the objects are far apart and even
if there are objects between the two. An example to this is
gravity.
• Contact forces exist only if the objects are touching each other.
An example is a ball kinked by a person’s foot.
• This lesson will help you understand what are the forces applied
on a body, how is a force measured and how to compute the effect
of these forces on a body.
Vector and Scalar Quantities
• Quantities specified with magnitude only is a scalar. Examples of scalar
quantities are length, mass, area, volume, time, and density.
• Quantities specified with magnitude and direction is a vector. Examples
of vector quantities are displacement, force, velocity, acceleration, and
momentum.

Vector Quantities Scalar Quantities

Displacement Length
Force Mass
Velocity Speed
Acceleration Volume
Momentum Time
Density
Component of a Vector and Unit Vectors
• The rectangular components of a vector are its projection on a set of
right-angle axes.
• The component method of adding vectors is to resolve each into its
rectangular components, which are then added, and the resultant found.
• The resultant of two or more vector quantities I that single quantity of
the same make-up that would produce the same result.

Rectangular Resultant

➢ 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ➢ 𝝆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽
β
R
Ay ➢ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 A A ➢ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝆
ρ
𝟐 𝟐 α θ ➢
𝑨 𝑩 𝑹
= sin 𝜷 = sin 𝝆
θ ➢ 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 sin 𝜶

Ax B
Force
• A force is any influence capable of changing the motion of a body. It is
push or a pull. Forces is expressed in dynes (CGS), newton (MKS), and
pound (English units).
• Force is a vector quantity. The magnitude of a force is not a complete
description of the force. The direction of the force is equally
important. Force is one of the quantities that are called vectors.

Rectangular
Equilibrium Resultant

• A body is in equilibrium when there is no change on its motion. When a

body is in equilibrium, the vector sum of all the forces ➢ 𝝆 =
acting
𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽
on it is
equal to zero. This ➢ 𝑨𝒙is
= 𝑨known
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 as the first condition for equilibrium. That
is, σ 𝐹𝑥 = 0 and σ 𝐹𝑦 = 0. ➢ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝆
➢ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
• For a system of forces to be in equilibrium, the sum of all the moment or
𝑨 𝑩 𝑹
torque is equal to zero.
𝟐 𝟐 This
➢ 𝑨 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐 is the second condition
➢ for =equilibrium.
=
sin 𝜶 sin 𝜷 sin 𝝆
That is, σ 𝑀0 = 0.
Unit Vector
• A unit vector is a dimensionless vector having a magnitude of exactly 1.
Unit vectors are used to specify a given direction and have no other
physical significance. The symbols i, j, and k are used to represent unit
vectors pointing in the positive x, y, and z directions, respectively.

Rectangular Resultant

➢ 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ➢ 𝝆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽

➢ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ➢ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝆

𝑅 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐴𝑦 𝑖 +𝑨 (𝐵𝑥 𝑖𝑩+ 𝐵𝑦 𝑹𝑖)
➢ 𝑨𝟐 = 𝑨𝒙 𝟐 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐 ➢ sin 𝜶 = sin 𝜷 = sin 𝝆
𝑅 = 𝐴𝑥 𝑖 + 𝐵𝑥 𝑖 + (𝐴𝑦 𝑖 + 𝐵𝑦 𝑖)
𝑹 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒙 𝒊 + 𝑨𝒚 + 𝑩𝒚 𝒊
1. Find the resultant force when a 20-N force due to east and a 20-N force due north is
acting on body as shown in the figure.

Rectangular Resultant

➢ 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ➢ 𝝆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽

➢ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ➢ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝆

𝑨 𝑩 𝑹
➢ 𝑨𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐 ➢ = sin 𝜷 = sin 𝝆
sin 𝜶
2. Two vectors of 8.0 units and 5.0 units make an angle of 60 with each other. Find
their resultant.

Rectangular Resultant

➢ 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ➢ 𝝆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽

➢ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ➢ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝆

𝑨 𝑩 𝑹
➢ 𝑨𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐 ➢ = sin 𝜷 = sin 𝝆
sin 𝜶
3. A uniform ladder 3m long weighing 100N against a smooth vertical wall with its lower
end resting on a rough floor, the ladder making an angle of 70 degrees with the
horizontal. Find the force exerted by the wall on the ladder and the force exerted by
the floor at the lower end of the ladder.

Rectangular Resultant

➢ 𝑨𝒙 = 𝑨 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 ➢ 𝝆 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎 − 𝜽

➢ 𝑨𝒚 = 𝑨 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 ➢ 𝑹𝟐 = 𝑨𝟐 + 𝑩𝟐 − 𝟐𝑨𝑩 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝝆

𝑨 𝑩 𝑹
➢ 𝑨𝟐 𝟐
= 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑨𝒚 𝟐 ➢ = sin 𝜷 = sin 𝝆
sin 𝜶
Thank You