Introduction to Fluids Mechanics

MECH 314 – Spring 2021

Module 3 – Conservation of linear momentum

Outline

• Differential versus integral form of the momentum equation

• Conservation of linear momentum

• Integral and differential form of the linear momentum equation for a
control mass
• Integral and differential form of the Conservation of the linear
momentum equation for a control mass

2
Part 4: Integral and differential form of the momentum
equation for a C.V
Differential form of the Momentum Equation

4
Momentum Equation For an Infinitesimal C.V

 Starting from the integral form of the momentum equation

 Starting from an infinitesimal control volume

5
 Mathematical Overview: Dyadic Product
Unit vectors are
෠
𝑎Ԧ = 𝑎𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑎𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑎𝑧 𝑘, 𝑏 = 𝑏𝑥 𝑖Ƹ + 𝑏𝑦 𝑗Ƹ + 𝑏𝑧 𝑘෠ accented with a hat

1 𝑎Ԧ ∙ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 + 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧

2 𝑎Ԧ × 𝑏 = (𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑧 − 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑧 )𝑖Ƹ + (𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑧 − 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑧 )𝑗Ƹ + (𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 − 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑦 )𝑘෠

𝑎𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑧
3 𝑎Ԧ ⊗ 𝑏 = 𝑎𝑏 𝑇 = 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑧 = 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑧
𝑎𝑧 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧
Second order tensor
6
 Dot product of dyadic and vector

𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑧 𝑐𝑥
1 𝑎Ԧ ⊗ 𝑏 . 𝑐Ԧ = 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑧 𝑐𝑦 = 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏. 𝑐Ԧ
𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧 𝑐𝑧

𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑧
2 Ԧ 𝑎Ԧ ⊗ 𝑏 = 𝑐𝑥
𝑐. 𝑐𝑦 𝑐𝑧 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑧 = 𝑐.
Ԧ 𝑎Ԧ 𝑏
𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑥 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑧 𝑏𝑧

7
 Divergence of a tensor field

𝜕𝐴1 𝜕𝐴2 𝜕𝐴3

𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴3 + +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝐀 = 𝐵1 𝐵2 𝐵3 𝛻. 𝐴Ԧ
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3 𝜕𝐵1 𝜕𝐵2 𝜕𝐵3
𝛻. 𝐀 = + + = 𝛻. 𝐵
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝜕𝐶1 𝜕𝐶2 𝜕𝐶3 𝛻. 𝐶Ԧ
Tensors are denoted
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
by bold non-italic
symbols

8
 Divergence of the dyadic product
𝜕𝜌𝑢𝑢 𝜕𝜌𝑢𝑣 𝜕𝜌𝑢𝑤
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑢𝑢 𝑢 ∙ 𝛻 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢𝛻 ∙ 𝑢
𝜕𝜌𝑣𝑢 𝜕𝜌𝑣𝑣 𝜕𝜌𝑣𝑤
1 𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑢⨂𝑢 = + + = 𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑣𝑢 = 𝑢 ∙ 𝛻 𝜌𝑣 + 𝜌𝑣𝛻 ∙ 𝑢
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑤𝑢 𝑢 ∙ 𝛻 𝜌𝑤 + 𝜌𝑤𝛻 ∙ 𝑢
𝜕𝜌𝑤𝑢 𝜕𝜌𝑤𝑣 𝜕𝜌𝑤𝑤
+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

2 𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑢⨂𝑢 = 𝑢 ∙ 𝛻 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌𝑢𝛻 ∙ 𝑢

3 𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑢⨂𝑢 = 𝑢 𝛻 ∙ 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌 𝑢 ∙ 𝛻 𝑢
9
Divergence theorem

න 𝑎.
Ԧ 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝛻. 𝑎Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 First Form
𝑆 𝑉

න 𝑛ො × 𝑎Ԧ 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝛻 × 𝑎Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 Second Form
𝑆 𝑉

න 𝑛𝜙
ො 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝛻𝜙 𝑑𝑉 𝑇ℎ𝑖𝑟𝑑 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑆 𝑉

න 𝑛ො ∙ 𝑎⨂𝑏
Ԧ 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝑏 𝑛ො ∙ 𝑎Ԧ 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝛻 ∙ 𝑎⨂𝑏
Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 𝐹𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑡ℎ 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑚
𝑆 𝑆 𝑉
10
 Mom. flux
𝜕
න 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝜌𝑢 𝑢. 𝑛ො 𝑑𝐴 = න 𝜌𝑔Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 − න 𝑝𝑛 𝑑𝐴 + න 𝜎Ԧ𝑣 𝑑𝐴 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑂𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑆 𝐶𝑆
Rate of momentum
Rate of change exchange across the
of momentum control surface Gravity force pressure force viscous force other forces
in CV

𝜕(𝜌𝑢) න 𝛻. 𝜌𝑢⨂𝑢 𝑑𝑉
න 𝑑𝑉 𝐶𝑉 න 𝛻𝑝 𝑑𝑉 න 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 𝑑𝑉 න 𝑓Ԧ𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑉
𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉

For a fixed CV
න 𝑢 𝛻. 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌 𝑢. 𝛻 𝑢 𝑑𝑉 Stress tensor
𝐶𝑉 𝑓Ԧ𝑣 : Viscous force
Course Title per unit volume 11
 𝜕(𝜌𝑢)
න 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑢 𝛻. 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌 𝑢. 𝛻 𝑢 𝑑𝑉 = න 𝜌𝑔Ԧ 𝑑𝑉 − න 𝛻𝑝 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 𝑑𝑉 + න 𝑓Ԧ𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑉
𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉 𝐶𝑉
Rate of change of Rate of momentum exchange across pressure force other forces
Gravity force viscous force
momentum in CV the control surface

1
𝜕(𝜌𝑢)
න + 𝑢 𝛻. 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌 𝑢. 𝛻 𝑢 𝑑𝑉 = න −𝛻𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔Ԧ + 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 + 𝑓Ԧ𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑉 2
𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉

𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝜌
න 𝜌 +𝑢 + 𝑢 𝛻. 𝜌𝑢 + 𝜌 𝑢. 𝛻 𝑢 𝑑𝑉 3
𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑡
𝜕𝑢 = න 𝜕𝜌 + 𝜌𝑔Ԧ + 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 + 𝑓Ԧ
−𝛻𝑝 𝑑𝑉 + 𝜌𝑔Ԧ + 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 + 𝑓Ԧ
න 𝜌 + 𝜌 𝑢. 𝛻 𝑢 + 𝑢 + 𝛻. 𝜌𝑢 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟
න −𝛻𝑝 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑉 4
𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡 𝐶𝑉 𝜕𝑡
𝐶𝑉
0
𝜕𝑢
Course Title 𝜌 + 𝜌 𝑢. 𝛻 𝑢 = −𝛻𝑝 + 𝜌𝑔Ԧ + 𝛻 ∙ 𝝈 + 𝑓Ԧ𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 5
12
𝜕𝑡
Thank you!