Chapter 2

First-Order Differential Equations

𝒚′ = 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚
2.2 : Separable Equation
Definition 2.2.1 (Separable Equation)

• A first-order differential equation of the form

𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒉 𝒙 . 𝒈(𝒚)
𝒅𝒙
is said to be separable.
Example 1: Solve the differential equation
𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
∴ = ⇒ න =න
𝒚 𝟏+𝒙 𝒚 𝟏+𝒙
then
𝐥𝐧 𝒚 = 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒄 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒄 𝟏 + 𝒙
∴ 𝒚 = 𝐜(𝟏 + 𝒙)
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
𝒅𝒚
∵ = 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟒 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝟐 = 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ න 𝟐 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒚 −𝟒 𝒚 −𝟒
𝟏 𝒚−𝟐
∴ 𝐥𝐧 = 𝒙 + 𝒄𝟏
𝟒 𝒚+𝟐
 𝒚−𝟐
⟹ 𝐥𝐧 = 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟒𝒄𝟏
𝒚+𝟐

𝒚−𝟐
⟹ = ±𝒆𝟒𝒙+𝟒𝒄𝟏 = ±𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒆𝟒𝒄𝟏 = 𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 𝒔. 𝒕. 𝒄 = ±𝒆𝟒𝒄𝟏
𝒚+𝟐
⟹ 𝒚 − 𝟐 = 𝒚𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙
⟹ 𝒚 − 𝒚𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐
⟹ 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 = 𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙 + 𝟐
⟹ 𝒚=
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒆𝟒𝒙
 Example 4: Solve the differential equation
𝟐𝒚
𝒅𝒚
𝒆 − 𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝒆𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
𝒅𝒙
❑Solution
𝒆𝟐𝒚 −𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
∴ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙 Separable Equation
𝒆𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒆𝟐𝒚 − 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙
∴ න 𝒚
𝒅𝒚 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

𝒚 −𝒚
𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
⟹ න 𝒆 − 𝒚𝒆 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙

⟹ න 𝒆𝒚 − 𝒚𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐 න 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 ⟹ 𝒆𝒚 − න 𝒚𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄

• Let
𝒖=𝒚 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒚 𝒗 = −𝒆−𝒚

∴ 𝒆𝒚 − −𝒚𝒆−𝒚 + න 𝒆−𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄

⟹ 𝒆𝒚 − −𝒚𝒆−𝒚 − 𝒆−𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄

⟹ 𝒆𝒚 + 𝒚𝒆−𝒚 + 𝒆−𝒚 = −𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒄
Exer. No. 6: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
− 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒙
❑Solution
𝒅𝒚
∵ = 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝐝𝒚
∴ 𝟐 = 𝟐𝒙𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න = න 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒚 𝒚𝟐
⇒ −𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒄
𝟏
⟹ 𝒚=− 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒄
 Exer. No. 20: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟐
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟑

❑Solution

𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒚 + 𝟐𝒚 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒚 𝒙 + 𝟐 − (𝒙 + 𝟐) (𝒚 − 𝟏) 𝒙 + 𝟐
∵ = = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒚 − 𝟑𝒚 + 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟑) + 𝒙 − 𝟑 (𝒚 + 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)

Separable Equation

𝒚+𝟏 𝒙+𝟐
∴ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑
 𝒚−𝟏+𝟐 𝒙−𝟑+𝟓
⟹ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑

𝟐 𝟓
⟹ 𝟏+ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟏 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑

𝟐 𝟓
∴ න 𝟏+ 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝟏 + 𝒅𝒙
𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟑

∴ 𝒚 + 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 − 𝟏 = 𝒙 + 𝟓 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 − 𝟑 + 𝒄
 Exer. No. 28: Solve the differential equation
𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎, 𝒚 𝟏 =𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝟏 + 𝒙𝟒 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒙 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒚𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 Separable Equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒙𝒅𝒙
∴ න 𝟐
+න 𝟒
=𝒄
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒚 𝟏+𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 = 𝒄
−𝟏
⇒ 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙𝟐 = 𝟐𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
𝝅
at 𝒙 = 𝟏, 𝒚 = 𝟎 then 𝒄 =
𝟖
−𝟏 −𝟏 𝟐
𝝅
∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝟐𝒚 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 =
𝟒
2.4 : Exact Equation
• The first-order differential equation
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

➢is called an exact equation if

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒚 = 𝑵𝒙 .
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

➢is called nonexact equation if

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
≠ 𝒐𝒓 𝑴𝒚 ≠ 𝑵𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
Example 1: Solve the differential equation
𝟐𝒙𝒚𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
∴ = 𝟐𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝟐𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
•∵ = , then the differential equation is exact
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

∴ න 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒖 ⟹ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝒖

Then
⟹ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝒄.
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 𝒚𝟐 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 )

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒚𝟐
𝟐
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚(𝟏 − 𝒙 )
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
∵ = −𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = −𝟐𝒚𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
•∴ = , then the differential equation is exact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
 𝟐 𝟐
∵ න 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + න (𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒚)𝒅𝒚 = 𝒖

𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝟐 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
∴ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − + − =𝒖
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
⟹ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 − + = 𝒄𝟏
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
∴𝒚 𝟏−𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒄 𝒔. 𝒕. 𝒄 = 𝟐𝒄𝟏
 OR
𝟐
𝝏𝒇 𝒚
∵ = 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 ⟹ 𝒇= 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒉 𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝟐
𝝏𝒇 𝟐
𝒅𝒉
= 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = −𝒙𝒚 + = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒚𝟐
𝝏𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒉 𝟏
∴ = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 ⟹ 𝒉 𝒙 = න 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝟐
• Thus
𝒚𝟐 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒙 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝟏
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐

⟹ 𝒚𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄
Exer. No. 9: Solve the differential equation
𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚

❑Solution

∵ 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟑 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
 𝝏𝑴 𝟐
𝝏𝑵
= 𝟑𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
∴ =
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
• Then the differential equation is exact
∴ න 𝒚𝟑 − 𝒙 − 𝒚𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟑𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟐𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝐮
𝟐
𝒙
⟹ 𝒙𝒚𝟑 − + 𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐮
𝟐
𝟐
𝒙
∴ 𝒙𝒚𝟑 − + 𝒚𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝟐
Integrating Factors:

𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
• Let 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 and ≠ then the
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

DE is nonexact.

• That is, it is sometimes possible to find an integrating factor

𝝁 𝒙, 𝒚 so that after multiplying, the left-hand side of
𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝜇 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0,

is an exact differential equation.

• If
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
−
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙
= =𝒇 𝒙
𝑵 𝑵
is a function depends only on 𝑥, then an integrating factor is
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒇 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆
• Multiply the differential equation by an integrating factor
𝝁 𝒙 , then the equation will be exact.
𝝁 𝒙 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝁 𝒙 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
 OR

• If
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
−
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙 𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙
= =𝐠 𝒚
𝑴 𝑴
is a function depends only on 𝑦, then an integrating factor is
− ‫𝒚𝒅 𝒚 𝐠 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒚 =𝒆
• Multiply the differential equation by an integrating factor
𝝁 𝒚 , then the equation will be exact.
𝝁 𝒚 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝝁 𝒚 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎.
Example 4: Solve the differential equation
𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
= 𝑴𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = 𝑵𝒙 = 𝟒𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
•∴ ≠ , then the D. E. is nonexact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
− = 𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙 = −𝟑𝒙
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
If
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 −𝟑𝒙
= 𝟐
𝑵 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑𝒚𝟐 − 𝟐𝟎
depends on 𝒙 and y.
• We find
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 −𝟑𝒙 𝟑
= =−
𝑴 𝒙𝒚 𝒚
depends only on 𝒚

• Then the integrating factor is

𝟑
− ‫ ׬‬− 𝒅𝒚
𝝁 𝐲 = 𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒆𝟑 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟑
∴ 𝒙𝒚 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 𝒚 𝟑 + 𝟑𝒚 𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚 𝟑 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 the DE is exact

⟹ න 𝒙𝒚𝟒 𝑑𝑥 + න 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟑 + 𝟑𝒚𝟓 − 𝟐𝟎𝒚𝟑 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑢

𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟔
⇒ 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚𝟒 = 𝒖
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝟏 𝟐 𝟒 𝟏 𝟔 𝟒
∴ 𝒙 𝒚 + 𝒚 − 𝟓𝒚 = 𝒄
𝟐 𝟐
Exer. No. 31: Solve the differential equation
𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
∵ 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙𝒚
𝑴𝒚 = 𝟒𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑵𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚
𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
•∴ ≠ , then the differential equation is nonexact
𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚 − 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚
𝑴𝒚 − 𝑵𝒙 𝟐𝒚 𝟏
⟹ = =
𝑵 𝟐𝒙𝒚 𝒙
depends only on 𝒙
• Then the integrating factor is
𝟏
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆 = 𝒆𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒙
∴ 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎,
the differential equation is exact.

න 𝟐𝒙𝒚𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 + න 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝒖

⟹ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 = 𝒖
∴ 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝟑 = 𝒄
2.3 : Linear Equation
Definition 2.2.2 (Linear Equation)
•A first-order differential equation of the form

𝒅𝒚
𝒂𝟏 𝒙 + 𝒂𝟎 𝒙 𝒚 = 𝒈 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
is said to be a linear equation in the dependent
variable 𝒚.
Solving a linear first-order equation in 𝒚:

 Step 1: Put a linear equation into the standard form

𝒅𝒚
+𝑷 𝒙 𝒚=𝑸 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 Step 2: From the standard form identify 𝑷 𝒙 and find
the integrating factor (I.F.)

𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆‫𝑷 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 Step 3: Multiply the standard form of the equation by the
integrating factor (I.F.). The left-hand side of the resulting
equation is automatically the derivative of the integrating
factor and 𝒚:
𝒅
𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 =𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
 Step 4: Integrate both sides of this last equation

𝒚 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 .
Solving a linear first-order equation in 𝒙:
• Step 1: Put a linear equation into the standard form

𝒅𝒙
+𝑷 𝒚 𝒙=𝑸 𝒚
𝒅𝒚

• Step 2: From the standard form identify 𝑷 𝒚 and find

the integrating factor (I.F.)
‫𝒚𝒅 𝒚 𝑷 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒚 =𝒆
• Step 3: Multiply the standard form of the equation by the
integrating factor (I.F.). The left-hand side of the
resulting equation is automatically the derivative of the
integrating factor and 𝒙:
𝒅
𝝁 𝒚 𝒙 =𝝁 𝒚 𝑸 𝒚
𝒅𝒚
• Step 4: Integrate both sides of this last equation
𝒙 𝝁 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒚 𝑸 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 .
Example 2: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
− 𝟑𝒚 = 𝟔
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝑷 𝒙 = −𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝟔
• Hence the integral factor is
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫ ׬‬−𝟑𝒅𝒙
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 =𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟑𝒙
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by

∴ 𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ −𝟑𝒙
𝒆 𝒚 = න 𝟔𝒆−𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟐𝒆−𝟑𝒙 +𝒄

∴ 𝒚 = −𝟐 + 𝒄𝒆𝟑𝒙
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙𝟔 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
𝒅𝒚 𝟔 𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟒
∵𝒙 − 𝟒𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒆 ⟹ − 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝟒
𝑷 𝒙 =− 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙
𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
𝟒
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫ ׬‬−𝒙𝒅𝒙
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 = 𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟒𝐥𝐧𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟒
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
∴ 𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚 = න 𝒙−𝟒 𝒙𝟓 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙

• Let
𝒖=𝒙 𝒅𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 𝒗 = 𝒆𝒙

∴ 𝒙−𝟒 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − න 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟓 − 𝒙𝟒 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙𝟒
Example 5: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
+𝒚=𝒙 , 𝒚 𝟎 =𝟒
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝑷 𝒙 =𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 = 𝒙

• Hence the integral factor is

‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 ׬‬ 𝒙
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 =𝒆 = 𝒆
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
∴ 𝝁 𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒆𝒙 𝒚 = න 𝒙𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − න 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆−𝒙
• But from the initial condition we know that 𝒚 = 𝟒 when 𝒙 = 𝟎
𝟎
𝟒 = 𝟎 − 𝟏 + 𝒄𝒆 ⇒ 𝒄=𝟓
∴ 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 + 𝟓𝒆−𝒙
Exer. No. 15: Solve the differential equation
𝒚 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟒 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟔 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
𝒅𝒙 𝟒 𝟓
∵ − 𝒙 = 𝟒𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒚
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒙, then
𝟒
𝑷 𝒚 = − 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒚𝟓
𝒚
• Hence the integral factor is
𝟒
‫𝒚𝒅 𝒚 𝑷 ׬‬ ‫𝒚𝒅𝒚 ׬‬
−
∴𝝁 𝒚 =𝒆 =𝒆 = 𝒆−𝟒 𝐥𝐧 𝒚 = 𝒚−𝟒
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by

∴ 𝒙 𝝁 𝒚 = න 𝝁 𝒚 𝑸 𝒚 𝒅𝒚

𝒙 𝒚−𝟒 = න 𝒚−𝟒 𝟒𝒚𝟓 𝒅𝒚 = න 𝟒𝒚𝒅𝒚 = 𝟐𝒚𝟐 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒚𝟔 + 𝒄 𝒚𝟒
Exer. No. 17: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
𝒅𝒚
∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
⇒ + 𝒚=
𝒅𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒚, then
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝟏
𝑷 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑸 𝒙 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝑷 ׬‬
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
‫𝒙𝒅𝒙 𝐬𝐨𝐜׬‬ − 𝐥𝐧 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝟏
∴𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 = 𝒆 =𝒆 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
𝒚 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝑸 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐
𝒚 =න 𝒅𝒙 = න 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = න 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
∴ 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2.5 : Solutions by Substitution

2.5.1: Homogeneous
Equations
• A first-order differential equation of the form
𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

is said to be homogeneous if both coefficient functions 𝑴

and 𝑵 are homogeneous equations of the same degree. In
other words, if
𝜶
𝑴 𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚 = 𝒕 𝑴 𝒙, 𝒚
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑵 𝒕𝒙, 𝒕𝒚 = 𝜶
𝒕 𝑵 𝒙, 𝒚 .
• Then 𝑴 and 𝑵 are homogeneous functions of degree
𝜶,
• Let
𝒚
𝒗= ⇒ 𝒚 = 𝒗𝒙
𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
⇒ =𝒗 +𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• Then the homogeneous equation will be transformed to a
separable equation.
Example 1: Solve the differential equation
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 − 𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
• Cleary, the differential equation is Homogenous
• Let
𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
𝒗= ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒗 ⟹ =𝒗+𝒙
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 𝟐
∵ =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒚 − 𝒙𝟐
 𝒅𝒗 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐
∴𝒗+𝒙 = 𝟐 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒗 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒗−𝟏
𝟐
𝒅𝒗 𝟏 + 𝒗
⟹ 𝒙 = −𝒗
𝒅𝒙 𝒗−𝟏

𝒅𝒗 𝟏 +𝒗𝟐 −𝒗𝟐 +𝒗 𝟏+ 𝒗
⟹ 𝒙 = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒗−𝟏 𝒗−𝟏

𝒗−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
⟹ 𝒅𝒗 =
𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
 𝒗+𝟏−𝟏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
⟹ න 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
𝒗+𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⟹ න − 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒗+𝟏 𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⟹ න 𝟏− 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒗+𝟏 𝒙
⟹ 𝒗 − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒗 + 𝟏 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒚 𝒚
∴ − 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙 𝒙
Exer. No. 6: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒚 − 𝒙
=
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 + 𝒚

❑Solution
• Cleary, the differential equation is Homogenous
• Let
𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
𝒗= ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒗 ⟹ =𝒗+𝒙
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒗𝒙 − 𝒙 𝒗 − 𝟏
∴𝒗+𝒙 = =
𝒅𝒙 𝒗𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒗 + 𝟏
 𝒅𝒗 𝒗 − 𝟏 𝒗 − 𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 − 𝒗 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐
⟹𝒙 = −𝒗= =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒗 + 𝟏 𝒗+𝟏 𝒗+𝟏
𝒗+𝟏 𝒅𝒙 𝒗+𝟏 𝒅𝒙
∴ 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 = − ⟹ න 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 = − න
𝟏+𝒗 𝒙 𝟏+𝒗 𝒙

𝒗 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
⟹න 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 + න 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 = − න
𝟏+𝒗 𝟏+𝒗 𝒙

𝟏
∴ 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + 𝒗𝟐 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒗 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐
𝟏 𝒚 𝟐 𝒚
−𝟏
⟹ 𝐥𝐧 𝟏 + + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
Exer. No. 13: Solve the differential equation
𝒚 𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 − 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

❑Solution
𝒚 𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝒚
𝒅𝒚 𝒙 + 𝒚𝒆 𝒙 𝒚
− 𝒙 𝒚
⟹ = 𝒚 = 𝒆 +
𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝒆 𝒙 𝒙
• Cleary, the differential equation is Homogenous
• Let
𝒚
𝒗= ⟹ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒗
𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒗
⟹ =𝒗+𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝒅𝒗
∴𝒗+𝒙 = 𝒗 + 𝒆−𝒗
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒗
⟹ 𝒙 = 𝒆−𝒗
𝒅𝒙
 𝒅𝒗 𝒆−𝒗
⟹ =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒙
⟹ −𝒗
=
𝒆 𝒙
𝒗
𝒅𝒙
⟹ න𝒆 𝒅𝒗 = න
𝒙

∴ 𝒆𝒗 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒄 ⟹ 𝒆𝒗 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒄𝒙
𝒚
∴ 𝒆𝒙 = 𝐥𝐧 𝒄𝒙
2.5 : Solutions by Substitution

2.5.2:
Bernoulli’s
Equation:

Johann Bernoulli
• The differential equation
𝒅𝒚 𝒏
+𝑷 𝒙 𝒚=𝑸 𝒙 𝒚
𝒅𝒙
where 𝑛 is any real number, is called Bernoulli’s equation.
Note that for 𝒏 = 𝟎 and 𝒏 = 𝟏, the equation is linear.

• For 𝒏 ≠ 𝟎 and 𝒏 ≠ 𝟏, multiply the equation into 𝒚−𝒏 , we

have
−𝒏
𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝒏
𝒚 +𝑷 𝒙 𝒚 =𝑸 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
• let
𝒖 = 𝒚𝟏−𝒏 ⇒ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟏 − 𝒏 𝒚−𝒏 𝒅𝒚
𝒅𝒖 −𝒏
⇒ = 𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝟏−𝒏
• Then
𝟏 𝒅𝒖
+𝑷 𝒙 𝒖=𝑸 𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒏 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
⇒ + 𝟏−𝒏 𝑷 𝒙 𝒖= 𝟏−𝒏 𝑸 𝒙 .
𝒅𝒙
• Then the equation is linear in 𝒖.
Example 2: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• We first rewrite the equation as
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
+ 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• This is a Bernoulli differential equation. Multiply by 𝒚−𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏
∴ 𝒚−𝟐 + 𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• With 𝒏 = 𝟐, we let
−𝟏
𝒅𝒖 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
𝒖= 𝒚 ⇒ = −𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• We get
𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟏
− + 𝒖 =𝒙 ⇒ − 𝒖 = −𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙

• The differential equation is linear in 𝒖, then

𝟏
𝒑 𝒙 =− 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 𝒙 = −𝒙
𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
 𝟏
− ‫𝒙𝒅 ׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 = 𝒆‫𝒑 ׬‬ 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆 𝒙 = 𝒆− 𝒍𝒏 𝒙 = 𝒙−𝟏
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by

𝒖 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

⟹ 𝒖 𝒙−𝟏 = න − 𝒅𝒙 = −𝒙 + 𝒄

∴ 𝒚−𝟏 𝒙−𝟏 = −𝒙 + 𝒄 ⟹ 𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒄𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐

𝟏
∴𝒚=
𝒄𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐
Exer. No. 16: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
− 𝒚 = 𝒚𝟐 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• This is a Bernoulli differential equation. Multiply by 𝒚−𝟐
−𝟐
𝒅𝒚
∴𝒚 − 𝒚−𝟏 = 𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙
• With 𝒏 = 𝟐, we let
−𝟏
𝒅𝒖 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 −𝟐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
𝒖=𝒚 ⇒ = −𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• We get
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
− − 𝒖 = 𝒆𝒙 ⇒ + 𝒖 = −𝒆𝒙
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒖, then
𝒑 𝒙 =𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 𝒙 = −𝒆𝒙

• Hence the integral factor is

‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒑 ׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅 ׬‬ 𝒙
𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 =𝒆 =𝒆

• Then the solution of differential equation is given by

∴ 𝒖 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 𝒙 𝟐𝒙
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
⟹ 𝒖 𝒆 = න −𝒆 𝒅𝒙 =− 𝒆 +𝒄
𝟐
−𝟏
𝟏 𝟐𝒙
𝒙
⟹𝒚 𝒆 =− 𝒆 +𝒄
𝟐
−𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 −𝒙
⟹𝒚 =− 𝒆 +𝒄𝒆
𝟐
𝟐𝒄 𝒆 − 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
⟹ 𝒚−𝟏 =
𝟐
𝟐
∴ 𝒚 =
𝟐𝒄 𝒆− 𝒙 − 𝒆𝒙
Exer. No. 21: Solve the differential equation
𝟐
𝒅𝒚
𝒙 − 𝟐𝒙𝒚 = 𝟑 𝒚𝟒
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• This is a Bernoulli differential equation. Divided by 𝒚𝟒 𝒙𝟐
(multiply by 𝒚−𝟒 𝒙−𝟐 )
−𝟒
𝒅𝒚 𝟐 −𝟑
∴𝒚 − 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙−𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
• With 𝒏 = 𝟒, we let
−𝟑
𝒅𝒖 −𝟒
𝒅𝒚 −𝟒
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
𝒖=𝒚 ⇒ = −𝟑𝒚 ⇒ 𝒚 =−
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟑 𝒅𝒙
• We get
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝟐 𝟑
− − 𝒖= 𝟐
𝟑 𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝟔 𝟗
⇒ + 𝒖=− 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒙 𝒙
• The differential equation is linear in 𝒖, then
𝟔 𝟗
𝒑 𝒙 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒒 𝒙 = − 𝟐
𝒙 𝒙
• Hence the integral factor is
𝟔
‫𝒙𝒅 𝒙 𝒑 ׬‬ ‫𝒙𝒅𝒙׬‬
𝝁 𝒙 =𝒆 = 𝒆 = 𝒆𝟔 𝐥𝐧 𝒙
= 𝒙𝟔
• Then the solution of differential equation is given by
∴ 𝒖 𝝁 𝒙 = න 𝝁 𝒙 𝒒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

𝟔 𝟔
𝟗 𝟒
𝟗 𝟓
⟹ 𝒖𝒙 = න𝒙 − 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = −𝟗 න 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = − 𝒙 + 𝒄
𝒙 𝟓
𝟗
⟹ 𝒚−𝟑 𝒙𝟔 = − 𝒙𝟓 + 𝒄
𝟓
−𝟑
𝟗 −𝟏
⟹𝒚 = − 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒙−𝟔
𝟓
2.5 : Solutions by Substitution

2.5.3: Reduction to
Separation of Variables
• A differential equation of the form
𝒅𝒚
= 𝒇 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪 ,
𝒅𝒙
can always be reduced to an equation with separable variables by
means of the substitution
𝒖 = 𝑨𝒙 + 𝑩𝒚 + 𝑪, 𝑩≠𝟎
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
=𝑨+𝑩 ⇒ 𝑩 = −𝑨
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒚 𝟏 𝒅𝒖
⇒ = −𝑨
𝒅𝒙 𝑩 𝒅𝒙
Then
𝟏 𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
−𝑨 =𝒇 𝒖 ⇒ = 𝑩𝒇 𝒖 +𝑨
𝑩 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
Example 3: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 𝟐 − 𝟕
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• Let
𝒖 = −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
∴ = −𝟐 + ⟹ = +𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
∴ + 𝟐 = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟕
𝒅𝒙
 𝒅𝒖
⟹ = 𝒖𝟐 − 𝟗
𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න 𝟐 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒖 −𝟗 𝒖 −𝟗

𝟏 𝒖−𝟑
⟹ 𝐥𝐧 =𝒙+𝒄
𝟔 𝒖+𝟑

𝟏 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝟑
⟹ ∴ 𝐥𝐧 =𝒙+𝒄
𝟔 −𝟐𝒙 + 𝒚 + 𝟑
Exer. No. 27: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= 𝟐 + 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• Let
𝒖 = 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
∴ = −𝟐 ⟹ = +𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
∴ +𝟐=𝟐+ 𝒖
𝒅𝒙
 𝒅𝒖
⟹ = 𝒖
𝒅𝒙

𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒖 𝒖

⟹ 𝟐 𝒖=𝒙+𝒄

⟹ ∴ 𝟐 𝒚 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
Exer. No. 29: Solve the differential equation
𝒅𝒚
= 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒙 + 𝒚)
𝒅𝒙

❑Solution
• Let
𝒖=𝒙+𝒚
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒖
∴ =𝟏+ ⟹ = −𝟏
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖
∴ − 𝟏 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖
𝒅𝒙
 𝒅𝒖
⟹ = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏
𝒅𝒙
𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖
∴ = 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න = න 𝒅𝒙
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 (𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖) 𝒅𝒖
⟹ න 𝟐
= න 𝒅𝒙 ⟹ න 𝟐
= න 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒖

⟹ න 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝟐 𝒖 − 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = න 𝒅𝒙

⟹ − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒖 + 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒖 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
⟹ 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 + 𝒚 − 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙 + 𝒄
Or, we can solve the integral
𝒅𝒖
𝑰=න
𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒖 + 𝟏
by using
𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝟏 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐
𝟐

𝒅𝒖 𝒅𝒖 𝟏 𝟐
𝒖
∴ 𝑰=න =න 𝒖 = න 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒅𝒖
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒖 + 𝟏 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖 𝒙+𝒚 𝟐
= 𝐭𝐚𝐧 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧
𝟐 𝟐