Fundamental Equations Maxwell Relations:

𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 − 𝑃𝑑𝑉 =−
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑆
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑉
𝑑𝐻 = 𝑇𝑑𝑆 + 𝑉𝑑𝑃 =
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑆
𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑆
𝑑𝐴 = −𝑃𝑑𝑉 − 𝑆𝑑𝑇 =
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑉
𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑆
𝑑𝐺 = 𝑉 𝑑𝑃 − 𝑆𝑑𝑇 =−
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑃
Thermal Expansion Coefficient and Isothermal Compressibility Relations

1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑃 𝛽 𝜕𝑉
𝛽= 𝜅=− = = 𝛽𝑉
𝑉 𝜕𝑇 𝑉 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑇 𝜅 𝜕𝑇

Heat Capacity Relations

𝜕𝑈 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑉 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝐶
𝐶 = =𝑇 −𝑃 =𝑇 =
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑇
𝜕𝐻 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑃 𝜕𝑆 𝜕𝑆 𝐶
𝐶 = =𝑇 +𝑉 =𝑇 =
𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝜕𝑇 𝑇
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑇
𝐶 = 𝐶 −𝑇
𝜕𝑃
𝜕𝑉

Internal Energy Change:

𝜕𝑃
𝑑𝑈 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑇 − 𝑃 𝑑𝑉
𝜕𝑇

Enthalpy Change:

𝜕𝑉
𝑑𝐻 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑉 − 𝑇 𝑑𝑃
𝜕𝑇

Entropy Change:

𝐶 𝜕𝑃
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑑𝑉
𝑇 𝜕𝑇

𝐶 𝜕𝑉
𝑑𝑆 = 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑑𝑃
𝑇 𝜕𝑇