DYNAMICS

Introduction to Dynamics
Kinematics of a Particle
rationale
In this modern world, machines play a crucial role in
different industries and businesses by reducing human
effort or by replacing the need for labor work.
At the same time, identifying physical requirements and
designing appropriate models and prototype are essential
to engineers in creating sound mechanical systems.
This topic will introduce the concepts of dynamics, kinetics
and kinematics, and the different types of motion.
outline
Introduction

Kinematics of Particle
INTRODUCTION
definition

• A branch of physical science and subdivision of

mechanics that is concerned with the motion
of material objects in relation to the physical
factors that affect them: force,
mass, momentum, energy.
Branches of dynamics
kinematics

• Study of the geometry of motion. Kinematics

is used to relate displacement, velocity,
acceleration, and time without reference to
the cause of motion.
kinetics

• Study of the relations existing between the

forces acting on a body, the mass of the body,
and the motion of the body. Concerned with
how forces causing the motion.
motion

MOTION IS RELATIVE

• Refer the motion to a frame of reference,

usually thought of as fixed on the earth or
fixed relative to the stars, in which the motion
is measured.
DEFINITION
Examples of motion

Rectilinear a)March past by the soldiers in straight line.

b)Motion of falling objects from certain height
Circular a) Motion of satellites around planets.
b) Motion of car turning to a curved track
Rotational a) Motion of giant wheel b) Motion of wheels of
moving vehicle
Periodic a) Motion of simple pendulum b) Motion of Earth
on its own axis.
Examples of motion

Rectilinear motion: position, velocity, and

acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight
line.

Curvilinear motion: position, velocity, and

acceleration of a particle as it moves along a curved
line in two or three dimensions.
Motion vectors

Position vector: the position of any object is the place

where we can find it at any constant time.

Displacement vector: the shortest distance between

two points of positions
2-MINUTE BREAK
KINEMATICS OF A
PARTICLE
Rectilinear Motion: Position,
Velocity & Acceleration

• Particle moving along a straight line is said to be

in rectilinear motion.
• Position coordinate of a particle is defined by
positive or negative distance of particle from a
fixed origin on the line.
• The motion of a particle is known if the position
coordinate for particle is known for every value of
time t. Motion of the particle may be expressed
in the form of a function, e.g.,

• x = 6t 2 − t 3
• or in the form of a graph x vs. t.
Rectilinear Motion: Position,
Velocity & Acceleration

Position coordinate or Position vector

• a vector that starts from the origin (0,0) is called position vector.
• as the point in space used to find a particular location by subtracting the initial point
from the terminal point.
Example:
The position vector of point P with coordinates
( x, y, z ) is the vector r with initial point on the
Origin and terminal point on P , it can be
Obtained adding 3 vectors along three axis.
r= xi+ yj+ zk
Rectilinear Motion: Position,
Velocity & Acceleration
QUESTION #1 -average velocity
Calculate the average velocity at a
particular time interval of a particle
if it is moves 5 m at 2 s and 15 m at
4s along x-axis?
Rectilinear Motion: Position,
Velocity & Acceleration

Solution:

Given: Initial distance traveled, xi = 5 m,

Final distance traveled, xf = 15 m,
Initial time interval ti = 2s,
Final time interval tf = 4s.

Average Velocity Vav = xf−xi/tf−ti

= 15−5/4−2
= 10/2
= 5m/s.
= 5m/s.
QUESTION #2- instantaneous velocity
Rectilinear Motion: Position,
Velocity & Acceleration
Rectilinear Motion: Position,
Velocity & Acceleration
Rectilinear Motion: Position,
Velocity & Acceleration

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Determination of the Motion of a
Particle
QUESTION #3
Determination of the Motion of a
Particle
Determination of the Motion of a
Particle
Determination of the Motion of a
Particle
2-MINUTE BREAK
recall
What is motion? What is Rectilinear motion?
- motion is change of position with - rectilinear motion is another name for straight-line
time. motion. This type of motion describes the movement of a
particle or a body. A body is said to experience rectilinear
motion if any two particles of the body travel the same
Examples: distance along two parallel straight lines.
-the moving blades of a fan
-the moving car Example :
-pushing a block -a boy walking on straight road
-people walking -a car running on a straight road
-a train running on straight road
-jogging -free falling heavy body
-swimming -a rocket just launched
-bus moving and many more -parade of army soldiers
-moonwalk of dancer
recall

Recall:

• Position,
∆𝑥
• Velocity (v = ),
∆𝑡
𝑑𝑥
• Instantaneous Velocity (v = ), and
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑣
• Instantaneous Acceleration (a = ).
𝑑𝑡
Uniform Rectilinear Motion

• For particle in uniform rectilinear motion, the acceleration is zero and the velocity is constant.

𝑑𝑥
= 𝑣 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 𝑑𝑡

𝑥𝑓 𝑡
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑥𝑜 0

𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 = v t

𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑡
Uniformly Accelerated
Rectilinear Motion

• For particle in uniformly accelerated rectilinear motion, the acceleration of the

particle is constant.
𝑑𝑣
= 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑣 𝑡
න 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑜 0

𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 = 𝑎 𝑡

𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎 𝑡
Uniformly Accelerated
Rectilinear Motion
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥
𝑥 𝑡
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑜 𝑥𝑜
𝑥𝑜 0
1
2 (𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 )2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )
𝑎𝑡 2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 +
2
(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 )2 = 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )
𝑎𝑡 2
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑣 2 = (𝑣𝑜 )2 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑂 )
2
Uniformly Accelerated
Rectilinear Motion
𝑣 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡

𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑣
= 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑥

𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
𝑣 𝑥
𝑥 𝑡
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = න 𝑎 𝑑𝑥
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑣𝑜 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑣𝑜 𝑥𝑜
𝑥𝑜 0
1
2 (𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 )2 = 𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )
𝑎𝑡 2
𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 = 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 +
2
(𝑣 − 𝑣𝑜 )2 = 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑜 )
𝑎𝑡 2
𝑥 = 𝑥𝑜 + 𝑣𝑜 𝑡 + 𝑣 2 = (𝑣𝑜 )2 + 2𝑎(𝑥 − 𝑥𝑂 )
2
QUESTION #4

A car starts from rest and with constant acceleration

achieves a velocity of 𝟏𝟓 𝒎∕𝒔 when it travels a distance
of 200 m. Determine the acceleration of the car and the
time required.
Uniformly Accelerated
Rectilinear Motion
GIVEN: SOLUTION:
𝒗𝑶 = 𝟎
𝒗𝟐 = (𝒗𝒐 )𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂(𝒙 − 𝒙𝑶 )
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒎Τ𝒔 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 + 𝒂 𝒕
𝒙𝑶 = 𝟎 𝒎 𝟐
(𝟏𝟓 ) = (𝟎)𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂(𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎 − 𝟎) 𝒎 𝒎
𝒙 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝒔 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟎 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝒕
𝒔 𝒔
𝒎𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟐 = (𝟒𝟎𝟎𝐦)𝒂 𝒎
𝒔 𝟏𝟓
𝒔
𝒎=𝒕
𝒎𝟐 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓 𝟐
𝟐𝟐𝟓 𝟐 𝒔
𝒔 =𝒂
𝟒𝟎𝟎𝒎 𝒕 = 𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝒔
𝒎
𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔𝟐𝟓
𝒔𝟐
QUESTION #5

An airplane accelerates down a runway at 3.20 m/s2 for

32.8 s until is finally lifts off the ground. Determine the
distance travelled before take off.
Uniformly Accelerated
Rectilinear Motion
SOLUTION:
GIVEN: 𝒂𝒕𝟐
𝒂 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟎 𝒎Τ𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒙 𝒐 + 𝒗𝒐 𝒕 +
𝟐
𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐. 𝟖 𝒔
𝒎
𝒙𝒐 = 𝟎 𝒎 𝒎 (𝟑. 𝟐𝟎 𝟐 )(𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝒔)𝟐
𝒙 = 𝟎 𝐦 + 𝟎 (𝟑𝟐. 𝟖 𝒔) + 𝒔
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟎 𝒎Τ𝒔 𝒔 𝟐
𝒎
FIND: (𝟑. 𝟐𝟎 𝟐 )(𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝒔)𝟐
𝒙= 𝒔
x=? 𝟐

𝒙 = 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟒 𝐦
2-MINUTE BREAK
CURVILINEAR MOTION

Defined as motion that occurs when a particle travels

along a curved path. The curved path can be in two
dimensions (in a plane), or in three dimensions.
PLANE CURVILINEAR MOTION

- motion of a particle along a

curved path which lies in a
single plane.

For a short time during take-off

and landing,
planes generally follow plane
curvilinear motion
PLANE CURVILINEAR MOTION

• SUB PARTS OF CURVILINEAR MOTION

1. RECTANGULAR COORDINATES
2. NORMAL ANG TANGENTIAL COMPONENTS
3. POLAR COORDINATES
Rectangular coordinates
Projectile motion

• - is a form of motion experienced by an

object or particle (a projectile) that is thrown
near the Earth's surface and moves along a
curved path under the action of gravity only
(in particular, the effects of air resistance are
assumed to be negligible). This curved path
was shown by Galileo to be a parabola.
Projectile motion
Projectile motion

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QUESTION #6
Projectile motion

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QUESTION #7
Projectile motion

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Projectile motion

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Projectile motion

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THANK YOU