Engineering Mechanics II

EMP 027
Dynamics of Particle

Ch 1:KINEMATICS OF A PARTICLE
(RECTILINEAR MOTION)
1
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle
- The particle is moving along a straight line.
- Let the particle moves along single coordinate axis 𝒔.
𝑷
 The position: (vector) 𝒔
𝑶 𝒊
𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒔(𝒕)𝒊
The position of the particle 𝑷 is defined by the position
vector 𝒓(𝒕) measured from fixed point 𝑶 (Origin) which is
varies with time, i.e.: Magnitude Direction

𝒓 𝒕 =𝒔 𝒕 𝒊 2
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle
𝑷
 The position (Cont.): (Vector) 𝒔
𝑶 𝒊
𝒓 𝒕 = 𝒔(𝒕)𝒊
 Since the position vector has fixed direction, then for
simplicity we can represent its magnitude only by the
distance from the origin (𝒔 𝒕 ) and its sense (arrow) by
the algebraic sign of 𝒔(𝒕).
 So, the positive sign of 𝒔(𝒕) means the particle is in the positive
side of 𝒔-axis and the negative sign means the particle is in the
negative side of 𝒔-axis. 3
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Kinematics of Particle
 The displacement (Vector): 𝑶
𝒕𝟏 𝒕𝟐
The displacement of a particle during ∆𝒔(𝒕) 𝒔
certain interval of time (∆𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏 ) 𝒔(𝒕𝟏 ) 𝒔(𝒕𝟐 )
is defined as the change in its
position during this interval, i.e.
∆𝒔𝒕𝟏 −𝒕𝟐 = 𝒔 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒔(𝒕𝟏 )
If ∆𝒔𝒕𝟏 →𝒕𝟐 > 𝟎, then the displacement to the right.
If ∆𝒔𝒕𝟏 →𝒕𝟐 < 𝟎, then the displacement to the left.
If ∆𝒔𝒕𝟏 →𝒕𝟐 = 𝟎, then no displacement. 4
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Kinematics of Particle
 Distance traveled: (scalar quantity ≥ 𝟎)
It is the total distance of the path over which the particle travels
from position of 𝒔𝒊 at 𝒕𝒊 to position 𝒔𝒇 at 𝒕𝒇 .
𝒗=𝟎
Let, the particle started to 𝒕𝒇
𝑷′ 𝑷 𝒕𝒊 𝒕𝒗=𝟎 𝑸
move from point 𝑷(𝒔𝒊 , 𝒕𝒊 ) 𝑶 𝒔𝒊 𝒔𝒗=𝟎 𝒔
𝒔𝒇
and stop at point
𝑸 𝒔𝒗=𝒐 , 𝒕𝒗=𝟎 , and returned
back to point 𝑷′(𝒔𝒇 , 𝒕𝒇 ), then 𝑫 𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝒇 =𝑫 𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝒗=𝟎 +𝑫 𝒕𝒗=𝟎 → 𝒕𝒇
the distance traveled is:
𝑫 𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝒇 = ∆𝒔 𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝒗=𝟎 + ∆𝒔 𝒕𝒗=𝟎 → 𝒕𝒇
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 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle 𝑷(𝒕, 𝒔)𝒇 𝑷(𝒕𝒊 , 𝒔𝒊 ) 𝑷(𝒕, 𝒔)𝒗=𝟎

 Velocity (vector): (𝒗𝒂𝒗 )𝒕𝒊 ⟶𝒕𝒇𝑶 𝒔

Average Velocity: (vector)

It measures the change in the position during the time interval [𝒕𝒊 , 𝒕𝒇 ].
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐜𝐦𝐞𝐧𝐭 ∆𝒔𝒕𝒊 →𝒕𝒇 𝒔𝒇 − 𝒔𝒊
𝒗𝒂𝒗 = = = ⋚ 𝟎
𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝒇 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
Average Speed: (scalar)
It measures the change in the distance traveled during the time
interval [𝒕𝒊 , 𝒕𝒇 ].
𝐓𝐨𝐭𝐚𝐥 𝐝𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝑫𝒕𝒊 →𝒕𝒇 ∆𝒔 𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝒗=𝟎+ ∆𝒔 𝒕𝒗=𝟎 → 𝒕𝒇
𝒗𝒔𝒑, 𝒂𝒗 = = = ≥𝟎 6
𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝒇 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐢𝐧𝐭𝐞𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐥 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle 𝒗
 Velocity (Vector): (Cont.) 𝑷(𝒕, 𝒔)
𝑶 𝒔(𝒕) 𝒔
Instantaneous Velocity: (vector)
It is the change in the position (𝚫𝐬) during the time interval
𝚫𝒕 = 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊 𝒂𝒔 𝚫𝒕 → 𝟎
𝚫𝒔 𝒅𝒔
𝒗𝒊𝒏𝒔 = 𝒗 = lim = ⋛𝟎
∆𝒕→𝟎 𝚫𝒕 𝒅𝒕
Where the sign of the velocity indicates its direction.
If 𝒗 𝐨𝐫 𝒗𝒂𝒗 > 𝟎, then the velocity (motion) is in positive 𝒔-axis
If 𝒗 𝐨𝐫 𝒗𝒂𝒗 < 𝟎, then the velocity (motion) is in negative 𝒔-axis 7
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Kinematics of Particle

To calculate the distance traveled 𝑫 in the interval [𝒕𝒊 , 𝒕𝒇 ]:

1- Find 𝒔𝒊 at 𝒕𝒊 and 𝒔𝒇 at 𝒕𝒇 .
2- Find the times at which the particle stops (𝒕𝟏 , 𝒕𝟐 , . . )
within the interval 𝒕𝒊 , 𝒕𝒇 by letting 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟎.
3- Calculate the positions at 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝟎 (𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒔 𝐚𝐭 𝒗 = 𝟎)
4- Calculate the distance traveled as
𝑫𝑻 = ∆𝒔 𝒕𝒊 → 𝒕𝟏 + ∆𝒔 𝒕𝟏 → 𝒕𝟐 + ⋯ + ∆𝒔 … → 𝒕𝒇
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 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle (𝒕, 𝒔, 𝒗)𝒇 (𝒕, 𝒔, 𝒗)𝒊 𝒕, 𝒔 𝒗=𝟎
𝒗𝒇 𝑶 𝒗𝒊 𝒗=𝟎 𝒔
 Acceleration: (Vector) 𝒂𝒂𝒗 𝒕𝒊 ⟶𝒕𝒇
Average Acceleration:
It measures the change in the velocity 𝚫𝒗 during the time interval [𝒕𝒊 , 𝒕𝒇 ].
∆𝒗𝒕𝒊 →𝒕𝒇 𝒗𝒇 − 𝒗𝒊 ∆𝒗𝒕𝒊 →𝒕𝒇
𝒂𝒂𝒗 𝒕𝒊 →𝒕𝒇 = = = ⋛𝟎
𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊 ∆𝒕
Instantaneous Acceleration:
It is the change of the particle’s velocity 𝚫𝒗 during the time interval
𝚫𝒕 = 𝒕𝒇 − 𝒕𝒊 𝐚𝐬 𝚫𝒕 → 𝟎 𝑷(𝒕, 𝒔, 𝒗)
𝚫𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝟐 𝒔
9
𝒅𝒗
𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔 = 𝒂 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = = 𝟐=𝒗 ⋛𝟎 𝑶 𝒔
∆𝒕→𝟎 𝚫𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒔 𝒂
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle
 Acceleration (Vector) : (Cont.)
 The sign of the acceleration indicates its direction.
If 𝒂 𝐨𝐫 𝒂𝒂𝒗 > 𝟎, then the acceleration is in positive 𝒙-axis.
If 𝒂 𝐨𝐫 𝒂𝒂𝒗 < 𝟎, then the acceleration is in negative 𝒙-axis.
 Accelerated particle: 𝒂 𝒂
The velocity and the acceleration are 𝒗 𝑶𝒓 𝒗
in the same directions. 𝑶 𝒔 𝑶 𝒔
 Decelerated particle: 𝒂 𝑶𝒓 𝒂
The acceleration is in opposite 𝒗 𝒗
direction to velocity. 𝑶 𝒔 𝑶 𝒔 10
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Kinematics of Particle
Solving Problems:
1- Establish the position coordinate 𝒔 along the path and specify
its fixed origin and positive direction.
2- Since the motion is along a straight line, then the magnitude of
the vector quantities (position, velocity, and acceleration)
can be represented by their algebraic scalars and their sense
can be defined by their algebraic signs.
3- The positive sign indicates that the vector is in positive 𝒔-axis
and the negative sign indicates that the vector is in negative
𝒔-axis. 11
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle 𝑷(𝒔, 𝒕)
𝒔
𝑶 𝒔(𝒕)
1- Given: 𝒔 = 𝒔(𝒕) 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕
The velocity 𝒗 𝒕 and the acceleration 𝒂 𝒕 : 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒔 𝒅𝒗
∴𝒗 𝒕 = 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒂 𝒕 =
𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒕
By eliminating time 𝒕 between any of two equations we obtain
𝒗 = 𝒗 𝒔 , 𝒂 = 𝒂 𝒔 or 𝒂 = 𝒂(𝒗)
Ex: Let 𝒔 𝒕 = −𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ∴ 𝒗 𝒔 = −𝟐𝒔
𝒅𝒔
∴𝒗 𝒕 = = 𝟐𝒆−𝟐𝒕 ∴ 𝒂 𝒔 = 𝟒𝒔
𝒅𝒕
∴ 𝒂 𝒗 = −𝟐𝒗
∴ 𝒂 𝒕 = −𝟒𝒆−𝟐𝒕
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Problem:
A particle is moving along a straight line such that its position is
given by : 𝐬 = 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟗𝒕 𝐦, where 𝒕 is in seconds. Determine
the displacement , distance traveled, average velocity, and the
average speed during the first 𝟐 seconds. Also, determine the
velocity and the acceleration at 𝟐 seconds.
Solution: The distance traveled can be
𝒔 = 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝟗𝒕 determined as follows:
𝒔(𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒗 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒕 + 𝟗
𝒔 𝟐 = (𝟐)𝟑 −𝟔(𝟐)𝟐 + 𝟗 𝟐 = +𝟐𝐦
𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝒗 = 𝟎:
𝚫𝒔 = 𝒔 𝟐 − 𝒔 𝟎 = 𝟐 − 𝟎 = +𝟐𝐦
𝒕=𝟎→𝟐 𝒗 = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒕 + 𝟗 = 𝟎 13
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Solution: 𝒔=𝑶
𝒕=𝑶
𝒔=𝟐 𝒔=𝟒
𝒕=𝟐 𝒕=𝟏
𝒗 = 𝟑(𝒕𝟐 − 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟑) = 𝟎 𝒙
𝑶 𝒗=𝟎
𝒔 = 𝟒𝐦
(𝒕 − 𝟏)(𝒕 − 𝟑) = 𝟎
𝒕 = 𝟏 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒕 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝒔 = 𝟐𝐦 𝟐𝐦
The solution 𝒕 = 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 is outside the
time interval from 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜 , then ∆𝒔 𝟐
𝒗𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟏𝐦/𝐬
determine the position at 𝒕 = 𝟏𝐬𝐞𝐜 only. 𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟐 ∆𝒕 𝟐 − 𝟎
𝟑 𝟐
∴𝒔 𝟏 = 𝟏 −𝟔 𝟏 + 𝟗 𝟏 = +𝟒𝐦 𝑫𝑻 𝟔
𝒗𝒔𝒑,𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟑𝐦/𝐬
∴ 𝚫𝐬 =𝟐−𝟎=𝟐𝐦 𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟐 ∆𝒕 𝟐 − 𝟎
𝒕=𝟎→𝟐
∴ 𝒗 𝟐 = 𝟑[ 𝟐𝟐 − 𝟒 𝟐 + 𝟑] = −𝟑𝐦/𝐬
∴ 𝑫𝑻 = 𝒔 𝟏 − 𝒔(𝟎) + 𝒔 𝟐 − 𝒔(𝟏)
𝒕=𝟎→𝟐
𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟑(𝟐𝒕 − 𝟒)
∴ 𝑫𝑻 =𝟒+𝟐=𝟔𝐦 14
𝒕=𝟎→𝟐 ∴ 𝒂 𝟐 = 𝟑[𝟐 𝟐 − 𝟒] = 𝟎
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Problem: F12.5 √√
The position of the particle is given by
𝒔 = 𝟐𝒕𝟐 − 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟔 𝐦, where 𝒕 is in seconds. Determine the
time when the velocity of the particle is zero, and the total
distance travelled by the particle when 𝒕 = 𝟑 𝐬.

15
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Kinematics of Particle The position 𝒔(𝒕):
𝒅𝒔 𝒕
2- Given 𝒗(𝒕) 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒗 𝒕 = =𝒔
𝒅𝒕
The acceleration 𝒂(𝒕): Perform the definite integral
𝒗 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 by separating the variables (𝒔, 𝒕)
𝑷 and using one initial condition
𝒔
𝑶 𝒔(𝒕) 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕 (𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 ) or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 )
General condition
𝒅𝒗 𝒕 𝒔 𝒕
∴𝒂 𝒕 = =𝒔 𝒔𝒐
𝒅𝒔 = 𝒕=𝟎
𝒗 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ⇒ 𝒔(𝒕)
𝒅𝒕 16

Initial condition or certain condition

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The car in Figure

moves in a
straight line such
that for a short
time its velocity
is defined by 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 𝐦/𝐬, where 𝒕 is in seconds.
Determine its position and acceleration when 𝒕 = 𝟑𝐬. When
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟎. Also, find the average velocity and the average
speed during the first 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜. 17
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𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 𝐦/𝐬 𝒂 = 𝟏 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 → 𝒂 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 →
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝒔 𝟑 , 𝒂 𝟑 , 𝒗𝒂𝒗 , 𝒗𝒔𝒑 (𝒕 𝒗=𝑶 𝒗 = 𝟖. 𝟒𝐦/𝐬 →
𝟎→𝟑 ) 𝒔=𝑶 𝒔 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝐦
Initial conditions: At 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟎 𝒕=𝑶 𝒕=𝟑𝐬 𝒙
Solution: 𝑶 ∴ 𝚫𝐬 = 𝑫𝑻 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝐦
𝒅𝒔 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟏 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐
∵𝒗= = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 𝐦/𝐬
𝒅𝒕
𝒔 𝒕
𝒂 𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟐 𝟑 + 𝟏 = 𝟒. 𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐
∴ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒗 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟔 𝟑 𝟐 + 𝟑 = 𝟖. 𝟒 𝐦/𝐬
𝒔=𝟎 𝒕=𝟎
𝒕
The velocity never equal zero:
∴ 𝒔 𝒔𝒔=𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒕𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕𝟐 𝒕=𝟎 𝚫𝒔 𝟗. 𝟗
∴ 𝒗𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝐦/𝐬
𝟑
∴ 𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟓𝒕𝟐 𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟑 𝚫𝒕 𝟑
𝑫 𝑻 𝟗. 𝟗 18

∴ 𝒔 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟑 𝟐 = 𝟗. 𝟗𝐦 ∴ 𝒗𝒔𝒑,𝒂𝒗 = = = 𝟑. 𝟑𝐦/𝐬
𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟑 𝚫𝒕 𝟑
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
√√
A particle moves along a horizontal path with a velocity of
𝒗 = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟔𝒕 𝐦/𝐬, where 𝒕 is the time in seconds. If it is
initially located at the origin 𝑶, determine the distance travelled
in 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐬, and the particle’s average velocity and average speed
during the time interval. Find the acceleration at 𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐬.
𝒕=𝑶
𝒗=𝑶

𝑶 𝒔
𝒔=𝑶 19
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𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒗 = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟔𝒕 𝐦/𝐬
∴ 𝒔 = 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟑𝒕𝟐
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝑫𝑻 , 𝒗𝒂𝒗 , 𝒗𝒔𝒑,𝒂𝒗 in 𝟑. 𝟓𝐬𝐞𝐜
∴𝒔 𝟎 =𝟎
Initial conditions:
At 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝒔 𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝟑. 𝟓 𝟐

= 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐦
Solution: 𝒗=𝑶 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟓 →
𝒅𝒔 𝒔=𝑶 𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐦
∵𝒗= = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟔𝒕 𝐦/𝐬 𝒕=𝑶 𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐬
𝒅𝒕 𝒙
𝒔 𝒕 𝑶
∴ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟔𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝒔=𝟎 𝒕=𝟎 𝒗(𝟎) = 𝟎
𝒕
∴ 𝒔 𝒔𝒔=𝟎 = 𝒕𝟑 − 𝟐
𝟑𝒕 𝒕=𝟎
𝒗 𝟑. 𝟓 = 𝟑 𝟑. 𝟓 𝟐 − 𝟔 𝟑. 𝟓 20

= 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝐦/𝐬
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Solution: (Cont.)
𝟐
𝒂 = 𝟔𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 → ← 𝒂 = −𝟔𝐦/𝐬𝟐 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟓𝐦/𝐬 →
𝒗=𝑶 𝒗=𝑶 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟕𝟓𝐦/𝐬 →
∵ 𝒗 = 𝟑𝒕𝟐 − 𝟔𝒕 𝐦/𝐬 𝒔 = −𝟒𝐦 𝒔=𝑶 𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐦
𝒕=𝟐 𝒕=𝑶 𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟓 𝐬
∴ 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟔𝒕 − 𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝑶
∴ 𝒂 𝟎 = −𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 ←
So, the particle will start to move
𝚫𝒔 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 − 𝟎 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐦
to the left. Let 𝒗 = 𝟎 𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟑.𝟓
∴ 𝒗 = 𝟑𝒕 𝒕 − 𝟐 = 𝟎 𝑫𝑻 𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟑.𝟓 = 𝟒 + 𝟒 + 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐦
∴ 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝐬 𝚫𝒔 𝟔. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
So, the particle will stop at 𝒕 = 𝟐 𝐬 ∴ 𝒗𝒂𝒗 𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟑.𝟓 = 𝚫𝒕 = 𝟑
= 𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝐦/𝐬
∴ 𝒔 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟑 − 𝟑 𝟐 𝟐 = −𝟒𝐦 𝑫𝑻 𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟐𝟓
𝟐 ∴ 𝒗𝒔𝒑 = = = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝐦/𝐬
Since, 𝒂 𝟐 = 𝟔 𝐦/𝐬 → 𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟑.𝟓 𝚫𝒕 𝟑
21
Then, the particle will return back
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle 3- Given 𝒂(𝒕)
The velocity 𝒗(𝒕): The position 𝒔(𝒕):
Let 𝒂(𝒕) = 𝒅𝒗 𝒕 /𝒅𝒕 𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒗 𝒕 = 𝒅𝒔 𝒕 /𝒅𝒕 = 𝒔
Perform the definite integral Perform the definite integral
by separating the variables (𝒗, 𝒕) by separating the variables (𝒔, 𝒕)
and using one initial condition and using one initial condition
(𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 ) (𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 )
or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 ) or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 )
General condition 𝒔 𝒕
𝒗
𝒅𝒗 =
𝒕
𝒂 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒗 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 ⇒ 𝒔(𝒕)
𝒗𝒐 𝒕=𝟎 ⇒𝒗 𝒕 ⇒ 𝒔𝒐 𝒕=𝟎 22

Initial condition or certain condition

 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: 12.2
The acceleration of a particle as it moves along a straight line
is given by 𝒂 = (𝟒𝒕𝟑 − 𝟏) 𝐦/𝒔𝟐 , where 𝒕 is in seconds. If
𝒔 = 𝟐 𝐦 and 𝒗 = 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬 when 𝒕 = 𝟎, determine the
particle’s velocity and position when 𝒕 = 𝟓 𝐬. Also, determine
the total distance the particle travels during this time period.
𝒕=𝟎
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟓𝐦/𝐬

𝑶
𝒔𝒐 = 𝟐𝐦 23
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = (𝟒𝒕𝟑 − 𝟏) 𝐦/𝒔𝟐 ∴ 𝒗 = 𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕 + 𝟓
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝟏. 𝒗 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒔 𝐚𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 ∴ 𝒗 𝟓 = 𝟓 𝟒 − 𝟓 + 𝟓 = 𝟔𝟐𝟓𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝟐. 𝑫𝑻 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝒕 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜
∵ 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 = 𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕 + 𝟓
Initial conditions: 𝒔 𝒕
At 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟐𝐦, 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟓𝐦/𝐬 ∴ 𝒅𝒔 = (𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕 + 𝟓) 𝒅𝒕
Solution: 𝒔=𝟐 𝒕=𝟎
𝒕
𝒕𝟓 𝒕𝟐
𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕 = (𝟒𝒕𝟑 − 𝟏) ∴ 𝒔 𝒔
𝒔=𝟐 = − + 𝟓𝒕
𝒗 𝒕 𝟓 𝟐 𝟎
∴ 𝒅𝒗 = (𝟒𝒕𝟑 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒕 𝒕𝟓 𝒕𝟐
𝒗𝒐 =𝟓 𝒕=𝟎 ∴𝒔= − + 𝟓𝒕 + 𝟐
𝒗 𝟒 𝒕 𝟓 𝟐
∴ 𝒗 𝒗𝒐=𝟓 = 𝒕 −𝒕 𝒕𝒐 =𝒐 𝟓 𝟓 𝟓 𝟐 24
∴𝒔 𝟓 = − + 𝟓 𝟓 = 𝟔𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝐦
∴ 𝒗 − 𝟓 = 𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕 𝟓 𝟐
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Solution: (Cont.) 𝒗(𝐦/𝐬)

The distance traveled can be

determined as follows: 𝟓
Let 𝒗 = 𝟎 𝒗𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒂 = 𝟎 = 𝟒. 𝟓𝟑𝐦/𝐬
𝟏
𝒕
𝟐
∴ 𝒗 = 𝒕𝟒 − 𝒕 + 𝟓 = 𝟎
𝒂(𝐦/𝐬𝟐 )
It can be seen that the particle
never stop, then:
𝟑
∴ 𝑫𝑻 = 𝒔 𝟓 −𝒔 𝟎
𝒕=𝟎→𝒕=𝟓𝒔𝒆𝒄
= 𝟔𝟑𝟗. 𝟓 − 𝟐 = 𝟔𝟑𝟕. 𝟓𝐦 𝒕
𝟏 𝟐 25
−𝟏 𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝐬𝐞𝐜 (𝒂 = 𝟎)
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: 12.22 √√
The acceleration of a particle along a straight line is defined by
𝒂 = (𝟐𝒕 − 𝟗) 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 , where 𝒕 is in seconds. At 𝒕 = 𝟎,
𝒔 = 𝟏 𝐦 and 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦/𝐬. When 𝒕 = 𝟗 𝐬, determine (a) the
particle’s position, (b) the total distance travelled, and (c) the
velocity.
𝒕=𝟎
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟎𝐦/𝐬

𝑶
𝒔𝒐 = 𝟏𝐦 26
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝒔 𝒕
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟗 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐
∴ 𝒅𝒔 = (𝒕𝟐 −𝟗𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎)𝒅t
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝒔 , 𝒗 𝐚𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟗 𝐬𝐞𝐜, 𝑫𝑻(𝟎→𝟗) 𝒔=𝟏 𝒕=𝟎
Initial conditions: ∴ 𝒔 = 𝒕𝟑 /𝟑 − (𝟗/𝟐)𝒕𝟐 +𝟏𝟎𝒕 + 𝟏
𝐀𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝒔 = 𝟏𝐦 , 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝐦/𝐬 𝟗 𝟑 𝟗
∴𝒔 𝟗 = − 𝟗 𝟐 + 𝟏𝟎 𝟗 + 𝟏 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟓𝐦
Solution: 𝟑 𝟐
To calculate distance traveled, let 𝒗 = 𝟎
𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟐𝒕 − 𝟗
𝒗 𝒕
∴ 𝒗 = 𝒕𝟐 − 𝟗𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝟎
∴ 𝒅𝒗 = (𝟐𝒕 − 𝟗)𝒅t ∴ 𝒕𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟑 𝐬𝐞𝐜 , 𝒕𝟐 = 𝟕. 𝟕𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝒗=𝟏𝟎 𝒕=𝟎
∴ 𝒔 𝟏. 𝟑 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑𝐦 , ∴ 𝒔 𝟕. 𝟕 = −𝟑𝟔. 𝟔 𝐦
∴ 𝒗 𝒗𝟏𝟎 𝟐
= 𝒕 − 𝟗𝒕
𝒕 = 𝟕. 𝟕, 𝒗 = 𝟎 𝒕=𝟗 𝒕=𝟎 𝒕 = 𝟏. 𝟑, 𝒗 = 𝟎
𝟐
∴ 𝒗 = 𝒕 − 𝟗𝒕 + 𝟏𝟎 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 𝒔 = −𝟑𝟔. 𝟔 𝒔 = −𝟑𝟎. 𝟓 𝑶 𝒔=𝟏 𝒔 = 𝟕. 𝟏𝟑
∴ 𝒗 𝟗 = 𝟗 𝟐 − 𝟗 𝟗 + 𝟏𝟎 27
= 𝟏𝟎𝐦/𝐬 ∴ 𝑫𝑻𝒕=𝟎→𝟗𝒔𝒆𝒄 = 𝟔. 𝟏𝟑 + 𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟑 + 𝟔. 𝟏 = 𝟓𝟔 𝐦
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle
Motion with Uniform acceleration:
If the accelaration is costant (𝒂 = 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐭 = 𝑪), then by
integrating twice using the initial conditions 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒙 𝟎 = 𝒙𝒐 ,
𝒗 𝟎 = 𝒗𝒐 , we will have what is called Newton’s equations
of motion for uniform acceleration. i.e.
𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 + 𝑪𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
𝒙 = 𝒙𝒐 + 𝒗𝒐 𝒕 + 𝑪𝒕
𝟐
𝒗𝟐 = 𝒗𝟐𝒐 + 𝟐𝑪(𝒙 − 𝒙𝒐 ) 28
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
√√ 𝐚𝐭 𝒔𝑩,𝒎𝒂𝒙 , 𝒗𝑩 = 𝟎
𝑩
During a test a rocket travels upward
at 𝟕𝟓𝐦/𝐬, and when it is 𝟒𝟎𝐦 from the
ground its engine fails. Determine the
maximum height reached by the
rocket and its speed just before it hits 𝒔𝑩𝒎𝒂𝒙

the ground. While in motion the rocket 𝒗𝑨 = 𝟕𝟓𝐦/𝐬

is subjected to a constant downward 𝑨
𝟐
acceleration of 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝐦/𝐬 due to
𝒔𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎𝐦
gravity. Neglect the effect of air 𝒔
𝑪
resistance. 𝑶 29
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Given: The motion under uniform
acceleration 𝒂𝒈 = −𝟗. 𝟖𝟏𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 .
Ngative sign because it acts
opposite to 𝒔 for entire motion.
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 1- 𝒉𝒎𝒂𝒙 (𝒔𝑩 )
2- 𝒗𝑪 𝐚𝐭 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐠𝐫𝐨𝐮𝐧𝐝 (𝒔 = 𝟎)
Initial conditions:
𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟒𝟎 𝐦, 𝒗 = 𝟕𝟓𝐦/𝐬
Solution:
∵ 𝒗𝟐𝑩 = 𝒗𝟐𝑨 + 𝟐𝒂𝒈 (𝒔𝑩 − 𝑺𝑨 )
At maximum height 𝑩, 𝒗𝑩 = 𝟎
∴ 𝟎 = 𝟕𝟓 𝟐 + 𝟐(−𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝒔𝑩 − 𝟒𝟎)
∴ 𝒔𝑩 = 𝟑𝟐𝟔. 𝟕𝐦
Apply Newton’s equation between
𝑩 and 𝑪 to find 𝒗𝑪 𝒔 = 𝟎 .
∵ 𝒗𝟐𝑪 = 𝒗𝟐𝑩 + 𝟐𝒂𝒈 (𝒔𝑪 − 𝑺𝑩 )
∴ 𝒗𝟐𝑪 = 𝟎 + 𝟐(−𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟎 − 𝟑𝟐𝟔. 𝟕)
∴ 𝒗𝑪 = −𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝐦/𝐬
Or, apply Newton’s equation
between 𝑨 and 𝑪 to find 𝒗𝑪 𝒔 = 𝟎 .
∵ 𝒗𝟐𝑪 = 𝒗𝟐𝑨 + 𝟐𝒂𝒈 (𝒔𝑪 − 𝑺𝑨 )
∴ 𝒗𝟐𝑪 = 𝟕𝟓 𝟐 + 𝟐(−𝟗. 𝟖𝟏)(𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎) 30
∴ 𝒗𝑪 = −𝟖𝟎. 𝟏𝐦/𝐬
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle 4- Given 𝒗(𝒔)
The acceleration 𝒂(𝒔): The position 𝒔(𝒕):
𝐋𝐞𝐭 𝒗(𝒔) = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 = 𝒔
𝒗(𝒔)
𝑷 Perform the definite integral by
𝒔 separating the variables (𝒔, 𝒕) and
𝑶 𝒔(𝒕) 𝒅𝒗 𝒔
𝒂= 𝒗(𝒔) using one initial condition
𝒅𝒔
(𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 )
𝒅𝒗(𝒔)
∵𝒂= or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 )
𝒅𝒕 𝒔 𝒕
𝒅𝒗 𝒔 𝒅𝒔
∴𝒂= 𝒗 𝒔 ⇒ 𝒂(𝒔) = 𝒅𝒕 ⇒ 𝒔(𝒕) 31
𝒅𝒔 𝒗 𝒔
𝒔𝒐 𝒕=𝟎
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: F12.8
A particle travels along a straight line with a velocity of
𝒗 = (𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒔𝟐 ) 𝐦/𝐬, where 𝒔 is in meters. Determine
the time and the acceleration of the particle at 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓 𝐦.

𝑶
𝒔

32
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝒔 𝒕
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒗 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒔 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 𝟏 𝒅𝒔
∴ 𝟐
= 𝒅𝒕
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥. 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐭𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓𝐦 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒔=𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝒔 𝒕=𝟎

Initial conditions: At 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟎 Substitute 𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡𝒖

∴ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
Solution: 𝒔 𝒕
𝟏 𝟐𝟎𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖
∵ 𝒗 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒔𝟐 ∴ 𝟐
= 𝒅𝒕
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒔=𝟎 𝟒𝟎𝟎 − 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒕=𝟎
∴ 𝒂 = (𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒔)𝒗 = (𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝐬 𝟐 )(−𝟎. 𝟏𝐬) 𝟏 𝒔 𝒕
∴ 𝒅𝒖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝒕
∴ 𝒂(𝟏𝟓) = (𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟏𝟓𝟐
−𝟎. 𝟏 𝟏𝟓 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 × 𝟐𝟎 𝒔=𝟎 𝒕=𝟎
= −𝟏𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟓𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 ∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏
𝒔 𝒔
=𝒕
∵ 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝟎 𝒔=𝟎
𝒔 𝒕 𝐀𝐭 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟓𝐦 33
𝒅𝒔 𝟏𝟓
∴ 𝟐
= 𝒅𝒕 𝒕 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 −𝟏
− 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡−𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟑𝐬
𝒔=𝟎 𝟐𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝒔 𝒕=𝟎 𝟐𝟎
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: 12.15 √√
A particle is moving along a straight line such that its velocity
is defined as 𝒗 = (−𝟒𝒔𝟐 ) 𝐦/𝐬, where 𝒔 is in meters. If
𝒔 = 𝟐 𝐦 when 𝒕 = 𝟎, determine the velocity and
acceleration as functions of time.

𝒕=𝟎
𝒗𝒐 = 𝟏𝟔𝐦/𝐬

𝑶
𝒔𝒐 = 𝟐𝐦 34
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒗 = −𝟒𝒔𝟐 𝐦/𝐬 𝟏
∴𝒔 𝒕 =
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 1. 𝒗 𝒕 , 2. 𝒂(𝒕) 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟓
𝟐
Initial conditions: 𝒔 = 𝟐 𝐦 𝐚𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝟏
∴ 𝒗 𝒕 = −𝟒
Solution: 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟓
𝒅𝒔 −𝟖
∵𝒗= = −𝟒𝒔𝟐 𝐦/𝐬 ∴ 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟏
𝒔 𝒕 𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒔 𝟐 )(−𝟖𝒔)
∴ 𝟐
= −𝟒 𝒅𝒕 ∵ 𝒂 𝒕 = = 𝒗 = (−𝟒𝒔
𝒔=𝟐 𝒔 𝒕=𝟎 𝒅𝒕 𝒅𝒔
𝟏𝒔 ∴ 𝒂 𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐𝒔 𝟑
∴− = −𝟒 𝒕 𝒕𝒕=𝟎 𝟑
𝒔 𝒔=𝟐 𝟏 𝟐𝟓𝟔
∴ 𝒂 𝒕 = 𝟑𝟐 =
𝟏 𝟏 𝟒𝒕 + 𝟎. 𝟓 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟏 𝟑 35
∴ − = 𝟒𝒕
𝒔 𝟐
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle 5- Given 𝒂(𝒗)
𝒅𝒗(𝒔)
The velocity 𝒗(𝒔): Or 𝒂(𝒗) = 𝒗(𝒔)
𝒅𝒔
𝒅𝒗
Let 𝒂 𝒗 = Perform the definite integral by
𝒅𝒕 separating the variables (𝒗, 𝒔) and
Perform the definite integral
using one initial condition
by separating the variables (𝒗, 𝒕)
and using one initial condition (𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 )
(𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 ) or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 )
𝒗 𝒗𝒅𝒗 𝒔
or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 ) 𝒗
= 𝒔 𝒅𝒔 ⇒ 𝒗 𝒔
𝒐 𝒂 𝒗 𝒐
𝒗 𝒅𝒗 𝒕 By obtaining 𝒗 𝒕 𝐨𝐫 𝒗 𝒔 , 𝒔 𝒕 can be 36

𝒗𝒐 𝒂 𝒗
= 𝒕=𝟎
𝒅𝒕 ⇒𝒗 𝒕
obtained as case (𝟐) or (𝟒) respectively..
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
√√
A small projectile is fired vertically
downward into a fluid medium with
an initial velocity of 𝟔𝟎𝐦/𝐬. Due to
the drag resistance of the fluid the
projectile experiences a
deceleration of 𝒂 = −𝟎. 𝟒𝒗𝟑 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 ,
where 𝒗 is in 𝐦/𝐬. Determine the
projectile’s velocity and position 𝟒 𝐬
after it is fired. 37
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = (−𝟎. 𝟒𝒗𝟑 ) 𝐦/𝒔𝟐 𝟏 𝟏
∴ 𝟐− 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝒗 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝒔 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒗 𝟔𝟎
𝟏 𝟏
Initial conditions: ∴ 𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕 +
𝒗 𝟔𝟎 𝟐
At 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟎, 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟔𝟎𝐦/𝐬 𝟏
−𝟐
𝟏
Solution: ∴ 𝒗 = + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕 +
𝟔𝟎 𝟐
𝒅𝒗 Positive sign is taken because the
𝒂= = (−𝟎. 𝟒𝒗𝟑 )
𝒗
𝒅𝒕 𝒕 projectile is moving in positive 𝒔-axis
𝒅𝒗
∴ = (−𝟎. 𝟒) 𝒅𝒕 and stops at 𝒕 → ∞.
𝟑
𝒗𝒐 =𝟔𝟎 𝒗 𝒕=𝟎
−𝟏 𝟏 𝒗 At 𝒕 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟏
−𝟐
𝒕 𝟏
∴ = −𝟎. 𝟒𝒕 𝒕𝒐 =𝒐 38
𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝒗𝒐=𝟔𝟎 ∴ 𝒗 𝟒 = 𝟎. 𝟖 𝟒 + 𝟐
= 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝐦/𝐬
𝟔𝟎
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Solution: (Cont.)
𝟏
At 𝒕 = 𝟒 𝐬𝐞𝐜
−
𝒅𝒔 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
∴𝒗= = + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 𝟔𝟎 ∴ 𝒔(𝟒) = 𝟎. 𝟖(𝟒) + 𝟐 −
𝟎. 𝟖 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝟏
𝒔 𝒕 −𝟐
𝟏
∴ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒕 ∴ 𝒔 𝟒 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝐦
𝒔=𝟎 𝒕=𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝟏 Note that:
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
𝒕
∴𝒔= 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 =𝒐 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 𝒏+𝟏
𝟎. 𝟖 𝟔𝟎 ∴ 𝒂 + 𝒃𝒙 𝒏 𝒅𝒙 = +𝑪
𝟏 𝒃(𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝐬𝐮𝐜𝐡 𝐭𝐡𝐚𝐭 (𝒏 ≠ 𝟏) 39
∴𝒔= 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕 + 𝟐 −
𝟎. 𝟖 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Another Solution: 𝒅𝒔 𝟏
−𝟏
∴𝒗= = 𝟎. 𝟒𝒔 +
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = (−𝟎. 𝟒𝒗𝟑 ) 𝐦/𝒔𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝟔𝟎
𝒔 𝒕
Initial conditions: 𝟏
∴ 𝟎. 𝟒𝒔 + 𝒅𝒔 = 𝒅𝒕
At 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝟎, 𝒗𝒐 = 𝟔𝟎𝐦/𝐬 𝒔=𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝒕=𝟎
𝐬
𝒅𝒗 𝟑 𝟐
𝟏
∵𝒂=𝒗 = (−𝟎. 𝟒𝒗 ) ∴ 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔 + 𝐬 =𝒕
𝒅𝒔 𝟔𝟎 𝐬=𝟎
𝒗 𝒔
𝒗𝒅𝒗
∴ = (−𝟎. 𝟒) 𝒅𝒔 𝟐
𝟏
𝟑 ∴ 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔 + 𝐬=𝒕
𝒗𝒐 =𝟔𝟎 𝒗 𝒔=𝟎 𝟔𝟎
𝒗
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∴− = −𝟎. 𝟒𝒔 𝒔𝒔=𝒐 − + + 𝟎. 𝟖𝒕
𝒗 𝒗𝒐=𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟔𝟎 𝟐 →∴ 𝒔 𝒕 = 𝟒 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝐦
−𝟏 ∴ 𝒔 =
𝟏 𝟎. 𝟒 40
∴ 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝒔 + ∴ 𝒗 𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝐦/𝐬
𝟔𝟎
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: 12.23
If the effects of atmospheric resistance are 𝑶 𝒕=𝟎
𝒗=𝟎
accounted for, a freely falling body has an
𝒔
acceleration defined by the equation
𝒂 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏[𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 (𝟏𝟎−𝟒 )] 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 , where 𝒗
is in 𝐦/𝐬 and the positive direction is
downward. If the body is released from
rest at a very high altitude, determine (a)
the velocity when 𝒕 = 𝟓 𝐬, and (b) the
body’s terminal or maximum attainable
velocity (as 𝒕 → ∞ ). 41
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝒎
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 ⇒ 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖 𝒅𝒖
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
𝒔𝟐 𝒗
𝟏𝟎 𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐡𝟐 𝒖𝒅𝒖 𝒕
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 1. 𝒗 𝐚𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟓 𝐬𝐞𝐜 ∴ (𝟏𝟎𝟒 ) = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒅t
𝟒 𝟒 𝟐
2. Terminal velocity (𝒕 → ∞) 𝒗=𝟎 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟏𝟎 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒖 𝒕=𝟎
Initial conditions: −𝟏 𝟐 −𝟏 𝟗.𝟖𝟏
∴ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝒗/𝟏𝟎 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝟎 = 𝒕
𝐀𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝒔 = 𝟎 , 𝒗 = 𝟎 𝟏𝟎𝟎
∴ 𝒗 = (𝟏𝟎𝟐 )𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟏𝒕)
Solution:
∴ 𝒗 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟏 𝟓
𝒂 = 𝒅𝒗/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏[𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐 (𝟏𝟎−𝟒 )] = 𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟔 𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝒗 𝒕
𝒅𝒗 The terminal velocity 𝒂𝒔 𝒕 → ∞,
∴ 𝟐 −𝟒
= 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒅t
𝒗=𝟎 𝟏 − 𝒗 𝟏𝟎 𝒕=𝟎 then:
𝒗 𝒕
𝟒
𝒅𝒗 ∴𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟐 lim 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐡 (𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟏𝒕)
∴ (𝟏𝟎 ) 𝟒 𝟐
= 𝟗. 𝟖𝟏 𝒅t 𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎. 𝒕→∞
𝒗=𝟎 𝟏𝟎 − 𝒗 𝒕=𝟎 ∴𝒗 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜 42
𝑻𝒆𝒓𝒎.
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle 5- Given 𝒂(𝒔)
The velocity 𝒗(𝒔): The position 𝒔(𝒕):
𝒅𝒗(𝒔) Let 𝒗 𝒔 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 = 𝒔
Let 𝒂(𝒔) =
𝒅𝒔
𝒗(𝒔)
Perform the definite integral
Perform the definite integral by separating the variables (𝒔, 𝒕)
by separating the variables (𝒗, 𝒔) and using one initial condition
and using one initial condition
(𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 )
(𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝒐 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝒐 )
or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 )
or (𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 = 𝒔𝑻 , 𝒗 = 𝒗𝑻 ) 𝒔 𝒕
𝒗 𝒔 𝒅𝒔 43

𝒗𝒐
𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔 𝒂(𝒔)𝒅𝒔 ⇒ 𝒗 𝒔 ⇒ = 𝒅𝒕 ⇒ 𝒔(𝒕)
𝒐 𝒗 𝒔
𝒔𝒐 𝒕=𝟎
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: F12.6 √√
A particle travels along a straight line with an acceleration of
𝒂 = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔) 𝐦/𝐬 𝟐 , where 𝒔 is measured in meters.
Determine the velocity of the particle when 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦 if a
𝒗 = 𝟓 𝐦/𝐬 at 𝒔 = 𝟎.

𝒗, 𝒂

𝑶
𝒔
44
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔) 𝐦/𝒔𝟐 ∴ 𝒗𝟐 − 𝟓𝟐 = 𝟐𝟎𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔𝟐
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝒗 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬 = 𝟏𝟎 𝐦 ∴ 𝒗𝟐 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔𝟐
Initial conditions: ∴ 𝒗 = ± 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔𝟐
𝒗 = 𝟓𝐦/𝐬 𝐰𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐬 = 𝟎 Let 𝒗 = 𝟎, then:
Solution: ∴ 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔𝟐 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒗 ∴𝒔𝟏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝐦, 𝒔𝟐 = −𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝐦
𝒂=𝒗 = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔)
𝒗 𝒅𝒔 𝒔 So, the particle does not stop
∴ 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = (𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝒔) 𝒅𝒔 in the interval 𝒔[𝟎, 𝟏𝟎], then the
𝒗=𝟓 𝒔=𝟎 positive sign is taken.
𝟐 𝒗
𝒗 𝟐 𝒔 𝟐
∴ = 𝟏𝟎𝒔 − 𝟎. 𝟏𝒔 𝒔=𝒐 ∴ 𝒗 𝟏𝟎 = + 𝟐𝟓 + 𝟐𝟎 𝟏𝟎 − 𝟎. 𝟐 𝟏𝟎 45
𝟐 𝒗=𝟓 = +𝟏𝟒. 𝟑𝐦
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: 12.26 √√

The acceleration of a particle traveling along a straight

𝟏
line is 𝒂 = 𝒔 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 , where 𝒔 is in meters. If 𝒗 = 𝟎,
𝟒
𝒔 = 𝟏 𝐦 when 𝒕 = 𝟎, determine the particle’s velocity
at 𝒔 = 𝟐 𝐦.

46
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = 𝟏/𝟒 𝒔 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 ∴ 𝒗𝟐
𝟏 𝟑
= [𝐬 𝟐 − 𝟏]
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 1. 𝒗 𝐚𝐭 𝒔 = 𝟐 𝐦 𝟑
𝟏
Initial conditions: 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
∴𝒗= 𝐬𝟐 −𝟏
𝐀𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝒔 = 𝟏𝐦 , 𝒗 = 𝟎 𝟑
Solution: 𝐓𝐡𝐞 𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐢𝐬 𝐚𝐥𝐰𝐚𝐲𝐬 𝐩𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐯𝐞, 𝐬𝐨:
𝟏
𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝒂=𝒗 = 𝒔 ∴𝒗 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝟐 −𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖 𝐦/𝐬𝐞𝐜
𝒅𝒔 𝟒 𝟑
𝒗 𝒔
𝟏
∴ 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = 𝒔 𝒅s
𝒗=𝟎 𝟒 𝒔=𝟏 𝑶
𝒕=𝟎 𝒔=𝟐
𝟑 𝒔 𝒔=𝟏 𝒗 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟖
𝟐 𝒗
𝒗 𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝒗=𝟎 𝒂 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟒
∴ =
𝟐 𝒗=𝟎
𝟒 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒔=𝟏 𝒂 = 𝟏/𝟒 47
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Kinematics of Particle Notes
a- Whenever definite integral is performed, the initial
conditions must be known ( at 𝒕 = 𝟎, 𝒔 𝟎 = 𝒙𝒐 , 𝒗 𝟎 = 𝒗𝒐 )
or the conditions are given at any instant (at 𝒕 = 𝑻, 𝒔 𝑻 = 𝒔𝑻
, 𝒗 𝑻 = 𝒗𝑻 ) in order to evaluate the definite integral.
b- If 𝒗 = 𝟎 but 𝒂 ≠ 𝟎 at a point, the particle will stop instantly
and then moves in the acceleration direction.
c- If 𝒗 = 𝟎 and 𝒂 = 𝟎 at certain instant, then the particle will stop
permanently or will stop instantly and continue its motion.
d- If 𝒂 = 𝟎 in definite interval of time, then 𝒗 = 𝑪 in this interval.
𝒅𝒗
e- Maximum or minimum velocity occurs at = 𝟎, 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝒂 = 𝟎. 48
𝒅𝒕
RECTILINEAR MOTION

Extra Problems

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 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: 12.20
The acceleration of a rocket
traveling upward is given by
𝒂 = (𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒔) 𝐦/𝐬𝟐 , where
𝒔 is in meters. Determine the
time needed for the rocket to
reach analtitude of 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝐦.
Initially, 𝒗 = 𝟎 and 𝒔 = 𝟎 when
𝒕 = 𝟎.
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 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝒔 𝒕
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒂 = 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒔 𝐦/𝐬 ∴ 𝟐 𝟏 𝒅𝒔
= 𝒅t
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝐓𝐢𝐦𝐞 𝐚𝐭 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝐦 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒔=𝟎 𝟔𝟎𝟎𝒔 + 𝒔𝟐 𝒕=𝟎
Initial conditions: Complete squaring:
𝒔 𝒕
𝐀𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝒔 = 𝟎 , 𝒗 = 𝟎 𝒅𝒔
∴ = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒅t
Solution: 𝒔=𝟎 𝒔 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝟐 − 𝟑𝟎𝟎𝟐 𝒕=𝟎
𝒅𝒗 𝒔 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒔
𝒂=𝒗 = 𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒔 ∴ 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏
𝒅𝒔 𝟑𝟎𝟎 𝒔=𝟎
𝒗 𝒔
∴ 𝒗𝒅𝒗 = (𝟔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒔)𝒅s 𝒔 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎
𝒗=𝟎 𝒔=𝟎 ∴ 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 [𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 𝟏 ]
𝟐 𝟐 𝒔
𝟑𝟎𝟎
∴𝒗 = 𝟐 𝟔𝒔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝒔 𝟎
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟎𝟎
∴ 𝒕(𝟏𝟎𝟎) = 𝟓𝟎 [𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉−𝟏 𝟏 ]
∴𝒗= 𝟏𝟐𝒔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒔𝟐 𝟑𝟎𝟎 51

∵ 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒔/𝒅𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝒔 + 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝒔𝟐 ∴ 𝒕 𝟏𝟎𝟎 = 𝟓𝟎 𝟎. 𝟕𝟗𝟓 = 𝟓. 𝟔𝟐 𝐬𝐞𝐜

 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Problem: R12.3
A projectile, initially at the origin, moves along a straight-
line path through a fluid medium such that its velocity is
𝒗 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎(𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟑𝒕 ) 𝐦𝐦/𝐬 where 𝑡 is in seconds.
Determine the displacement of the projectile during the
first 𝟑 𝐬.

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 RECTILINEAR MOTION
𝐆𝐢𝐯𝐞𝐧: 𝒗 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎(𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝟎.𝟑𝒕 ) 𝐦𝐦/𝐬 𝟏 −𝟎.𝟑𝒕 𝟏
∴ 𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎(𝒕 + 𝒆 − )
𝐅𝐢𝐧𝐝: 𝚫𝐬 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝐭𝐨 𝒕 = 𝟑𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟑
𝟏 −𝟎.𝟑(𝟑) 𝟏
Initial conditions: ∴ 𝒔(𝟑) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎((𝟑) + 𝒆 − )
𝟎. 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟑
𝐀𝐭 𝒕 = 𝟎 , 𝒔 = 𝟎 ∴ 𝒔 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝐦𝐦

Solution: The velocity is always positive and

the particle will stop at 𝒕 → ∞. So:
𝒅𝒔
𝒗= = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎(𝟏 − 𝒆− 𝟎.𝟑𝒕 ) 𝟏 −𝟎.𝟑𝒕 𝟏
𝒅𝒕 ∴ 𝒔𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 lim 𝒕 + 𝒆 − =∞
𝒔 𝒕 𝒕→∞ 𝟎. 𝟑 𝟎. 𝟑
∴ 𝒅𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 (𝟏 − 𝒆−𝟎.𝟑𝒕 )𝒅𝒕 ∴ 𝚫𝒔 𝒕 = 𝟎 → 𝒕 = 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟒𝐦𝐦
𝒔=𝟎 𝒕=𝟎
𝟏 −𝟎.𝟑𝒕 𝒕 𝒅𝒗
∴ 𝒔 𝒔
= 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝒕 + 𝒆 ∵𝒂= = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 𝟎. 𝟑 𝒆−𝟎.𝟑𝒕 = 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝒆−𝟎.𝟑𝒕
𝒔=𝟎
𝟎. 𝟑 𝒅𝒕
𝒕=𝟎 53
∴ 𝒂(𝒕 → ∞) = 𝟎 , ∴ 𝒗(𝒕 → ∞) = 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎𝐦𝐦/𝐬