WAVES & OSCILLATIONS

Lecture-1

1
 Waves & Oscillations
LECTURE CONTENTS
No.
1 Simple harmonic motion (SHM), Differential equation of
SHM, Solution of differential equation of SHM, Velocity and
acceleration of SHM
2 Example of SHM: Spring-mass system , Torsional
Pendulum, Total energy and average energy of SHM
3 Problem related to SHM

4 Combination of simple harmonic motions, Lissajous figures

5 Damped harmonic oscillation, Quality factor, Logarithmic
decrement
6 Forced oscillation, Resonance
7 Two-body oscillations, Reduced mass
8 Class Test

8 Wave motion, Progressive wave equation and differential

equation of a progressive wave
9 Energy, power and intensity of wave motion, Stationary
wave, analytical treatment of stationary wave
10 Energy of stationary wave, Group velocity and phase
velocity
2
 Simple harmonic motion
Oscillation: Any to and fro motion about a fixed point is called oscillation.

Wave: Wave is the disturbance that transfers energy from one position to
another.

Periodic motion: Any motion that repeats itself at regular intervals is

called periodic motion or harmonic motion.
Example: Earth is moving around the sun. After a period of 365 days, it
repeats its motion.

Oscillatory motion: A type of periodic motion in which particles make to

and fro motion about a mean position.

Mean position

3
 Simple harmonic motion
A linear SHM is regarded as a projection of a 𝑌 𝑇Τ4
𝜔
uniform circular motion on the diameter of a 𝑃 𝑠
𝑎
circle. Let 𝑆 be a particle moving on a 𝑦 𝑦
𝜔𝑡 t= 0
circumference of a circle of radius 𝑎 with a 𝑇 Τ2 𝑂 𝑋
𝑥 𝑄
uniform velocity 𝑣 . 𝜔 be the uniform angular
velocity of the particle.
𝑌 ′ 3𝑇Τ4
As the particle 𝑆 moves around the circle, the foot
of the perpendicular 𝑃 oscillates along the
diameter 𝑌𝑌 ′ . Thus, 𝑃 executes to- and fro-
P P
oscillatory motion about the point 𝑂. This
oscillatory motion of 𝑃 about 𝑂 is called SHM.
At any instant, the distance of 𝑃 from the center 𝑂
of the circle is called the displacement.
4
 Simple harmonic motion
If the particle moved from 𝑋 to 𝑆 in time 𝑡, then ∠𝑆𝑂𝑋 = ∠𝑃𝑆𝑂 = 𝜔𝑡
𝑂𝑃
Since, s𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = 𝑎 .

∴ 𝑂𝑃 = 𝑦 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜔 is the angular displacement/sec
Angular frequency
The rate of change of displacement of a vibrating particle is called the velocity.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
= 𝑣 = 𝑎𝜔𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔𝑡 = 𝑎𝜔 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 = 𝑎𝜔 1 − 2 = 𝜔 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑎
The rate of change of velocity of a vibrating particle is called its acceleration.
𝑑2𝑦
2
= 𝛼 = −𝑎𝜔2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡 = −𝜔2 𝑦
𝑑𝑡
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜔2 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2𝜋 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ∴ 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑜𝑟, 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑛 = = 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
5
 Simple harmonic motion
Simple harmonic motion (SHM) is a special type of periodic motion where
the restoring force is proportional to the displacement and acts in the
direction opposite to that of displacement.
Examples of SHM:
Properties of SHM:
Rigid support
❑ Motion is periodic.

❑ It is oscillatory.
𝜽
❑ Acceleration (force) is proportional l
to displacement. T T
𝜽
❑ Acceleration always acts towards
the mean position. A m m B
m
❑ Motion is represented by harmonic mg sin𝜽
functions 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 mg cos𝜽
Mean Position mg

6
 Differential equation of SHM
If ‘F’ be the force acting on a particle executing simple harmonic motion and
y be the displacement from equilibrium or mean position, then

𝐹 ∝ −𝑦, … … … (1)

𝑜𝑟, 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑦

𝑑2 𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 𝑚 2 = −𝑘𝑦
𝑑𝑡

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑘
𝑜𝑟, 2 = − 𝑦
𝑑𝑡 𝑚

𝑑2 𝑦 𝑘
𝑜𝑟, 2 + 𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑘
𝑜𝑟, 2 + 𝜔2 𝑦 = 0, … … … 2 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝜔 =
𝑑𝑡 𝑚
Equation (2) is called the differential equation of motion of a body executing
simple harmonic motion. 7
 Differential equation of SHM
Now, to obtain a general solution of the differential equation of SHM,

𝑑𝑦
Multiply both sides of equation (2) by 2 ,
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦 𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2
2 +2 𝜔 𝑦=0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡

Integrating with respect to time we get,

2
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝜔2 𝑦 2 = 𝐶, … … … (3)
𝑑𝑡
where, C is a constant of integration.

𝑑𝑦
Boundary condition: 𝐴𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑎, = 0 i.e., velocity is zero at maximum
𝑑𝑡
displacement position.

∴ From equation 3 we get,

C = 𝜔2 𝑎2
8
 Differential equation of SHM
Substituting the value of C in equation (3),
2
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝜔 2 𝑦 2 = 𝜔2 𝑎2
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑜𝑟, = 𝜔2 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, = ±𝜔 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡

Integrating with respect to time,

𝑑𝑦
𝑜𝑟, න = න 𝜔 𝑑𝑡
𝑎2− 𝑦2
−1
𝑦
𝑜𝑟, sin = 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
𝑎
𝑦
𝑜𝑟, = sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
𝑎
𝑜𝑟, 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 , … … … 4
This is the general solution of the differential equation of SHM.
9
 Velocity and acceleration of a body
executing SHM
Displacement of a body executing SHM is given by,
𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
𝑦
sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 =
𝑎
Velocity of a body executing SHM is given by,
𝑑𝑦
= 𝜔 acos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑 = ±𝜔𝑎 1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
𝑜𝑟, = ±𝜔𝑎 1 − = ±𝜔 𝑎2 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑡 𝑎2
𝒅𝒚
∴ 𝒗 = = ± 𝝎 𝒂𝟐 − 𝒚𝟐
𝒅𝒕
The acceleration of a body is,
𝑑2 𝑦
2
= −𝜔𝑎2 sin 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜑
𝑑𝑡
𝑑2𝑦 𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 2 = −𝑎𝜔2 ×
𝑑𝑡 𝑎
𝒅𝟐 𝒚
∴𝜶= = −𝝎𝟐 𝒚
𝒅𝒕𝟐
-ve sign indicates that the direction of y and 𝛼 are opposite to each other.
10
 Velocity
SIMPLE and acceleration
HARMONIC of a body
MOTION
executing SHM
Maximum velocity (at mean position, 𝑦 = 0)
𝑑𝑦
𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = ±𝜔 𝑎2 − 02 = ±𝜔𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Minimum velocity (at extreme position 𝑦 = 𝑎), 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0

Maximum acceleration (at extreme position, 𝑦 =a),

𝑑2 𝑦
𝛼𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2
= −𝜔2 𝑦 = −𝜔2 𝑎
𝑑𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑥

Minimum acceleration (at mean position,𝑦 = 0),

𝛼𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0

11
 Time period
SIMPLE and frequency
HARMONIC of a body
MOTION
executing SHM

Differential equation of simple harmonic motion,

𝑑2 𝑦 2𝑦 = 0
+ 𝜔
𝑑𝑡 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑜𝑟, 2 = −𝜔2 𝑦
𝑑𝑡
2
𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑜𝑟, 𝜔 =
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

The negative sign indicates that restoring force acts to the opposite direction of
the displacement.

12