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Oscillations
 Periodic Motion

PERIODIC MOTION: OSCILLATORY MOTION:

A body repeats its motion The body undergoes to and

along a definite path after fro motion along the same
regular intervals of time. path about a fixed point.

e.g., Hands e.g., Simple

of a Clock. Pendulum.

HARMONIC MOTION:

The motion of a particle

trapped between two
extremes, being both
periodic and oscillatory
in nature.
 • Consider a particle moving along x-axis subjected to a force,

𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑥 𝑛

𝑛 = Even (2, 4, 6 … ) 𝑛 = Odd (1, 3, 5 … )

𝑥<0 𝑥=0 𝑥>0 𝑥<0 𝑥=0 𝑥>0

𝐹 𝑂 𝐹 𝐹 𝑂 𝐹

Not Oscillatory Oscillatory

 Simple Harmonic Motion

• SHM: To-and-fro motion about a fixed point with the restoring force, 𝐹 ∝ −𝑥. [Put 𝑛 = 1 in 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 𝑛 ]

𝐹Ԧ ∝ −𝑥Ԧ

From Newton’s second law

of motion:

𝑚𝑎Ԧ ∝ −𝑥Ԧ 𝑎Ԧ ∝ −𝑥Ԧ

SHM in Spring Mass System

• According to Hooke’s law: Spring Force

𝐹Ԧ = −𝑘 𝑥Ԧ

Here, 𝑘 = Spring constant

 Simple Harmonic Motion

• If the force is linear & restoring, 𝐹 ∝ −𝑥 • Graph of sine function.

⇒ 𝑣 = 𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2

⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)

𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝑥𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴 & 𝑥𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝐴

𝑑𝑥
𝑣= = 𝐴𝜔 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝜔 & 𝑣𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝐴𝜔
𝑑𝑡

𝑘 2𝜋 𝑚 𝑑𝑣
𝑎Ԧ = − 𝑥Ԧ = −𝜔2 𝐴Ԧ 𝑇= = 2𝜋 𝑎= = −𝜔2 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) 𝑎𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝜔2 𝐴 & 𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛 = −𝜔2 𝐴
𝑚 𝜔 𝑘 𝑑𝑡
SHM as a projection of UCM

Position of the particle is: • Amplitude(𝐴) : Magnitude of maximum

displacement from mean position.
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙)

Velocity of the particle is:

• Time Period(𝑇) : The smallest time
interval after which motion gets
repeated.
𝑇 = 2𝜋/𝜔

𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) • Initial phase/Epoch 𝜙 : Determines the

status of particle in SHM at 𝑡 = 0.
Acceleration of the particle is: 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙 ∶ 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒(𝛿)

• Angular Frequency(𝜔) : Rate of change

of the phase 𝛿 .

𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑥 𝑑𝛿
𝜔=
𝑑𝑡
 The equation of a particle executing simple harmonic motion
𝜋
is 𝑥 = 5 sin 𝜋𝑡 + 𝑚. Write down the amplitude, time period and
T 3
maximum speed of the particle. Also find the velocity at 𝑡 = 1 𝑠.
Solution:
𝑥 = 𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) … … (1) Maximum Speed:
𝜋 𝑣𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐴𝜔 = 5𝜋 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑥 = 5 sin 𝜋𝑡 + … … (2)
3
Velocity at 𝑡 = 1 𝑠:
Comparing equation 1 & 2 : 𝜋
𝑥 = 5 sin 𝜋𝑡 +
Amplitude: 𝐴 =5𝑚 3
𝑑𝑥 𝜋
𝑣= = 5𝜋 cos 𝜋𝑡 +
Time period: 𝑇 = 2𝜋/𝜔 𝑑𝑡 3
At 𝑡 = 1 𝑠
𝜔=𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
𝑣 = 5𝜋 cos 𝜋 + = −5𝜋 cos =− 𝑚𝑠 −1
𝑇 =2𝑠 3 3 2
 Standard Equation of SHM

𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 cos(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜙) • If the particle starts • If the particle starts from the

from the mean extreme position, the equation will
At 𝑡 = 0 position, the equation be, 𝑥 = −𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡).
will be, 𝑥 = ±𝐴 sin(𝜔𝑡).
𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 cos(𝜙)
𝜙=0 • If the particle starts from the
For 𝜙 = 0, 𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 extreme position, the equation will
be, 𝑥 = +𝐴 cos(𝜔𝑡).
For 𝜙 = 𝜋, 𝑣 = −𝐴𝜔
 Write the equation of SHM for the given situation.

Solution:
𝐴 𝑡=0
At 𝑡 = 0 𝑠, 𝑥=+
2
−𝐴 𝑂 𝐴/2 +𝐴
𝐴
= 𝐴 sin(𝜔 × 0 + 𝜙)
2

𝜋 5𝜋
⇒𝜙= or
6 6

Similarly, at 𝑡 = 0 𝑠, 𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 cos(𝜙)

Since particle starts moving to the left, 𝑣 should be negative.

5𝜋
cos 𝜙 would be negative only for 𝜙 = .
6

Hence, the equation of SHM for the given configuration will

5𝜋
be, 𝑥 = 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡 + .
6
 Graphical Representation of Position, Velocity & Acceleration

𝑥 𝜋 3𝜋
𝜋 2𝜋
2 2
𝐴

0 Displacement: 𝑥 = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝜔𝑡
−𝐴
𝑣
𝐴𝜔

0 Velocity: 𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 cos(𝜔𝑡)
𝜔𝑡
𝜋
−𝐴𝜔 𝑣 = 𝐴𝜔 sin(𝜔𝑡 + )
𝑎 2
𝜔2 𝐴

0 Acceleration: 𝑎 = −𝐴𝜔2 sin(𝜔𝑡)

𝜔𝑡
−𝜔2 𝐴 𝑎 = 𝐴𝜔2 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜋)
 Velocity vs Displacement & Acceleration vs Displacement

𝑣 𝑎
𝜔𝐴 𝜔2 𝐴
𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝜔2

𝐴
𝑥 𝑥
−𝐴 𝐴 −𝐴

−𝜔2 𝐴
−𝜔𝐴

Velocity: 𝑣 = 𝜔 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2
Acceleration:
⇒ 𝑣 2 = 𝜔2 𝐴2 − 𝜔2 𝑥 2 𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝐴 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝑣2 𝑥2 ⇒ 𝑎 = −𝜔2 𝑥
⇒ 2 2+ 2=1
𝜔 𝐴 𝐴
 Potential Energy of Particle Performing SHM

1 1 2 2
𝑈 = 𝑘𝑥 2 𝑈 = 𝑘𝐴 sin (𝜔𝑡)
2 2

Kinetic Energy of Particle Performing SHM

1 2
1 𝐾= 𝑘𝐴 cos2 (𝜔𝑡)
𝐾 = 𝑘(𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ) 2
2
 Total Energy of SHM

Total Mechanical Energy,

1 2 1 1
𝐸 =𝑈+𝐾 = 𝑘𝑥 + 𝑘 𝐴2 − 𝑥 2 ⇒ 𝐸 = 𝑘𝐴2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
2 2 2

1 2 𝐸 𝐸
𝑘𝐴 1 2
2 𝑘𝐴
2

0 𝑡
𝑥 𝑇 𝑇 3𝑇
−𝐴 𝑇
𝐴 4 2 4
 A particle of mass 2 𝑘𝑔 is moving on a straight line under the action
of force 𝐹 = 8 − 2𝑥 𝑁. Is the particle performing simple harmonic
T
motion? If yes, find the equilibrium position of the particle.

Solution:

𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐 4𝑚

𝑐 𝑂 𝑀
𝐹 = −𝑘 𝑥 − = −𝑘𝑥 ∗
𝑘
𝑥 =4𝑚
So, the particle will perform SHM 𝐹=0
𝑐
under force 𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 + 𝑐 provided 𝑥 =
𝑘
is the new mean position.
For, 𝐹 = 8 − 2𝑥

Mean position, 𝑥 = 4 𝑚
 A block of mass 𝑚 moving with a velocity 𝑣 collides inelastically with an
identical block attached to a spring and sticks to it. Find the amplitude
of the resulting simple harmonic motion. Consider all the surfaces to be
frictionless.
Solution:

As the collision is perfectly inelastic, both block stick together After the masses Amplitude (𝐴),
stick together,
Conservation of momentum: 𝑝𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑣
𝑣′ = = 𝐴𝜔
𝑘 𝑘 2
𝑚𝑣 = (𝑚 + 𝑚)𝑣 ′
𝜔= =
𝑣 𝑚+𝑚 2𝑚
⇒ 𝑣′ = 𝑚
2
⇒ 𝐴=𝑣
2𝑘
 Time Period of a Spring Mass System in Vertical Plane

• Time period of SHM of spring in

vertical plane is same as time period
of SHM of spring in horizontal plane.
Natural
Length

2𝜋 𝑚
Time Period, 𝑇= = 2𝜋
𝜔 𝑘
𝑦

𝑚
 Time Period of a Spring Mass System in an Accelerating Lift

Due to upward acceleration of lift,

𝑔𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑔 + 𝑎

Net force along 𝑦 direction,

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚 𝑔 + 𝑎 − 𝑘(𝑦 + 𝑦0 )
= 𝑚𝑔 + 𝑚𝑎 − 𝑘𝑦 − 𝑘𝑦0

At equilibrium, 𝑘𝑦0 = 𝑚𝑔
= 𝑚𝑎 − 𝑘𝑦
= −𝑘𝑦 + 𝑐 (∵ 𝑚𝑎 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝑐(say)) At equilibrium, 𝑘𝑦0 = 𝑚𝑔

2𝜋 𝑚
Time Period, 𝑇= = 2𝜋
𝜔 𝑘
 Time Period of a Spring Mass System over an Inclined Plane

𝜃 𝜃

At equilibrium, 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 − 𝑘(𝑥 + 𝑥0 )

𝑚𝑔 sin 𝜃 = 𝑘𝑥0 𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −𝑘𝑥

2𝜋 𝑚
Time Period, 𝑇= = 2𝜋
𝜔 𝑘
 The system is initially in equilibrium and at rest. When the mass 𝑚1 is
abruptly removed from 𝑚2 , find the time period and amplitude of
resultant motion.

Elongation at mean position: 𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑤

⇒ 𝑚2 𝑔 = 𝑘𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑤 … (1)

Amplitude, 𝐴 = 𝑦0 − 𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑤

𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑔 𝑚2 𝑔
= −
𝑘 𝑘

Solution:
𝑚1 𝑔
𝐴=
Initial elongation at steady state: 𝑦0 𝑘
⇒ 𝑚1 + 𝑚2 𝑔 = 𝑘𝑦0 … (1)

After mass 𝑚1 is removed,

𝑚2
Time Period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑘
 Cutting of Springs

• Spring constant of a spring is inversely proportional to its natural length.

𝑘 , 𝑙𝑜

𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜
3𝑘 , 3𝑘 , 3𝑘 ,
3 3 3

• If a spring is cut into ‘𝑛’ equal pieces, then spring constant of one piece will be 𝑛𝑘.
 The time period of SHM of a spring mass system is 𝑇. The spring is now
cut into two equal halves and the same mass is suspended vertically
from one of the halves. Find the new time period of vertical oscillation.

Solution:
1 Time period:
Since 𝑘∝ 𝑇 𝑘′
𝑙 =
𝑙 𝑚 𝑇′ 𝑘
And ′
𝑙 = 𝑇 = 2𝜋
2 𝑘
1
𝑘′ = 2𝑘 ⇒𝑇∝ 𝑇 2𝑘 𝑇
𝑘 = ⇒ 𝑇′ =
𝑇′ 𝑘 2
 Combination Of Springs

Series Parallel

𝑚
𝑚
 Combination Of Springs

• Restoring force in each spring is the same. • Extension/Compression in every spring is same.

𝑘2
𝑘1 𝑘2

𝑚
𝑚

𝑥2 𝑘1
𝑥1 𝑥
𝑥

1 1 1 1 𝑚
= + + ………+ 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑘𝑒𝑞 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘𝑛 𝑘𝑒𝑞 𝑚
𝑘𝑒𝑞 = 𝑘1 + 𝑘2 + 𝑘3 … … … + 𝑘𝑛 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑘𝑒𝑞
 Find the time period of oscillation of the system shown in the given
T figure.

Solution:
Parallel
For 1 and 2 connected in parallel,

𝑘𝑝 = 𝑘 + 𝑘 = 2𝑘 𝑘𝑝 = ∑ 𝑘 1 2

For 1,2 and 3 connected in series, 𝑘 𝑘

1 1 1 1 1 1
= + = =∑ Series
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 2𝑘 2𝑘 𝑘 𝑘𝑠 𝑘
3

𝑚 2𝑘
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑘
𝑚
 Find the time period of small oscillations of mass 𝑚 about equilibrium
position for a given spring mass system as shown in the figure.
Neglect friction and masses of springs.

Solution: Let 𝐹 be the extra tension in the string.

When the block is displaced by 𝑥 from the mean position,

𝐹
extension in spring−2, 𝑥2 =
𝑘2
2𝐹
extension in spring−1, 𝑥1 =
𝑘1
4𝐹 𝐹
Total extension 𝑥 = 2𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = +
𝑘1 𝑘2

Extra tension 𝐹 will be the restoring force on the block.

1 𝑘1 𝑘2 𝑘1 𝑘2
𝐹=− 𝑥=− 𝑥 ⇒ 𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
4 1 4𝑘2 + 𝑘1 4𝑘2 + 𝑘1
+
𝑘1 𝑘2
𝑚 𝑚(4𝑘2 + 𝑘1 )
Time period of oscillation, 𝑇 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋
𝑘𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑘1 𝑘2
 Torsional Pendulum

• An extended body suspended by a light string,

rotated by a small angle 𝜃 with thread as the
axis of rotation.
𝜏 = −𝐶𝜃 = 𝐼𝛼
𝜏 → Restoring torque generated by the thread of the pendulum.
𝐶 → Torsional constant/ Twisting coefficient.

𝐶 𝐶
𝛼=− 𝜃⇒𝜔=
𝐼 𝐼
𝑂
𝜃 𝑋 • The extended body executes torsional oscillations
with time period,

𝐼
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝐶
 A uniform rod of length 𝑙 and mass 𝑚 is pivoted at the center. Its two
ends are attached to two springs of equal spring constant 𝑘. The springs
are fixed to rigid supports as shown in the figure and the rod is free to
oscillate in the horizontal plane. The rod is gently pushed through a small
angle 𝜃 in one direction and released. The frequency of oscillations is
Solution:
For small angular displacement 𝜃,

Displacement of spring = arc length

𝑙
𝑥= 𝜃
2
Force in each spring,
𝑙
𝐹 = −𝑘 𝜃
2
Restoring torque = 𝐼𝛼
𝜔 1 6𝑘
𝑙 𝑙 Frequency, 𝑓 = ⇒ 𝑓=
⇒ −2 × 𝑘 𝜃 × = 𝐼𝛼 2𝜋 2𝜋 𝑚
2 2
𝑘𝑙2
6𝑘
⇒ 𝛼 = − 22 𝜃 ⇒ 𝛼 = − 𝜃
𝑚𝑙 𝑚
12
 Simple Pendulum

Net torque on point mass about point O,

𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑜 = 𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐼𝑜 𝛼

⇒ 𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝑚𝑙2 𝛼

𝑔
⇒𝛼= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑙

For small oscillations, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃

𝑔
𝛼≈ 𝜃
𝑙

Hence ,Pendulum executes SHM with time period,

Note- From ground the motion of the pendulum
is neither oscillatory nor periodic.
𝑙
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔
 A pendulum is suspended from the ceiling of a truck accelerating uniformly
on a horizontal road. If the acceleration is 𝑎0 and the length of pendulum is 𝑙,
T find the time period of small oscillations about the mean position.

Solution:

Effective acceleration of bob,

⇒ 𝑔𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑔2 + 𝑎𝑜2 − 2𝑔𝑎𝑜 𝑐𝑜𝑠90° = 𝑔2 + 𝑎𝑜2

Time period of pendulum will be

𝑙 𝑙
𝑇 =2𝜋 ⇒ 𝑇 =2𝜋
𝑔𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑔2 + 𝑎02
 Compound Pendulum

𝐼ℎ
Hence , the time period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑚𝑔𝑙

• Moment of Inertia about hinged point,

𝐼ℎ = 𝐼𝐶𝑀 + 𝑚𝑙 2 (parallel axis theorem)

𝐼𝐶𝑀 = 𝑚𝑘 2 (𝑘 − radius of gyration about CM)

• Time period,

Net torque on point mass about point O, 𝑘 2 + 𝑙2

𝑚𝑘 2+ 𝑚𝑙 2 𝑙
𝜏𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑜 = 𝑚𝑔𝑙𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = 𝐼ℎ 𝛼 ⇒ 𝑇 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋
𝑚𝑔𝑙 𝑔
𝐼ℎ → Moment of Inertia of the body about hinge axis.

𝑙 → Distance between point of suspension and CM. • Time period of compound pendulum is same as
that of a simple pendulum of length 𝑙𝑒𝑞 .
For small oscillations, 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 ≈ 𝜃
𝑚𝑔𝑙 𝑘 2 + 𝑙2
𝛼= 𝜃 = 𝜔2 𝜃 = 𝑙𝑒𝑞
𝐼ℎ 𝑙
 A uniform rod of length 𝑙 is suspended by an end and is made to undergo
small oscillations. Find the length of the simple pendulum having the time
T period equal to that of the rod as described.

Given: Length of the rod = 𝑙

𝑂
To find: 𝑙𝑒𝑞

𝐼 𝑙𝑒𝑞 𝐼 𝑙𝑜 𝑂′
Solution: 𝑇 = 2𝜋 = 2𝜋 ⇒ 𝑙𝑒𝑞 =
𝑚𝑔𝑙0 𝑔 𝑚𝑙0
𝐶𝑀 𝑙 𝜃
𝑙𝑒𝑞
𝑚𝑙 2
⇒ 𝑙𝑒𝑞 = 3
𝑚𝑙
2

2𝑙
𝑙𝑒𝑞 =
3
 Variation of Time Period with Length

• Time Period of a compound pendulum

𝑇 𝑘 2 + 𝑙2
𝑇 = 2𝜋 𝑙
𝑔

• The time period is minimum at 𝑙 = 𝑘 and

2𝑘 the minimum value of the time period is,
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔

𝑂 𝑙=𝑘 𝑙 2𝑘
𝑇𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 2𝜋
𝑔
 Find the time period of small oscillations of the following systems.
a. A thin ring of mass 𝑚 and radius 𝑟 suspended through a point on its
periphery.
T
b. A uniform square plate of edge 𝑎 suspended through a corner.

Solution:

𝐼ℎ
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑚𝑔𝑙

𝐼ℎ = 𝐼𝐶𝑀 + 𝑚𝑙2

𝐼ℎ = 𝑚𝑟 2 + 𝑚𝑙2 = 2𝑚𝑟 2 𝑚𝑎2 𝑚𝑎2 𝑎

2
2
𝐼ℎ = + 𝑚𝑙 = +𝑚
6 6 2
2𝑟
𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑔

2 2𝑎
𝑇 = 2𝜋
3𝑔
 Types of Oscillations

Free Oscillation Forced Oscillation

Damped Oscillation
 Free Oscillation

• The oscillation of a particle with fundamental/natural frequency under the

influence of restoring force are defined as free Oscillation.

• The amplitude, frequency and energy of oscillation remains constant.

Displacement vs Time graph

 Damped Oscillation
Damping Force, 𝐹𝑑 = −𝑏𝑣
• The Oscillation of a body whose amplitude goes on Resultant Force
decreasing with time is known as damped oscillation. 𝐹Ԧ = −𝑏𝑣Ԧ − 𝑘 𝑥Ԧ
Restoring Force, 𝐹𝑅 = −𝑘𝑥
• The amplitude of oscillation decreases exponentially due
to damping forces like frictional force, air resistance etc.
Equation of motion, 𝑥 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡/2𝑚 cos(𝜔′ 𝑡 + 𝜙)
• The damping force is proportional to the velocity of the
oscillator & acts opposite to the direction of velocity. Angular frequency of the damped oscillator-
2
𝐹𝑑 = −𝑏𝑣Ԧ 𝑏 𝑘
𝜔′ = 2
𝜔 − where, 𝜔 = − Natural frequency
2𝑚 𝑚
where, 𝑏 = damping constant.
Amplitude of the damped oscillator- 𝐴 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡/2𝑚
 Expression for Total Energy

1 1
• For an undamped oscillator - 𝑇. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2𝑜
2 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2𝑜
2

1
•

𝑇. 𝐸.
For a damped oscillator - 𝑇. 𝐸. = 𝑚𝜔2 𝐴2𝑜 𝑒 −𝑏𝑡/𝑚
2
𝑡
 When an oscillator completes 100 oscillations its amplitude is reduced to
1 𝑟𝑑
of its initial value. What will be its amplitude when it completes 200
3
oscillations?
𝐴𝑂
Given: Amplitude after 100 oscillations = 𝐴1 =
3
Let the Time period of oscillation be 𝑇

To find: Amplitude after 200 oscillations

Solution:

In the first case, In the second case, 𝑡2 = 200𝑇

𝑏𝑡 𝑏 200𝑇
𝐴0 − 2𝑚2
𝐴1 = 3
and 𝑡1 = 100𝑇 𝐴2 = 𝐴 0 𝑒 ⇒ 𝐴2 = 𝐴0 𝑒 −
2𝑚

2 2
𝐴0 −
𝑏 100𝑇 −𝑏 100𝑇 1
⇒ = 𝐴0 𝑒 2𝑚 ⇒ 𝐴2 = 𝐴0 𝑒 2𝑚 ⇒ 𝐴2 = 𝐴0
3 3
𝑏 100𝑇
− 2𝑚 1
⇒ 𝑒 = 𝐴0
3 ⇒ 𝐴2 =
9
 Forced Oscillation

• The oscillation in which a body oscillates under the influence of an external periodic
force with an angular frequency 𝜔𝑑 is known as forced oscillation.

Damping Force, 𝐹𝑑 = −𝑏𝑣Ԧ

Restoring Force, 𝐹𝑅 = −𝑘𝑥Ԧ Resultant Force, 𝐹Ԧ = −𝑏𝑣Ԧ − 𝑘𝑥Ԧ + 𝐹(𝑡)

Ԧ

Periodic Force, 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐹0 cos 𝜔𝑑 𝑡

𝑥 = 𝐴0 cos(𝜔𝑑 𝑡 + 𝜙)

𝐹0
Amplitude of the forced oscillator- 𝐴0 =
𝑚2 𝜔 2 − 𝜔𝑑2 2 + 𝜔𝑑2 𝑏2
 Cases in Forced Oscillation

Case I: Small damping, driving frequency far from Case II: Driving frequency close to natural frequency
natural frequency. (Resonance).

• When the frequency of external force is nearly equal to

the natural frequency of the oscillator. Then this state is
known as the state of resonance and this frequency is
known as resonant frequency.
𝑖. 𝑒. 𝜔𝑑 ≈ 𝜔

𝐹0
𝐴0 =
𝑚2 𝜔 2 − 𝜔𝑑2 2 + 𝜔𝑑2 𝑏 2

𝜔𝑑 𝑏 ≪ 𝑚(𝜔2 − 𝜔𝑑2 ) 𝐹0
⇒ 𝐴0 = Maximum Amplitude
𝜔𝑑 𝑏
𝐹0
𝐴0 =
𝑚2 𝜔 2 − 𝜔𝑑2 2 + 𝜔𝑑2 𝑏 2 • At resonance, a forced oscillator oscillates with the
maximum amplitude.
𝐹0 For smaller damping, the
⇒ 𝐴0 = resonance peak is taller and
𝑚(𝜔 2 − 𝜔𝑑2 )
narrower.
 Calculate the period of small oscillations of a floating box which was slightly
pushed down in vertical direction. The mass of box is 𝑚, area of its base is
𝐴 and the density of liquid is 𝜌. The resistance of the liquid is assumed to be
T
negligible.

Given: Density of liquid = 𝜌, mass of box = 𝑚

& area of base of the block = 𝐴

To find: Time period of oscillation, 𝑇 𝑚 ℎ

𝑥
Solution: The net force acting to push the box down-

𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 = −∆𝐵 ⇒ 𝑚𝑎 = −𝐴𝑥𝜌𝑔 (𝑥 − distance moved

due to the force) 𝜌

𝐴𝜌𝑔 𝑚
𝑎=− 𝑥 ∴Time Period, 𝑇 = 2𝜋
𝑚 𝐴𝜌𝑔