ES 2

Physics for Engineers with Lab

LESSON 2

Prepared by:
FO1 Joenile Rhey L De Roca, REE
TOPIC OVERVIEW:
•Terminologies
•Rectilinear Motion
•Free Falling Bodies

•Projectile Motion
•Rotational Kinematics
TERMINOLOGIES
• Motion – involves the displacement of an object from one location to
another. An easy way to measure this is to set up an appropriate
coordinate system. This coordinate system provides the frame of
reference for the system under study.
• Kinematics – deals only on the nature of motion without taking into
consideration the causes of motion.
TERMINOLOGIES
• Displacement – is the change of position of a body.
𝚫𝒙 = 𝒙𝒇 − 𝒙𝒊
Note: For straight line motion, when there is no change in direction of
the motion of an object, distance traveled of the object is equal to its
displacement

• Velocity (v) – is the rate of change of position.

• Acceleration (a) – is the rate of change of velocity per unit of time.

TERMINOLOGIES
• Average velocity – is defined as the particles displacement Δx divided
by the time interval during which that displacement occurs.
𝚫𝒙 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 𝟏
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 = =
𝚫𝒕 𝒕𝟐 − 𝒕𝟏

• Average speed – total distance travelled divided by the total time

interval required to travel that distance.
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒆
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
• Refers to a motion in along a straight path.

Kinematics Equations for Motion of a Particle Under a Constant Acceleration

𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
𝚫𝒙 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟐
𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 𝚫𝒙
𝒗𝒇 + 𝒗𝒊
∆𝒙 = 𝒕
𝟐
If velocity is constant: ∆𝒙 = 𝒗𝒕
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Derivation of kinematics Equations Using Calculus
• Using the definition of acceleration,
𝒅𝒗
𝒂 =
𝒅𝒕
𝒅𝒗 = 𝒂𝒅𝒕
• Let’s assume that the object is moving from a velocity of initial
velocity(𝒗𝒊 ) to final velocity(𝒗𝒇 ) , note that acceleration is constant.
𝑣𝑓 𝑡
න 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑣𝑖 0
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑎𝑡
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 + 𝒂𝒕
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Derivation of kinematics Equations Using Calculus
• Now let us consider the definition of velocity,
𝑑𝑥
𝑣 = 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡
𝑥𝑓 𝑡
න 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 න 𝑑𝑡
𝑥𝑖 0
• Since 𝑣 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑥𝑓 𝑡
1 2
න 𝑑𝑥 = න 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑡 + 𝑎𝑡
𝑥𝑖 0 2
𝟏 𝟐
𝚫𝒙 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 + 𝒂𝒕
𝟐
 RECTILINEAR MOTION
Derivation of kinematics Equations Using Calculus
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝒙
• Elimination of 𝒅𝒕 in the equations of 𝒂 = 𝒅𝒕
and 𝒗 = 𝒅𝒕
will yield to

𝑣𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑓 𝑥𝑓
න 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑎 න 𝑑𝑥
𝑣𝑖 𝑥𝑖
1
(𝑣𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑖 2 ) = 𝑎(𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖 )
2
𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 𝚫𝐱
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 1:
The makers of a certain automobile advertise that it will accelerate from
15 mph to 50 mph in 13 seconds. Compute:
a. The acceleration in ft/s²
b. The distance the car travels in this time
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 2:
A subway train starts from rest and accelerate at 4 ft/s² for 10 seconds, it
then run at constant speed for 30 seconds and decelerate at 8 ft/s² until
it stops at the next station. Find the distance covered.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 3:
𝑡3
The motion of a particle is given by the equation 𝑥 = 2𝑡 4 − + 2𝑡 2
6
where x is in ft. and is in seconds. Compute the velocity and acceleration
when t = 2 sec.
FREE FALLING BODIES
• We do not necessarily refer to an object dropped from rest. A freely
falling object is an object moving freely under the influence of gravity
alone, regardless of its initial motion.
Equations:
𝒗𝒇 = 𝒗𝒊 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
Δ𝒚 = 𝒗𝒊 𝒕 − 𝒈𝒕
𝟐
𝒗𝒇 𝟐 = 𝒗𝑰 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒈 𝚫𝐲
FREE FALLING BODIES
Remarks:
1. The equations that we will use in solving free falling motion is
almost the same in kinematics equation for straight line motion,
the only difference is we change the acceleration to acceleration
due to gravity (the sign is minus sign because acceleration due to
gravity is directed vertically downward and it has a value of 9.8
m/s² or 32.2 ft/s²).
2. 𝚫𝒚 is the vertical change in position, 𝚫𝒚 = 𝒚𝒇 – 𝒚𝒊 .
3. Direction is important, velocity directly upward is positive and
negative for downward motion.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 4:
A stone thrown from the top of a building is given an initial velocity of
20.0 m/s straight upward. The stone is launched 50.0 m above the
ground, and the stone just misses the edge of the roof on its way down.
Find:
a. Determine the time at which the stone reaches its maximum height.
b. Find the maximum height of the stone.
c. Determine the velocity of the stone when it returns to the height
from which it was thrown.
d. Find the velocity and position of the stone at t = 5 seconds.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 5:
You are on the roof of a physics building 46 m above the ground. Your
physics professor who is 1.8 m tall, is walking alongside the building at a
constant speed of 1.2 m/s. If you wish to drop an egg on your professor
head, where should the professor be when you release the egg?
PROJECTILE MOTION (MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION)
• Projectile motion is the motion of an object thrown or projected into
the air, subject to only the acceleration of gravity. The object is called
projectile, and its path is called its trajectory.
• Projectile problems can be solved easily if air resistance is negligible.
One simply considers the motion to consists two independent parts:
horizontal motion with a = 0 and vertical motion with a = g = 9.8 m/s²
downward.
PROJECTILE MOTION (MOTION IN TWO DIMENSION)
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 6:
A ball is tossed from an upper storey of a building. The ball is given an
initial velocity of 8 m/s at an angle 20° below the horizontal. It strikes the
ground 3 seconds later.
a. How far horizontally from the base of the building does the ball
strikes the ground?
b. Find the height from which the ball was thrown.
c. How long does it take the ball to reach a point 10 m below the level of
launching?
d. At what velocity it will hit the ground.
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 7:
A basketball player is standing on the floor 10.0 m from the basket as
shown in figure. The height of the basket is 3.05 m, and he shoots the ball
at a 40.0° angle with the horizontal from a height of 2.00 m. At what
speed must the player throw the basketball so that the ball goes through
the hoop without striking the backboard?
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS – Investigates laws of motion of objects
along circular path without any reference to force that cause the
motion to change.
• Angular displacement (θ) – is usually expressed in radians, degrees or
in revolutions. 𝟏 𝒓𝒆𝒗 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° = 𝟐𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅
One radian is the angle subtended at the center of a circle by an arc equal in
length of the radius of the circle. The radian measure of an angle is a
dimensionless number.
• Angular speed (ω) – of an object whose axis of rotation is fixed is the
rate at which its angular displacement changes with time.
• Angular acceleration (α) – of an object whose axis of rotation is fixed
is the rate at which its angular speed changes with time.
ROTATIONAL KINEMATICS
• Equations for Uniformly Accelerated Rotational Motion
𝝎𝒇 = 𝝎𝒊 + 𝜶𝒕
𝟏 𝟐
𝜽 = 𝝎𝒊 𝒕 + 𝜶𝒕
𝟐
𝝎𝒇 𝟐 = 𝝎𝒊 𝟐 + 𝟐𝜶 𝜽
𝝎𝒇 + 𝝎𝒊
𝜽= 𝒕
𝟐
𝜽 = 𝝎𝒕 (for uniform angular velocity)
• Relationship Between Angular and Tangential Quantities
∆𝒙 = 𝒓𝜽
𝒗 = 𝒓𝝎
𝒂 = 𝒓𝜶
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 8:
A wheel rotates with constant angular acceleration of 3.50 rad/s².
a. If the angular speed of the wheel is 2 rad/s through what angular
displacement does the wheel rotate in 2 seconds?
b. Through how many revolutions has the wheel turned during this time
interval?
c. What is the angular speed of the wheel at time of 2 seconds?
 EXAMPLE PROBLEM 9:
A car accelerates uniformly from rest and reaches a speed of 22 m/s in 9
seconds. Assuming the diameter of a tire is 58 cm.
a. Find the number of revolutions the tire makes during this motion,
assuming that no slipping occurs.
b. What is the angular speed of a tire in revolutions per minute?
END OF PRESENTATION
 COURSE WORK #2: Motion in One and Two
Dimension and Rotational Motion
1. A hockey player is standing on his skates on a frozen pond when an opposing player,
moving with a uniform speed of 12.0 m/s, skates by with the puck. After 3.00 s, the first
player makes up his mind to chase his opponent. If he accelerates uniformly at 4.00 m/s₂,
Find: How long does it take him to catch his opponent? How far has he traveled in that
time? (Assume the player with the puck remains in motion at constant speed.)
2. Consider a particle moving
3
along
2
the x-axis where x(in cm) is the position of the particle at
time t(in sec), 𝑥 = 𝑡 − 6𝑡 + 9𝑡 − 2. Find the velocity of the particle when the
acceleration is zero.
3. A ball is thrown vertically upward with an initial speed of 20 m/s. Two seconds later; a
stone is thrown vertically upward (from the same initial height as the ball) with an initial
velocity of 24 m/s. At what height above the release point will the ball and the stone pass
each other?
4. A long jumper leaves the ground at an angle of 20° above the horizontal at a speed of
11m/s. (a) How far does he jump in the horizontal direction? (b) What is the maximum
height reached?
5. A pulley of 5 cm radius, on a motor, is turning at 30 rev/s and slows down uniformly to 20
rev/s in 2 seconds. Calculate: (a) The angular acceleration of the motor. (b) The length of
belt it winds in this time.
 COURSE PLATE #2: Motion in One and Two
Dimension and Rotational Motion
1. The reaction time of the average automobile driver is 0.7 sec. The reaction time is the time interval
between perception of a signal to stop and the application of the brakes. If an automobile can
decelerate at 16 ft/s². Compute the total distance covered in coming to a stop after a signal is
observed from an initial velocity of 30 mph.
2. The position of the front bumper of a test car under microprocessor control is given by x(t) = 2.17 +
4.18t² − 0.100t⁶ m. Find the acceleration at the instants when the car has zero velocity.
3. An object is thrown vertically and has an upward velocity of 18 m/s when it reaches one fourth of
its maximum height above its launch point. What is the initial (launch) speed of the object?
4. A placekicker must kick a football from a point 36m from the goal. Half of the crowd hopes the ball
will clear the crossbar, which is 3.05 m high. When kicked, the ball leaves the ground with a speed
of 20 m/s at an angle of 53° to the horizontal. By how much does the ball clear or fall short of
clearing the crossbar?
5. A wheel 40 cm radius rotates on a stationary axle. It is uniformly speeded up from rest to a speed of
900 rpm in a time of 20 s. Find the tangential acceleration of a point on its rim.
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG VALENZUELA
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ES 2: PHYSICS FOR ENGINEERS

COURSE PLATE NO. 1
“TITLE”
SAMPLE
COVER PAGE:
SUBMITTED BY:
Dela Cruz, Juan A.
02-0001
BSEE 1-1
SUBMITTED TO:
FO1 Joenile Rhey L De Roca, REE
SUBMISSION DATE:
February 1, 2023 SCORE