Introduction to Computational

Fluid Dynamics and Heat

Transfer

Lecture 9
Objective
 Upwind differencing.

 Entrance flow.

2/17
Upwind differencing
➢ Consider the one dimensional - unsteady momentum convection of
an inviscid fluid:
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+𝐮 =𝛎 𝟐=𝟎
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏
= −𝐮
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱
➢ If fluid rotation occurs:
ξn+1
i −ξ n
i un ξ n
i i+1 −un n
i ξi
When u < 0, forward, =− Y
∆t ∆x
ξn+1
i −ξ n
i un ξ
i i
n
−un n
i ξi−1
When u > 0, backward, =− x
∆t ∆x
3/17
Upwind differencing
Consistency check:
𝛛𝛏 𝟏 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝟐
𝛏𝐧+𝟏
𝐢 = 𝛏𝐧𝐢 + ∆𝐭 + ∆𝐭 + 𝐇𝐎𝐓
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐭 𝟐
𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝟏 𝛛 𝛏 𝟐
𝛏𝐧𝐢+𝟏 𝐧
= 𝛏𝐢 + ∆𝐱 + 𝟐
∆𝐱 + 𝐇𝐎𝐓
𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱
𝛛𝛏 𝟏 𝛛 𝟐𝛏
𝛏𝐧𝐢−𝟏 = 𝛏𝐧𝐢 − ∆𝐱 + ∆𝐱 𝟐 − 𝐇𝐎𝐓
𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐

ξn+1
i −ξ n
i un ξ
i i
n
−u n n
i ξi−1
When u > 0, backward, =−
∆t ∆x
𝛛𝛏 𝟏 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝐮 𝛛𝛏 𝟏 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝟐
+ ∆𝐭 = − ∆𝐱 − ∆𝐱
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐭 𝟐 ∆𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
4/17
Upwind differencing
Consistency check:
𝛛𝛏 ∆𝐭 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝐮 𝛛𝛏 𝟏 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝟐
+ =− ∆𝐱 − ∆𝐱
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐭 𝟐 ∆𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 ∆𝐭 𝛛 𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+ = −𝐮 +
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 ∆𝐭 𝛛 𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+ −𝐮 = −𝐮 +
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐭 𝛛 𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
− = −𝐮 +
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐭 𝛛 𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
− −𝐮 = −𝐮 +
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
5/17
Upwind differencing
Consistency check:
𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐭 𝛛 𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
− −𝐮 = −𝐮 +
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝐮𝟐 ∆𝐭 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+ 𝟐
= −𝐮 +
𝛛𝐭 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝐮𝟐 ∆𝐭 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+𝐮 = −
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝐮𝟐 ∆𝐭 𝛛𝟐 𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝐮∆𝐭 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+𝐮 = 𝟐
− 𝟐
= 𝟏−
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 ∆𝐱 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+𝐮 = 𝟏−𝐜
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
6/17
Upwind differencing
Consistency check:
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝐮∆𝐱 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+𝐮 = 𝟏−𝐜
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝟐 𝛛𝐱 𝟐
ξn+1
i −ξn
i un n n n
i ξi+1 −ui ξi
➢ When u < 0, forward, =− , the equation
∆t ∆x
is valid too but u & c are negative.
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝟐 𝛏
+𝐮 = 𝛎𝐚 𝟐
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐱
𝐮∆𝐱
𝛎𝐚 𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐢𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐯𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐲 = 𝟏−𝐜
𝟐
𝛛𝛏 𝛛𝛏
➢ When c = 1, the equation is: + 𝐮 = 𝟎, or c ≈ 1 and make
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱
∆𝐱 very small.
7/17
Upwind differencing
Notes:

1. In two dimensional flow:

𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮 𝛛𝟐 𝐮
𝐗 − 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ +𝐮 +𝐯 = 𝛎𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝛎𝐚𝐲 𝟐 − 𝛎𝐚𝐱𝐲
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱𝛛𝐲
𝛛𝐯 𝛛𝐯 𝛛𝐯 𝛛𝟐 𝐯 𝛛𝟐 𝐯 𝛛𝟐 𝐯
𝐘 − 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 ∶ +𝐮 +𝐯 = 𝛎𝐚𝐱 𝟐 + 𝛎𝐚𝐲 𝟐 − 𝛎𝐚𝐱𝐲
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱𝛛𝐲

𝛛𝐮
2. In steady unidirectional flow in X-direction, = 𝟎:
𝛛𝐱
𝛛𝟐 𝐮
𝟎 = 𝛎𝐚𝐲 𝟐
𝛛𝐲

8/17
Entrance flow
➢ For pressure-driven uniform-inlet flow to two - stationary parallel
plates, Set-up numerical equations to solve for the velocity
components (u,v), voriticity (𝛇) and the stream function (𝛙):

Uo B2

Y
B1 2h B4
X B3

10h

9/17
Entrance flow
Governing Equations
𝛁 𝟐 𝛙 = −𝛇

𝛛𝛇 𝛛𝛇 𝛛𝛇 𝛛𝛇𝟐 𝛛𝛇𝟐
+𝐮 +𝐯 =𝛎 𝟐 + 𝟐
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝛛 𝐱 𝛛 𝐲

𝛛𝛙 𝛛𝛙
𝐮= & 𝐯=−
𝛛𝐲 𝛛𝐱

𝟐𝐡
𝐑𝐞 = 𝐔𝐨 .
𝛎

10/17
Entrance flow
Non-Dimensionalized Equations

𝐔𝐨 . 𝐭
∗ ∗
𝐱 ∗
𝐲 ∗
𝐮
𝐭 = , 𝐱 = , 𝐲 = , 𝐮 =
𝐡 𝐡 𝐡 𝐔𝐨
𝐯 𝛙 𝐡. 𝛇
, 𝐯∗ = , ∗
𝛙 = , ∗
𝛇 =
𝐔𝐨 𝐔𝐨 . 𝐡 𝐔𝐨
𝛁 ∗𝟐 𝛙∗ = −𝛇∗ ⟶ (𝟏)
𝛛𝛇∗ ∗
𝛛𝛇∗
∗
𝛛𝛇∗
𝟐 𝛛𝛇 ∗𝟐
𝛛𝛇∗𝟐

∗
= −𝐮 ∗
− 𝐯 ∗
+ 𝟐 ∗
+ 𝟐 ∗ ⟶ (𝟐)
𝛛𝐭 𝛛𝐱 𝛛𝐲 𝐑𝐞 𝛛 𝐱 𝛛 𝐲
∗ ∗
𝛛𝛙 𝛛𝛙
𝐮∗ = & 𝐯 ∗ = − ∗ ⟶ (𝟑)
𝛛𝐲 ∗ 𝛛𝐱

11/17
Entrance flow
Boundary Conditions
Boundary (B1)
𝐱∗ = 𝟎 & 𝟎 ≤ 𝐲∗ ≤ 𝟏

𝐮∗ = 𝟏, 𝐯∗ = 𝟎
𝐲
𝛙 𝐔𝐨 . 𝐲
𝛙 = න 𝐮. 𝐝𝐲 = 𝐔𝐨 . 𝐲 ⇒ = ⇒ 𝛙∗ = 𝐲 ∗
𝟎 𝐔𝐨 𝐡 𝐔𝐨 . 𝐡

∴ 𝛙∗ 𝟎, 𝟎 = 𝟎 & 𝛙∗ 𝟎, 𝟏 = 𝟏

𝐝𝐯 ∗ 𝐝𝐮 ∗
𝛇∗ = −𝛁 ∗𝟐 𝛙∗ = ∗ − ∗ = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝛇∗ = 𝟎
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲

12/17
Entrance flow
Boundary Conditions

Boundary (B2)

𝟎 ≤ 𝐱 ∗ ≤ 𝟏𝟎 & 𝐲 ∗ = 𝟏
∗
𝐝𝐮
𝐮∗ = 𝟎 & 𝛙∗ = 𝐲 ∗ = 𝟏 & 𝛇∗ = − ∗ ≠ 𝟎
𝐝𝐲

Boundary (B3)
𝟎 ≤ 𝐱 ∗ ≤ 𝟏𝟎 & 𝐲 ∗ = 𝟎
𝐝𝐮∗ ∗ = 𝟎 & 𝛙∗ = 𝟎 & 𝛇∗ = 𝟎
= 𝟎 & 𝐯
𝐝𝐲 ∗

13/17
Entrance flow
Boundary Conditions
Boundary (B4)
𝐱 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎 & 𝟎 ≤ 𝐲 ∗ ≤ 𝟏

X-Momentum equation (Navier Stokes equation)

𝐝𝐮 𝐝𝐮 𝐝𝐮 𝟏 𝐝𝐩 𝐝𝟐 𝐮 𝐝𝟐 𝐮
+𝐮 +𝐯 =− +𝛎 𝟐
+ 𝟐
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲 𝛒 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲
For steady, fully-developed flow:
𝟏 𝐝𝐩 𝐝𝟐 𝐮
𝟎=− +𝛎
𝛒 𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲 𝟐
𝐝𝟐 𝐮 𝟏 𝐝𝐩
= = −𝐤
𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝛍 𝐝𝐱
14/17
Entrance flow
Boundary Conditions
Boundary (B4)
𝐱 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎 & 𝟎 ≤ 𝐲 ∗ ≤ 𝟏
𝐝𝟐 𝐮 𝟏 𝐝𝐩
= = −𝐤
𝐝𝐲 𝟐 𝛍 𝐝𝐱
𝐤 𝟐
𝐮 = − 𝐲 + 𝐜𝟏 𝐲 + 𝐜𝟐
𝟐
𝐝𝐮
𝐁. 𝐂𝐬: @𝐲=𝟎 ⇒ =𝟎 & @𝐲=𝐡 ⇒ 𝐮=𝟎
𝐝𝐲
𝐤𝐡𝟐
∴ 𝐜𝟏 = 𝟎 & 𝐜𝟐 =
𝟐
𝟐
𝐤𝐡 𝐲 𝟐
𝐮= 𝟏−
𝟐 𝐡
15/17
Entrance flow
Boundary Conditions
Boundary (B4)
𝐱 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎 & 𝟎 ≤ 𝐲 ∗ ≤ 𝟏
𝐤𝐡𝟐 𝐲 𝟐 𝐤𝐡𝟐
𝐮= 𝟏− , 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 =
𝟐 𝐡 𝟐

𝐲 𝟐
𝐮 = 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 𝟏 − (𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧)
𝐡
From continuity:
𝐡
𝟐𝐡
න 𝐮. 𝐝𝐲 = 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐡. 𝐮𝐚𝐯 = 𝐔𝐨 . 𝐡
𝟎 𝟑
Where uav is the average exit velocity
𝟑
∴ 𝐮𝐦𝐚𝐱 = 𝐮𝐚𝐯 & 𝐮𝐚𝐯 = 𝐔𝐨
𝟐
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Entrance flow
Boundary Conditions
Boundary (B4)
𝐱 ∗ = 𝟏𝟎 & 𝟎 ≤ 𝐲 ∗ ≤ 𝟏
𝟑 𝐲 𝟐
∴𝐮= 𝐔 𝟏−
𝟐 𝐨 𝐡
𝟑
∴ 𝐮∗ = 𝟏 − 𝐲 ∗𝟐 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟐
𝐝𝐮∗
∗
= 𝟎 (𝐟𝐮𝐥𝐥𝐲 𝐝𝐞𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐨𝐩𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐰 𝐜𝐨𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧)
𝐝𝐱
𝐲∗ ∗𝟑
𝟑 𝐲
∴ 𝛙∗ = න 𝐮∗ . 𝐝𝐲 ∗ = 𝐲 ∗ − 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟎 𝟐 𝟑
∗ ∗
𝐝𝐯 𝐝𝐮
∴ 𝛇∗ = −𝛁 ∗𝟐 𝛙∗ = ∗ − ∗ = 𝟑𝐲 ∗ = 𝟑𝐲 ∗ 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐜𝐭 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐮𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝐝𝐱 𝐝𝐲
17/17