14-Nov-19

ANALYITICAL METHODES OF LAMINATEED PLATE Contd…

1 Introduction
➢ There has been an increase in the use of composite materials in structural engineering applications. This
has resulted in a widespread use of composite, which has made necessary the analysis of laminated plate.
➢ The study of the response of the laminated plates follows one of the following two approaches.
➢ In the layer wise theory the displacement are expanded with in each layer using the Lagrangian
interpolation.
Classical laminate plate theory
➢ We earlier studied, stress resultants- axial force, twisting moment and bending moment have been
expressed in term of material and geometric properties of laminate.

1) The composite laminate can be considered as homogeneous material where the effect of Basic assumption
constituent materials and laminate is treated as average properties of composite.
The following assumptions are made in the classical laminate plate theory:
2) A layered analysis in which layer wise displacements are allowed.
1. The plate is thin, that is the thickness is much smaller in comparison to other physical dimension.

2. The plate is made of an arbitrary number of orthotropic layers. However, the principal material direction
of each layer need not coincide with the plate axes.
➢ In the first approach, two dimensional theories are used to analyse composites laminates for stress.

➢ The two-dimensional theories are obtained from three-dimensional elasticity theory by making 3. Behaviour of each layer is linear and elastic.
assumptions concerning the variation of displacements and stress through the thickness of the laminate.
➢ The classical laminate plate theory (CLPT) is an extension of the classical plate theory to isotropic plate. 4. Each ply and plate have constant thickness.

14-Nov-19 1 14-Nov-19 2

Contd..
5. Transverse normal stress σz is neglected.

6. Transverse shear strain εxz and εyz are negligible.

2 Equilibrium Equations of Laminated Plates

7. Transverse shear stresses σxz and σyz are assumed to be zero. ➢ The plate of Fig. 1 is subjected to arbitrary transverse load q. The equilibrium equations of elasticity for a
ply are given by

➢ Assumption 6 and 7 are general and have nothing specific about fiber reinforced composite material.
𝜕𝜎𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑧
+ + + 𝐹𝑥 = 0
➢ Kirchhoff’s assumption of negligible transverse shear strain εxz and εyz and negligible transverse normal 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
strain constitute a case of non-deformable normal to the middle surface.
𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑦𝑧
+ + + 𝐹𝑦 = 0 (1)
➢ The derivation that follows is essentially similar to the classical plate theory. 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑧𝑦 𝜕𝜎𝑧

+ + + 𝐹𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧

➢ Where 𝜎𝑥, 𝜎𝑦 and 𝜎𝑧 are normal stress components, 𝜎𝑥𝑦, 𝜎𝑦𝑧 and 𝜎𝑧𝑥 are shear stress components.

➢ We revert to the conventional notation and 𝐹𝑥, 𝐹𝑦 and 𝐹𝑧 are the body force components.

14-Nov-19 3 14-Nov-19 4

1
 14-Nov-19

➢ We know from previous chapter that stress resultants are given as follows:
𝜕 𝑧 𝜕 𝑧 𝑧𝑘
σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫ 𝑧𝑑 𝑘𝑥𝜎 𝑘 𝑧׬‬+ σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫ 𝑧𝑑 𝑘𝑦𝑥𝜎 𝑘 𝑧׬‬+ σ𝑛𝑘=1 𝜎𝑥𝑧𝑘 =0 (4b)
𝑁𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝑘−1 𝜕𝑦 𝑘−1 𝑧𝑘−1
𝑁𝑦 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
𝑑/2
𝑁𝑥𝑦 = ‫׬‬−𝑑/2 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧 = σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑘𝑧׬‬ 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑧 (2)
𝑧𝑘−1
𝑄𝑥 𝜎𝑥𝑧 𝜎𝑥𝑧 ➢ From(2), the first two terms of (4a) are 𝑁𝑥 and 𝑁𝑥𝑦 . The third term indicates the summation of the inter-
𝑄𝑌 𝜎𝑦𝑧 𝜎𝑦𝑧 laminar shear stresses.

𝑀𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 ➢ At the interface between plies, the direction of the shear stresses is opposite to each other in two distinct
𝑀𝑦 = ‫𝑑׬‬/2 𝜎𝑦 𝑧𝑑𝑧 = σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑧𝑑𝑧 𝑦𝜎 𝑘𝑧׬‬ (3) plies, though the magnitude of the shear stress is same for both.
−𝑑/2 𝑧𝑘−1
𝑀𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝜎𝑥𝑦
➢ Hence, the inter-laminar shear stresses will get cancelled making the summation of the third term of eqn.
(4b) zero.
➢ Where d is the thickness of the laminate and n is the number of plies.

➢ Turning now to the first of (1), neglecting the body force term 𝐹𝑥 , integrating term by term across each
Equation (3) can be written as
ply and summing up across the plate provides 𝜕𝑁𝑥 𝜕𝑁𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
=0 ( 5)
𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑘 𝑧𝑘 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦𝑘 𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑧𝑘
σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑘 𝑧׬‬ 𝑑𝑧 + σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑧׬‬ 𝑑𝑧 + σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑘 𝑧׬‬ 𝑑𝑧=0 (4a)
𝑘−1 𝜕𝑥 𝑘−1 𝜕𝑦 𝑘−1 𝜕𝑧

➢ In the first two terms, differentiation and integration can be interchanged, hence

14-Nov-19 5 14-Nov-19 6

𝜕𝑄𝑥 𝜕𝑄𝑦
+ +𝑞 = 0 (8)
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
➢ Where q is the intensity of the transverse load on the plate.

➢ In addition to the integrated force equilibrium above, two moment equilibrium equations are also needed.

➢ Multiplying the first of (1) by ‘z dz’ , integrating across each ply and summing across all the laminate
results in the following

𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑘 𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑦𝑘 𝑧 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑧𝑘

(a) Plate Geometry (b) Plate in plane Forces (c) Plate Moments σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑘 𝑧׬‬ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑘 𝑧׬‬ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 + σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑘 𝑧׬‬ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 =0 (9)
𝑘 −1 𝜕𝑥 𝑘 −1 𝜕𝑦 𝑘 −1 𝜕𝑧
Fig.1 Nomenclature for Stress Resultants

➢ Similarly, integrating equilibrium equations in y-direction provides ➢ Again, integration and summation can be interchanged in the first two terms of differentiation with the
result that the first two terms become (𝜕𝑀𝑥/ 𝜕𝑥) + (𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑦/ 𝜕𝑦).
𝜕𝑁𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑁𝑦
𝜕𝑥
+
𝜕𝑦
=0 (6) ➢ However, the third term is integrated by part as follows
Now,
𝑑/2 𝑥 𝜕𝜎𝑥𝑧𝑘 𝑧𝑘 𝑧
(𝑄𝑥 , 𝑄𝑦 ) = ‫׬‬−𝑑/2 𝑄𝑥𝑧𝑘 , 𝑄𝑦𝑧𝑘 𝑑𝑧 (7) σ𝑛𝑘=1 ‫𝑘 𝑧׬‬ 𝑧 𝑑𝑧 =σ𝑛𝑘−1 𝑧𝜎𝑥𝑧𝑘 − ‫𝑧𝑑 𝑘𝑧𝑥𝜎 𝑘 𝑧׬‬ ( 10)
𝑘−1 𝜕𝑧 𝑧𝑘 𝑘−1
−1

➢ Likewise, equilibrium in z-direction and the resulting summation provides

14-Nov-19 7 14-Nov-19 8

2
 14-Nov-19

➢ Here the last term is clearly Again, in the first term on the right, the moments of all inter laminar stresses
between piles get cancelled with each other therefore, (10) reduces to. 3 Bending of Composite Plates
𝜕𝑀𝑥 𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑦
+ − 𝑄𝑥 = 0 (11) ➢ For an especially orthotropic laminate (all terms with xs and ys vanish in addition to 𝐵𝑖𝑗 ),
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

➢ Similarly moment equilibrium equation in y direction yields 𝜕4 𝑤 𝜕4 𝑤 𝜕4 𝑤

𝐷11𝜕 𝑥4 + 2 𝐷12 + 2𝐷66 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦 2
+ 𝐷22 𝜕 𝑦4 = 𝑞 (18)
𝜕𝑀𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑀𝑦
𝜕𝑥
+ 𝜕𝑦
− 𝑄𝑦 = 0 (12) ➢ The boundary conditions at the edges of the plate are similar to that of the isotropic plate.

➢ There are thus 5 equilibrium equation in all for a rectangular plate, which are independent of the material A rectangular plate with all edges simply supported: Navier’s solution
properties; ( 5), ( 6) ( 8) ( 11) and ( 12).
➢ Consider a rectangular plate having a & b as the dimensions along two side. All the edges of the plate are
𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝑤,𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 4𝐷𝑥𝑠 𝑤,𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑦 + 2 𝐷𝑥𝑦 + 2𝐷𝑠𝑠 𝑤,𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 4𝐷𝑦𝑠 𝑤,𝑥𝑦𝑦𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦𝑦 𝑤,𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝐵𝑥𝑥 𝑢0 ,𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 3𝐵𝑥𝑠 𝑢0 ,𝑥𝑥𝑦 simply supported. The boundary conditions for a specially orthotropic laminate are
− 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 2𝐵𝑠𝑠 𝑢0 ,𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦𝑠 𝑢0 ,𝑦𝑦𝑦 − 𝐵𝑥𝑠 𝑣0 ,𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝐵𝑥𝑦 + 2𝐵𝑠𝑠 𝑣0 ,𝑥𝑥𝑦 − 3𝐵𝑦𝑠 𝑣0 ,𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 𝐵𝑦𝑦 𝑣0 ,𝑦𝑦𝑦 = 𝑞
X=0,a w=0, Mx = -D11 w,xx - D12 w,yy
Y=0,b w=0, My = -D12 w,xx – D22 w,yy (19)
➢ For the case of symmetric laminates, 𝐵𝑖𝑗 =0 and if the laminate is especially orthotropic, further
simplification occurs for all the terms with xs and ys subscripts which become zero in addition to 𝐵𝑖𝑗 =0. ➢ A solution in the following form of infinite double sine series has been suggested by Navier

𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
w 𝑥, 𝑦 = σ∞ ∞
𝑚=1 σ𝑛=1 𝐴𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin (20)
𝑎 𝑏

14-Nov-19 9 14-Nov-19 10

➢ The maximum deflection becomes

𝑚+𝑛+2
Fig.2 A rectangular plate with all edges simply supported 16𝑞0 𝑎4 (−1)
𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥= σ𝑚 σ𝑛 2
( 25)
𝜋6 𝑚𝑛𝐷𝑚𝑛
➢ For a 0 90 0|90 s laminate , with 𝐸1 / 𝐸2 =10 , 𝑣12 = 0.25 and 𝐸6 / 𝐸2 =0.5 , the non-dimensional
maximum deflection works out to be

➢ The expression for w in (20) satisfies the boundary conditions gives in (19). q(x, y) is also expressed in 𝑤𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸2 𝑑3
terms of double Fourier sine series × 10 −2 = 1.445 (26)
𝑎4 𝑞0

𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
𝑞 𝑥, 𝑦 = σ∞
𝑚=1 σ∞
𝑛=1 𝑞𝑚𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin 𝑏 (21) ➢ Where,
𝑎
𝑚 4 𝑚𝑛 2 𝑛 4
𝐷𝑚𝑛 = 𝐷𝑥𝑥 𝑎
+ 2 𝐷𝑥𝑦 + 2𝐷𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑏
+ 𝐷𝑦𝑦 𝑏
(27)
➢ The Fourier coefficients can be determined from the relationship

4 𝑏 𝑎 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
➢ The stresses in the Kth lamina is given by
𝑞𝑚𝑛 = ‫׬‬ ‫׬‬0 𝑞(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin dxdy (22)
𝑎𝑏 0 𝑎 𝑏
𝑘 𝑚 2 𝑘 𝑛 2 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
−𝑄11 − 𝑄12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin
➢ The plate is subjected to uniform load 𝜎𝑥 𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏

q(x, y) = 𝑞0 (23) 𝜎𝑦 =
16𝑞0 𝑧 ∞
σ𝑚=1,3 σ∞
1
𝑘 𝑚 2 𝑘 𝑛 2 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦 (28)
𝜋4 𝑛=1,3 𝑚𝑛𝐷 −𝑄12 𝑎
− 𝑄22 𝑏
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 sin 𝑏
𝜎𝑥𝑦 𝑘
𝑚 𝑛 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
➢ In the case of a uniform load on an all edges simply supported plates , the solution of ( 18) is 𝑘
2𝑄66 𝑐𝑜𝑠 cos
𝑎 𝑏 𝑎 𝑏
16𝑞0 𝑎4 1 𝑚𝜋𝑥 𝑛𝜋𝑦
W = σ∞ ∞
𝑚=1 σ𝑛=1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 sin 𝑏 (24) ➢ Similar calculations for the determination of stresses for other laminate can be carried out.
𝜋6 𝑚𝑛𝐷𝑚𝑛 𝑎
14-Nov-19 11 14-Nov-19 12