RAY OPTICS

h 𝑣𝑣
Reflection of Light: 𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟, Magnification 𝑚𝑚 = h i = − 𝑢𝑢 − real inverted.
o
+ virtual errect
→ Convex mirror +𝑓𝑓, 𝑚𝑚 < 1 and negative 𝑚𝑚 > 1 (enlarged)
→ concave Mirror -f, 𝑚𝑚 > 1, < 1, = 1 both + & − m < 1 (small)
P
sin 𝑖𝑖 𝜇𝜇2 𝑣𝑣1 𝜆𝜆1 1
Refraction of Light: 𝜇𝜇 = sin 𝑟𝑟
, 𝜇𝜇21 = 𝜇𝜇1
= 𝑣𝑣2
= 𝜆𝜆2
= 𝜇𝜇12
1
Total Internal Reflection (i) Denser → Rarer ii) 𝑖𝑖 > 𝑖𝑖𝑐𝑐 iii) sin 𝚤𝚤ˆ𝑐𝑐 = �𝜇𝜇 �
𝑑𝑑

Mirror Formula:- Thin Lens Formula:- REFRACTION THROUGH SPHERICAL

SURFACE
Surface Assumpsion:-
1) Small Aperture
2) Point Size object

Object 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 image 𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵𝐵′ △ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ≈△ 𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵𝐵′ 𝑃𝑃

△ 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 ≈△ 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑢𝑢
′ ′
= = … (i)
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹 𝑢𝑢 − 𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝑃𝑃𝐵𝐵′ 𝑣𝑣
= ′ ′= = … (i) △ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 ≈△ 𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵𝐵′ 𝑓𝑓
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓
△ 𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵𝐵′ 𝐹𝐹 ≈△ 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓 By Snell’s Law (since i & r are very
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑓𝑓 ′ ′
= ′
= small)
′ 𝐵𝐵′ = ′ 𝐵𝐵′ = ′ = … (ii) 𝐴𝐴 𝐵𝐵 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑓𝑓
𝐴𝐴 𝐴𝐴 𝐹𝐹𝐵𝐵 𝑉𝑉−𝑓𝑓 sin 𝑖𝑖 𝑖𝑖
𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑣𝑣 𝜇𝜇 = =
from eq. (i) and (ii) = … (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) sin 𝑟𝑟 𝑟𝑟
𝑢𝑢 − 𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 𝐴𝐴′ 𝐵𝐵′ 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑓𝑓 𝑖𝑖 = 𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇
= From eq (i) and (ii) Δ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑓𝑓
By sign convention 𝑢𝑢, 𝑣𝑣, 𝑓𝑓 are -ve, 𝑓𝑓 𝑢𝑢 𝛼𝛼 = 𝑖𝑖 + 𝛾𝛾 ∴ 𝑖𝑖 = 𝛼𝛼 − 𝛾𝛾
= Δ𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑓𝑓 2 = (𝑢𝑢 − 𝑓𝑓)(𝑣𝑣 − 𝑓𝑓) 𝑣𝑣 − 𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣
Since 𝑢𝑢 = −𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 sign convention 𝛽𝛽 = 𝑟𝑟 + 𝛾𝛾 ∴ 𝑟𝑟 = 𝛽𝛽 − 𝛾𝛾
𝑓𝑓 2 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 + 𝑓𝑓 2
𝛼𝛼 − 𝛾𝛾 = 𝜇𝜇(𝛽𝛽 − 𝛾𝛾)
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = (−𝑢𝑢)𝑣𝑣 − (−𝑢𝑢)𝑓𝑓 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃 𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
Dividing by uvf 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 = −𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 + 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − = 𝜇𝜇 � − �
−𝑢𝑢 −𝑅𝑅 −𝑣𝑣 −𝑅𝑅
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 − 𝑣𝑣𝑣𝑣 1 1 𝜇𝜇 𝜇𝜇
= + − = −
𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢𝑢 Dividing by uvf 𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅 𝑣𝑣 𝑅𝑅
1 1 1 1 1 1 𝜇𝜇 1 𝜇𝜇 1
= + = − − = −
𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅 𝑅𝑅
𝜇𝜇 1 (𝜇𝜇 − 1)
𝑚𝑚 = ℎ𝑖𝑖 /ℎ𝑜𝑜 = −𝑣𝑣/𝑢𝑢 − =
𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅.

Lens Maker Formula:- Combined Focal Length :-

By Refraction through first surface First lens forms image I’ of O

𝜇𝜇 1 𝜇𝜇 − 1
,− = …(i) 1 1 1
𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢 𝑅𝑅1 = − … (i)
I' acts as an object for second surface so that final image f1 v′ u
is formed at 𝐼𝐼, so for second surface. I’ acts as object for second lens and final image is
1/𝜇𝜇 1 1/𝑢𝑢 − 1 formed at I, so for second lens.
− ′=
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 𝑅𝑅2 1 1 1
1 1 1 − 𝜇𝜇 = − … (ii)
− = 𝑓𝑓2 𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 ′
𝜇𝜇𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣 ′ 𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅2 Adding eq (i) & (ii)
Multiplying by 𝜇𝜇 1 1 1 1
1 𝜇𝜇 1 − 𝜇𝜇 − = +
− = …(ii) 𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢 𝑓𝑓1 𝑓𝑓2
𝑣𝑣 𝑣𝑣′ 𝑅𝑅2
adding eq (i) & (ii)
1 1 Power of Lens :-
− = (𝜇𝜇 − 1)(1/𝑅𝑅1 − 1/𝑅𝑅2 )
𝑣𝑣 𝑢𝑢 1 100
1 1 1 𝑃𝑃 = = Diopter
= (𝜇𝜇 − 1) � − � 𝑓𝑓(𝑚𝑚) 𝑓𝑓(𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐)
𝑓𝑓 𝑅𝑅1 𝑅𝑅2
Refraction Through a Prism :- Angular Dispersion: 𝜃𝜃 = 𝛿𝛿𝑣𝑣 − 𝛿𝛿𝑅𝑅 = (𝜇𝜇𝑣𝑣 − 𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 )𝐴𝐴
𝜃𝜃 𝛿𝛿 −𝛿𝛿 (𝜇𝜇 −𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 )𝐴𝐴 (𝜇𝜇 −𝜇𝜇𝑅𝑅 )
Dispersive Power: 𝜔𝜔 = = 𝑣𝑣𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑣𝑣 −1�𝐴𝐴 = ω = 𝑉𝑉 −1�
𝛿𝛿𝛿𝛿 �𝜇𝜇𝑦𝑦 �𝜇𝜇𝑦𝑦

Scattering of Light: 𝛿𝛿 ∝ 1/𝜆𝜆4 (RAYLEIGH LAW)

Danger signals Red.

𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑥𝑥} vertically Sky appears blue.

𝑒𝑒 = 𝑟𝑟2 + 𝑦𝑦} opposite Angles. Reddish appearance of sunrise, sunset.
𝑖𝑖 + 𝑒𝑒 = (𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 ) + (𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦) … (i)
𝛿𝛿 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦
exterior ∠ is equal to sum of interior angles. OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS
∠𝑃𝑃 = 180 − (𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 )
In quadilateral AMPN. Simple Microscope:
∠𝐴𝐴 + 90∘ + ∠𝑃𝑃 + 90∘ = 360∘ Convex lens of low focal length and high power.
𝐴𝐴 + 90∘ + 180 − (𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 ) + 90 = 360
𝐴𝐴 = 𝑟𝑟1 + 𝑟𝑟2 … (ii) i) Image at D. object placed b/w focus and lens.
𝑖𝑖 + 𝑒𝑒 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝛿𝛿
At minimum deviation 𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚
i.e, 𝑟𝑟1 = 𝑟𝑟2 = 𝑟𝑟
2𝑖𝑖 = 𝐴𝐴 + 𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚
(𝐴𝐴 + 𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚 )
∴ 𝑖𝑖 = … (iii)
2
𝐴𝐴 = 2𝑟𝑟 ∴ 𝑟𝑟 = (𝐴𝐴/2) … (iv)
By Snells Law Magnifying power.
sin 𝑖𝑖 𝑫𝑫
𝜇𝜇 = 𝒎𝒎 = 𝟏𝟏 +
sin 𝑟𝑟 𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒆
𝐴𝐴 + 𝛿𝛿 𝛽𝛽 𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
sin � 2 𝑚𝑚 � 𝑚𝑚 = =
𝜇𝜇 = 𝛼𝛼 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴
sin � 2 �
For thin prism
ii) Image at ∞

𝐴𝐴+𝛿𝛿𝑚𝑚
𝜇𝜇 = 𝐴𝐴2
2
𝜹𝜹𝜹𝜹 = (𝒖𝒖 − 𝟏𝟏)𝑨𝑨
Object placed on focus.
A-Prism Angle 𝐷𝐷
𝜇𝜇 = Refractive Index. Magnifying power 𝑚𝑚 =
𝑓𝑓

Compound Microscope: Objective – (convex lens of low focal length and small aperture).
Eye lens – (convex lens of high focal length and large aperture).

i) Image at D. ii) Image at ∞

Final virtual inverted image. Final Image at infinity

𝑣𝑣 𝐷𝐷 1 𝐷𝐷
𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚0 × 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = −𝑢𝑢0 �1 + � ≈ �1 + �
0 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒
𝑣𝑣 𝐷𝐷 𝐿𝐿 𝐷𝐷
𝑚𝑚 = − 𝑢𝑢0 � � ≈ .
0 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑓𝑓0 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒
Length of tube 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑣𝑣0 + 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒
 Astronaumical Telescope: Objective – (convex lens of high focal length and large aperture).
Eye lens – (convex lens of low focal length and small aperture).

i) Image at Infinity. ii) Image at D

Enlarged Image
𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚 = 0 �1 + 𝑒𝑒 �
𝑓𝑓0 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝐷𝐷
𝑚𝑚 = 𝐷𝐷
𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 𝑅𝑅. 𝑃𝑃 =
𝐿𝐿 = 𝑓𝑓0 + 𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑒 (Length of tube) 1.22𝜆𝜆
D-Diameter of objective
Length of tube 𝐿𝐿 = 𝑓𝑓0 + 𝑢𝑢𝑒𝑒

Reflecting Telescope: Concave mirror acts as an onjective.

Newtonian Telescope Cassegrain Telescope

ADVANTAGES:
1) Bright Image is formed.
2) Image free from Chromatic abberation.

Resolving Power: The ability of optical instrument to form distinct image of two object situated close to each
other.
Resolving power of microscope Resolving power of Telescope

2𝜇𝜇 sin 𝜃𝜃 𝐷𝐷
�(𝑅𝑅. 𝑃𝑃)𝑚𝑚 = 𝜆𝜆
� �(𝑅𝑅. 𝑃𝑃)𝑇𝑇 = 1.22𝜆𝜆�
1
𝑅𝑅. 𝑃𝑃 ∝
𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟

𝐸𝐸 Brewster’s Law:
Polarisation: 𝐶𝐶 = 𝐵𝐵0
0
tan 𝑖𝑖𝑝𝑝 = 𝜇𝜇

Malus Law: 𝐼𝐼𝜃𝜃 = 𝐼𝐼0 cos2 𝜃𝜃

YODDHA
APNI KAKSHA