Formulas

∑ 𝐹 = 0, ∑ 𝐹 = 0, ∑ 𝑀 = 0 𝜎= , 𝜏 = , 𝐹. 𝑆. = , 𝐹. 𝑆. = , 𝐹. 𝑆. =

𝜎 = 𝜎 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝜎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 2𝜏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝜏 = 𝜎 − 𝜎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + 𝜏 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)

𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = , 𝜎 , = ± +𝜏 , 𝜎 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = − ,

𝜏 = +𝜏 (𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒), 𝜏 = (𝑖𝑛 3𝐷)

   3  I1 2  I 2  I 3
I1   x   y   z
px  nx x  ny xy  nz xz ( x   )  xy  xz
I 2   x y   x z   y z   xy2   xz2   yz2
py  nx yx  ny y  nz yz ,  yx ( y   )  yz  0,
 zx  zy ( z   )  x  yx  zx
pz  nx zx  ny zy  nz z
I 3   yx  y  yz
 zx  zy  z

∆𝑠 − ∆𝑠 𝜋
𝜎 = 𝑝. 𝑛, 𝜖 = , 𝛾= − 𝜃′
∆𝑠 2
𝛾 𝛾
𝜖 = 𝜖 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 + 𝜖 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝛾 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, = 𝜖 − 𝜖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
2 2

𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = , 𝜖 , = ± + , 𝜖 =

𝑡𝑎𝑛2𝜃 = − , = + (𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒)

𝜎 = 𝐸𝜖, 𝜏 = 𝐺𝛾, 𝑢 = 𝜎𝜖, 𝑢 = , 𝜈=− , 𝐺=

( )

𝜖 = 𝜎 −𝜈 𝜎 +𝜎 , 𝜖 = 𝜎 − 𝜈(𝜎 + 𝜎 ) , 𝜖 = 𝜎 −𝜈 𝜎 +𝜎

𝛾 = , 𝛾 = , 𝛾 = , 𝜃 =𝜖 +𝜖 +𝜖 , 𝐾=
( )

𝑃(𝑥) 𝑃𝐿 𝑃𝐿
𝛿= 𝑑𝑥 , 𝛿= , 𝛿= , 𝛿 = 𝛼Δ𝑇𝐿
𝐸(𝑥)𝐴(𝑥) 𝐸𝐴 𝐸𝐴
( )
𝜏 = 𝑟, 𝐽= 𝑟 , 𝐽 = (𝑟 − 𝑟 ), 𝜙=∫ ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑥 , 𝜙= , 𝜙=∑ ,

|𝜎 | ≤ 𝜎 , |𝜎 | ≤ 𝜎 , |𝜎 − 𝜎 | ≤ 𝜎 , 𝑢 = [(𝜎 − 𝜎 ) + (𝜎 − 𝜎 ) + (𝜎 − 𝜎 ) ],

𝑢 = [𝜎 − 𝜎 𝜎 + 𝜎 ], (𝑢 ) = 𝜎 , 𝑢 ≤ (𝑢 ) , |𝜎 | ≤ 𝜎 , |𝜎 | ≤ 𝜎

Ix Iy J0
I x   y 2 dA, I y   x 2 dA, J 0   r 2 dA, I xy   xydA, kx  , ky  , k0 
A A A A
A A A
I x  I x '  Ad y 2 , I y  I y '  Ad x 2 , J 0  J C  Ad 2 , I xy  I x ' y '  Ad x d y ,

I u  I x cos 2   I y sin 2   2 I xy sin  cos  , I v  I x sin 2   I y cos 2   2 I xy sin  cos  ,

2
Ix  I y  I I   I xy
I uv  ( I x  I y ) sin  cos   I xy (cos   sin  ) , I max  2 2
  x y   I xy 2 , tan 2 p 
min 2  2  (I x  I y ) / 2

M Mz M ( I y M z  I yz M y ) y  ( I z M y  I yz M z ) z E1
  y,   y  y z,  , n
I Iz Iy I y I z  I yz 2
E2

VQ VQ
 , q , qi si  ( Fallow )i ,    N   M ,    T  V
It I