Dimensions

Name of Major Minor radius Height

component Radius (m) (m) m)
Habitation 895m 150m
zones

Industrial 545m 150m

torus
Central 150m 450m
cylinder
Docking 175m 75m
station
Spokes 20m 245m
Connector 20m 90m
Holder 150m 20m

Preparing Materials
From where will come 10 million tonnes of matter needed to build a colony? And
where and how will it be processed, refined and shaped into the metals, glass and
other necessary structural material? The topography of space shapes the answer
to the first question; human ingenuity offers answers to the second. A
major
problem only partly solved is how to transport large quantities of matter from
mines on the Moon to space. Some possible solutions to that problem are
suggested.

Sources
As noted previously, lunar materialshave been chosen to supply the great bulk of
mass necessary for the first colony, including the shell and internal structure,
passive shield, soil, and oxygen. As indicated in figure 4-10, only a small
percentage of the mass, including inital structures, machinery, special
equipment, atmospheric gases other than oxygen, biomass, and hydrogen for
water, comes from Earth.

This decision has been made for a variety of reasons. Of the other planets are
eliminated by the expense of transportation from their surfaces, and the moons
of the outer planets by transport times of years and by costs. This leaves the
oraids. comets, and the moons of Mars. While the composition of the moons
ot Mars is unknown, both the comets and asteroids are apparently abundant
sources of organic materials in addition to rock and possibly nirogen and free
metals as well. For immediate future applications, however, the Moon's positson
makes it attractive and, compared to the asteroids, the Moon has advantages
known properties, a distance suitable for easy communication. and it allow s
perhaps simpler overall logistics. However, when the space colonization prograrn
1S begun, technical and economic imperatives secm likely o drive it quickly
toward exploitation of asteroidal rather than lunar materials and toward much less
dependence on Earth. Long before the resuits of mining activity on the Moon
became visible from the Earth, the colony program would be obiainng ts
materials from the asteroids. Given that source, the "imits of gTOWh are
practically limitless: the total quantity of materials within only a few known large
asteroids is enough to permit building space colonies witha total land area many
thousands of times that of the Earth.
EARTH SENCLSt 0F
SESG
ATMOSPHE HE

axYGEN
NITROGEN

CAABOa
NITROCEN
HVDAOGEN
DirYGEN

MISC

OXYGEN

oCE AN

Processiug: Where?
A variety of alternatives exist for the processing of lunar ores to yield materials
for the colony. These involve various combinations of processing site, materials
to be produced, and chemistry. Optimization requires a detailed analysis of
manifold possibilities. The study limited itself to choosing a plan which seems
achievable and advantageous based on reasonable extrapolations of curent
technology. The decision as to whether to process at the colony or on the Moon
is dictated by various factors. The lunar site has the advantage of being close to
the ore source and having agravity which might be uscd in some chemical
processing. Lunar processing might be expected to decrease the amount of
material to be shipped to the colony. However. closer examination reveals that
the colony's shielding requirements exceed the slag production of the processing
plant, hence, no transportation is saved by processing at a lunar site.

Moreover, lunar processing also possesses certain definite disadvantages whem

compared to processing at the site of the colony. Plant facilities shipped from the
Earth to the Moon require much greater transportation expense than for shipment
to the
colony site. In addition, solar furnaces and power plants are limited to a S0
percent duty cycle on the Moon. Without
power storage this would curtail
operations at a lunar processing site. Radiators for
efficient and, therefore, process cooling are less
larger when placed on the Moon, because they have a
view of the Sun of the hot lunar surface.
or
Finally, even at only 1/6 of Earth's
gravity, components of the plant have
significant weight. On the Moon this
requires support structure and cranes and hoists
not needed during assembly. But these are
if processing is done at the colony site. Based on these
it appears that considerations,
major processing should take place at the colony site.
Materia roperties ensile Steugth
Carbon Nanotubes Very high tensile strength. 63GPa
Resist high temperatures.
Aluminum oxynitride glass High
tensile strength. 1700MPa
Very high melting point. Good
shock absorber.
MS ber High density. 3690MPa
High performance fiber. High
tensile strength.
Super adobe High tensile strength.
1400MPa
High resistance to Solar
radiation.
Very low thermal conductivity.
Very high service temperature.
Radiation protection ayer Refer to next table
Asbestos Tller Refer to next table
Heat resistant.
Used as an insulator. 4.4GPa
High tensile strength
Alamin High tensile strength.
Good thermal shock 4.6GPa
resistant.
High service temperature.
Sialos High tensile strength.
Excellent thermal 4.72GPa
shock
resistance.
Low thermal
expansion. Good
oxidation resistance.
Radiation and Debris protection materials

KOertie Henisite Sterengeic

2760 MPa Thermally stable,
Twaron High tensile strength, Highly impact and
Fatigue resistance,
Chemical resistant
Dimensional stability
2.10 MPa Used for absorbing
Polyethylene Low density. wide
working temperature,
and dispersing
Foam flame resistant
radiation
Good adhesive 6.48 MPa Radiation
RTV 3145 properties, UV resistant,
protection and used
Adhesive ozone resistant, thermal as seal for layers
resistant and excellent
curing properties Heat insulator
Resist extreme 2.6 MPa
Silicone rubber
temperature (1350 °C)
Shape memory alloy, 960 MPa Excellent shape
Nitinol regains shape after recovering
deformity, high tensile properties
strength
Restricts formation of air 50 MPa For filling up
Sealant Gel bubbles and cracks on impact affected
silicone gel, Combustion areas

resistant properties

Aluminium oxynitride glas

Carbon nanotubes 1m
RTV 31455 M5 fiber 1m
Adhesive
Sialon 1m
Super Adobe 1.5m
Radlation protection layer 2m
Asbestos filler 1.5m
2m

Twaron a.195m

Polythene Foam 0.195m

RTV3145 Adheslve 0.025m

silicone 0.195m
Nitinol a.195m
CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE
Presenting design and dimensions are not enough it is very important to mention
the construction phases of your particular
design and also mention the particular
part construction time and what are the materials we are
going to use for this
particular shape.
Note: Please explain about the usage of the
particular shape.

Examples

DOCKING PORTS
Docking ports are the exit and entry gates of space settlement, expalian about the
mechanism of closing and opening of docking ports how docking mechanism stop
the radiation in space.
For reference please refer to 1SS Docking in YOUTUBE

Lunar mining: Mining on moon with location on moon suraface area of

mining, tranportaion and total stracture of mining area has to be disscussed
with innovative thoughts.

Martian mining: Mining on mars with location on mars suraface area of

mining, tranportaion and total stracture of mining area has to be disscussed
with innovative thoughts.Includingcaliculations time period.
 3. HUMAN NEPS DN SPACE

GRAVITY
People may constantly have a choice to guidc their lifestyles in
microgravity, which appears to be wonderful for area fans however there lies
a darkish side. It can be loopy to stay in microgravity however it
consequences we human beings in a whole lot of manners in lengthy phrases as
discovered through NASA's missions with inside the ISS. ISS heing the
dimensions of an American soccer discipline is a lot smaller whilst in
comparison with a space settlement with a radius of round ikm. When scaled as
much as a huge scale it's far almost not possible to snug accommodate all its
tizens in microgravity.

Hop to Gemeratie Artiticiai Gravity

Artificial gravity can be produced in a number of ways. In the following

sections, we discuss several interesting mechanisms that could, in theory, be used
to develop artificial gravity. However, the practical limitations imposed on
spacecraft mass, power, and cost means that achieving some of these designs.

Limear Aczeleratina
Linear acceleration is one means by which artificial gravity in a spacecrat
can be achieved. By accelerating the spacecraft continuously in a straght line,
objects inside the spacecraft are forced in the opposite direction of that of the
applied acceleration. This phenomenon is experienced by astronauts routineiy
during orbital adjustments of the Space Shuttle and other orbital spacecrafts when
the thrusters are fired (it is also
experienced by people in cars as the force pushingE
them back into their seats when
they step on their gas after the traffic lignt
pedal
turns green). The result is intermittent impulsive artificial gravity imposed on the
astronauts (or car driver) that is equal to the acceleration level achieved by the
thrusters. However, the duration of this artificial gravity is too short (a few
seconds) to be considered as a potential counter mcasure.
 mass a s
a 2 Ratad
Any
produciag gravty
Eass is theC o m p o n e n t im
ever so
saor icaes or s
O C G R ticid associated wih
it be t
associated with ia sely S`IvE bkack
cld
t c t m u n g as the gravitational be achoevd 1s to z a
that artificial grav ey might
tence, yet another way so that wo Tae OR
Stt uitra-hagh density core into a spEcELTaÍt
us s o
mside towards t ln reaity.
E t a l field and pull everything fictn SBOTDES a v e piayed
scence
aranci Zravity because it S gravity! Maay
generziors thar crean
by umply1ng that there are artificai gravity
SCuEpk in a practical sTIe. The
graviational ficld based on a mass that does not ENiSt.
is apparenly presem on the
SOy steiped because an Earth-like enviromETi
screen or teievn50E
spaceship. This, of course, makes bringing a story to the big
naacih more cost effective because it is significanthy less expensrve to produce
a

Vdeo m i g than it is to produce he special effecas needed to s ane

wenghtlessness.
An extremely large amount of mass is required to pro uce even a u
gravitabional field. For exanple. fairly large 2steroid produces any several
thousandths of a g3. One could imagine that by attachimg a propulsion system of
some kind to this asteroid, it might loosely qualify as a space ship. The downside
i sthat gravity at such a low level is not likely to have amy practical value. In
addition. the mass would obviousiy need to move w t e spaceCTaft AIy
significamt acceleration required for such a craft would come with the penalry of
hwgely increased fuel consumption. The only ragmatic way to
impiement
artificial gravity based on tbe principle of mass is to find as of yet undiscovered
materials with very high densities such that significant mass is
volume of space. However, one still needs to grapple with
present in a low
into orbit in the first
getting so much maSS
place.

Ceutrifugal Force
Centrifugal force results from tne centnpetal acceleration
Tmotion (rotation). Examples of circular motion generated by circular
include artificial satellites
mensvnchronous orbit. a race cargoing tnrough a curve on a in
i n a coordinated
a tum, or an object tned to the racetrack, an aircraft
end of a
about in circles. Most of us nave
le expeenced it as the toTce thatrope and twirled
(right) as we make nght (et) nard turns pushes us to the
t motion is a special case of circular n our cars. Spinning motion or
motion that occurs
atates or spins about its own center ot
mass. An when anobject
exampie of this kind of motion
1S a record
spinning on a turntable, or indeed, the turntable itself. The
produces centripetal acceleration in a radial spinning
direction away from the center.

Exampie
Calculations
F= ma (), For angular force F =
mv- ir (2)
Where, m =
mass of an object lying on the periphery of the torus
r major radius of the torus

V=velocity of the object (y 2xR/t)

ttime period of the rotation
mv/r =ma
a=v/r

a-(27R/t+t
a 42R/
For Living Deck and working deck

Timeperiod 95.115 seconds, R= 2.266m

a-4(3.14)*2,266/(95.115}
a-9.8 ms = lg
For bio-reserve and recreation deck along with research &
exploration Deck
Time period = 81.33 seconds, R= 1,662 m

a = 4"(3.14*1662/(81.33

a-9.8m/s= lg
For cargo and resource deck along with energy reserve deck

Time period 66.16 seconds, R= 1.095

4(3.14*1095/(66.
16F.a =9.8 ms = Ig
Food:
Food is a substance that heips in the functioning of the human body. As
food is an essential part of the human life the food should be produced in a large
amount for all the residents. The production of the food would be done in the
agncultural base
Producing of food can be mainly done in 3 ways.

IHydroponics
Aqua phonics
3 Zeo phonics

Hdioniirs

Hydroponics is the cultivation of plants without using soil. Hydroponic

flowers. herbs, and vegetables are planted in inert growing media and supplicd
with nutrient-rich
solutions, oxygen, and water. This system iosters rapid growth,
stronger yields, and superior quality. When a plant is grown in soil, its roots are
perpetually searching for the necessary nutrition to support the plant. If a plant's
root system is exposed directly to water and nutrition, the plant does not have to
exert any energy in sustaining itself. The energy the roots would have expended
acquiring food and water can be redirected into the plant's maturation. As a result,
leaf growth flourishes as does the blooming of fruits and flowers.

Hgw daus lbydenpusneS waek

Hydroponic systems work by allowing minute control over environmental
conditions like temperature and pH balance and maximized
exposure to nutrients
and water. Hydroponics operates under a very simple
principle: provide plants
exactly what they need when they need it. Hydroponics administer nutrient
solutions tailored to the needs of the particular plant being grown.
They allow
vou to control exactly how much light the plants receive and for
how long. pH
levels can be monitored and adjusted. In a highly customized and controlled
environnent, plant growth accelerates.

Bycontrolling the environiient of the plant, many risk factors are

plants grown in gardens and fields are introduced to a host of
reduced.
variables that
neaatively impact their health and grwth. Fungus in the soil can spread diseases

nlants. Wildlife like rabbits can

plunder ripening vegetables from
your garden.
Pests like locusts can descend on erops and obliterate them in an afternoon.
Hydroponic systems end the unpredictability of growing plants outdoors and in
the earth. Without the
mechanical resistance of the soil, seedlings can mature
much faster. By
climinating pesticides, hydroponics produce much healthier and
high-quality fruits and vegetables. Without obstacles. plants are free to
vigorously and rapidly. grow

here are six types of

hydroponie systems
1.Deep water culture systems
2. Wick systems

3. Nutrient film technique systems

4. Ebb and flow systems
5. Drip systems
6. Aeroponics

quaponies
Aquaponics is a sustainable method of raising both fish and
vegetables.
popular with individuals, entrepreneurs, educators, missions and It is
Furthermore, with this type of indoor farming, governments.
with less water, land and labour than traditional
you grow substantially more food
agriculture.

Eenponics
The term ZEOPONICS
was introduced by USA National
Space Administration (NASA). For Aeronautics and
stations the
growing plants in enclosed area of space
NASA scientists created natural zeolite-based substrate
(clinoptilolite) which, following water addition, provides for ion exchange in the
substrate elements and enable slow release of
nutrients for use by plants. This
Substrate was used for the first time in MIR
space station, and radish and wheat
were the first cultures
grown in space by applying the zeoponics technique.

Nowadays, zeolite application for plant seeds sprouting is made casy for all
supporters of healthy lifestyle. Sprouts cultivated by this methodare safe
direct consumption, moreover, they grow up more rapidly and are more succulent
tor
as compared to the traditional method ofseed sprouting (water flushing 2-3 times
a day). Besides, zeolite ability to hold water and slowly release it for use by plants

provides for saving of water application time and makes the process simple and
fast.

Water
Because it is an indispensable clement to the continuity of life, water can
surely be considered a crucial resource for inhabited spacecraft. The average
person would require around 8 kg of water per day, for consumption and personal
hygiene [171. For long-term missions and self-reliant settlements in outer space,
effective water management contributes to the completion of a closed loop for
Environmental Control and Life Support System. The WRM subsystem reduces
the need for frequent resupply and is advantageous in economic terms. Water
recovery subsystems on space settlements will have separate functions. One of
these subsystems will perform distillation ofurine and flush water, while the other
will filter more dilute feeds, such as water used for hygiene or laundry. The latter
would be used as potable water. Engineering requirements for such systems
additionally state that they should be designed to operate in low gravity
conditions. Though water recovery would mostly constitute a closed loop, water
production also results from processes which involve carbon dioxide reduction
and removal (the Sabatier or Bosch processes, for instance. The process of CO02
reduction produces pure water which might need little to no post-treatment; water
can also be generated from H2 - 02 fuel cells.

Vapor Compression Distillation (VCD); a VCD subsystem functions based on a

thermally passive process and employs the use of an evaporator, a compressor
and a condenser. This subsystem can function in
micro-gravity conditions and is
characterized by low power consumption, but it requires additional brine
storage
and produces gases which pollute the habitat.

Vapor Phase Catalytic Ammonia Removal (VAPCAR); the VAPCAR

subsystem oxidizes vapors of impurities, turning them into
harmless gases, and
therefore operates by making use of a chemical process. Like
VCD, a VAPCAR
subsystem can be adapted to low gravity. Additionally, feeds
subsystem do not have to undergo processed by this
pre-treatment and require very little post-
treatment (though only when potable water is desired).
Thermoelectric Integrated Membrane Evaporation System (TIMES): TIMES,
like the VCDsubsystem, is also based on a thermal
process (though demanding
active temperature control). The circulation of heat from the condenser to an
evaporator is achieved using a
thermoelectric heat
pump. Though it contains
mostly stationary equipment's, TIMES' major drawbacks are its reduced
efficiency compared to other subsystems and higher risk of failure. Other urine
processing subsystems are Air Evaporation Systems (ACS) or Super Critical Wet
Oxidation (SCWO). Though very efficient, ACS requires a considerable amount
of power to function and urine pre-treatment. SCWO employs the use of metals
whose corrosion might lead to water contamination and is therefore better suited
for other types of waste
processing. Because TIMES requires active control and
its components exposed to failure, the remaining systems for selection
are more
are VCD and VAPCAR, both with a lower energy consumption and better
processing rates. We choose VAPCAR for urine filtering, because it weighs a lot
less than VCD and does not rely of pre- or post-treatment. Filtration Water can
also be recovered from the atmosphere, where it usually ends up as a result of
breathing, sweat evaporation or activities such as cooking or taking a hot bath. In
this case, WRM interfaces with other subsystems, such as the Ventilation,
Humidity and Temperature Control Subsystem. A large percentage of water
requirements is satistfied using water recovered from condensate. Plant
transpiration can also be collected and filtered with little effort, since it is of high
quality (. Potable water will result mainly from recovered personal hygiene water
and water recovered from condensate. Main filtering processes include:
Reverse Osmosis (RO); this process involves transferring water from a
compartment to another, from a high concentration to a lower one, by applying
pressure. RO requires pre- and post-treatment, due to the reduced filtering
capabilities of the semipermeable membrane.
Multifil ration (MF); the MF process is more efficient than RO, as the basis of
its technology is
simpler, involving the passing of water through multiple filters.
However, MF components are in need of constant replacement and have
reduced durability.
quite

Electrodialysis, which filters impure water by means of ion exchange resins and
membranes; in comparison with MF, the process employs a more advanced
technology, less accessible for use in space, and requires additional brine storage.
Cicada will rely on MF subsystems to
produce potable water, given that the
technology is not complex. Additionally, the quality of the water produced will
be continuously monitored, to ensure that it is perfectly safe for consumption.
tanple

Paytoad

Cacdetsade Phemmaa

Sabue Fonsunp
Lesend
Codenaate

Crop Sabatier
Peodecth0n Food Waste
ane Teemnt
rine
Fecal
Hygene
Toilet Reapiration'T ranspeaton
iokgcal Theatmeer FRush Wetor
gry waber
Edble Plant Biomass
nedible Plant Biomass
PrepeckagedFood

Cless
Class H

Traaer Class
water Usage
Processes

primary treatment secondany treatment

disinfectant
raw sewage
aerationtank
secondary
rifier
screens
socondary
primary
efuent effluent
comminutor discharge to
surtace water
(or tertiary
orimary
air compressor activated treatment
clanfier return sludge siudge if needed)

return sludge pump

grit chamber
raw or primary siudge

g disposa

skudge treatment and disposal

primary secondary tertiary treatment

treatment chemical- biochemical oxidation+
treatment (partial) desalination

enie

conventional sandfilterf
primary butfer cooling secondaryy ozon (0, particde
NF

ciaror tower actvated siudge clarifer biofüter flter

 Atmosphere & Pressure
To maintain life processes human organism requires an
adequately the
atmosphere of acceptable composition and pressure. The atmosphere of the space
habitat must contain a partial pressure of oxygen (p0:) sufficient to provide high
or ~100 mm
enough partial pressure within the alveoli of the lungs (-13.4 kPa
blood cell mass and
Hg) for good respiration yet low enough to avert losses in
such as the
large changes in the number and distribution of micro-organisms, is 22.7
level on Earth
growth of "opportunistic" bacteria. The value of pO: at sea
blood. The range of
kPa (170 mm Hg) which sustains the needed oxygen in the
tolerable variation is large and not well defined, but for general populations
seem unwise.
deviations of more than 9 kPa (70 mm Hg) in either direction
is desirable since
The presence of an inert gas in the colony's atmosphere
from occurring in the body's
it would prevent an unusual form of decompression
chambers and sinuses, while providing a greater safety margin
during either
inert gases. Although several
accidental pressure drops or oxygen dilution by
there are several reasons why
other gases have been used for this purpose,
reasonable candidate for the colony. For example,
since
nitrogen appears the most it is not
almost 80 percent of the Earth's atmosphere,
nitrogen constitutes
the gas for normal development.
surprising to find that some organisms require release
Further, with time, denitrifying bacteria
will nitrogen gas into the
in the eventual accumulation of significant
atmosphere, thereby resulting life
Finally, the inclusion of nitrogen-fixing plants in the colony's
quantities. maintained by
the gas level can be biologically
support system means that
conversion of nitrogen gas into protein.
Thus the inevitable presence and the
inclusion in the atmosphere, perhaps at
various benefits of nitrogen gas dictate its
a level of 26.7 kPa (-200 mm Hg).
maintained below the, which
The level of carbon dioxide should be
At the same time the CO:levels
specifies that pCO:be less than 0.4 kPa (3 mm Hg).
will be high enough to permit maximum rates of photosynthesis
by crop plants.
levels.
Trace contaminants should be monitored
and controlled to very low
and
desirable to maintain a comfortable relative humidity
Finally, it is
Various sources (ref. 30) suggest a range of
temperatures around 22°
Temperature. a partial
a relative humidity of
about 40 percent. This criterion implies
C and A major
of 1.0+0.33 kPa (7.5 + 2.5 mm Hg).
pressure of water vapor (pH20)
life can be safely and
of these various criteria is that human
consequence that of a normal Earth
at a pressure well below
comfortably supported
atmosphere.
Note: In the project please mention the atmosphere gases percentage and how you
will create the
gases.