MOLECULAR MACHINE S

Development of civi liation is aluways velated

*o Contuction an d design of many devices om

oheel to 9et movement 1s one 6f he characterstic

featore of Many Systems on +he so Called

echnological adva cement Miniaturf sSatlon
e Yeducfng the size of devices at nanb metey Scale
in bther too1 ds molecslar level hat become
facinating fel d invLew of er peced appllcakons
Synhesfs 'of nanomachi nes an OUt Come of
Sopra Mole colay che
mtsFYY ohich deals toi thn
chemis4y of non Covalent bon d
between molecoles
an d oT iontc SpeMetE
Moleclay Machî ne dano
achine):
A Set 0f Mble colet
i c h Prodoce mechanicad
movement in he tovm of
out pot) tn response to a
Specific extexnal stimulai l
when înput is ven)
iven)
A ltving oganisms contaîn m? Itions of
Molecolar Machines fn the?y
bi
body
body These are Called
olo gical machí nes Al biological machi nes move
by conev4ing tight/ thermall
kineHc energy which is
chemieal enev3y nto
04 ATP
explai ne d by hydrolis
Blological mole colaY Machi nes
Com ple fonCtioNA
x
can
fenformn
Feco examples of bioogi cal molecolar machines:
MyoSun Sun A Prote?n found în muscles +ha
aute muscolar con+Yaction
 dlyclroy sis
TO

9t Converts enevgy to ATP

Mechanusm woYK

Caygo în he cel
Cavses
KineSin A Protein hat
amino aids
fro
3Rtbosomes: foym Potein m

MOves along ONA while carinq

|4 RNA Poly merase:

ransCri ptions

mechanism of
AHer undèvstandinq the woTKing
to Creake Such
he s e
the se
biological Machi nes
akempts
Mole colet lead a pa4h way i t h a hope tn Solvi

health issues tn medical fietd and in may

advances 4echnical teld.
conthutim
Miniaurisati on of componen
devices and Machinmes i the emerging trend

in all areas of advance d technologies T i e

idea of Botom-up aPP oach u use dto Cons-4YOCt

Nano devicess

Botom up approach Constrocting ato m by atom

key Pointt fn Supra molecslar chemutry.
o n ma ki ng Wano machi nes)

Alatore sart fronm molecoles not atoA

mblecs les are bollding block and Conveniend to
Cont4oct
ConstxOCt nano Scale device t bot no4 atoms

3 MDle coles Can setf asemble or Can be Conneced

S+ocores
to mauce large
y. molecwles are he objects +hat have di fferent
Sferens
sha pes and exhibi4 proPerties velate d to shape
shapes
fov a iven Ope YaH on.
 Molecolar Machine molecular motoY

A set of molecoles which TRey are 4he molecoles

Pioduce mechanical conich MOve one

Movement as out put as adivection oith an

respone to e4ex nal energy in put
SPecifiC Simu la? q? ven energy can be ight
as a f'nput
or chemical

Note: The above deffnitions exeludes molecola

motionMs cauied by hevmal ener34 input
The mos t
words mbtar and machine aaTe

Commonly uied as tnterchang e a l e with ves pect to

molecolar syse m
3Machine is a device usually contal ns amotas
Component whith fs designed to accomplish a
Paricolar fonc Hom
MotoY Convert enevgy into mechanical woYK

ehavacterstics Moleclar motars G Machines

Need energy infut to toncCtion
.The wa
uway ofoperatiom luworking)can bemonitecd
3. Opexate trough electonic ov nuclear amangemet
4. The nature of movement can be tinear, Yotatory
OY Osc?lla tory tohi ch is Pex-formed by he?r
Com ponenta

5.TRe ope ra tion can be Yepeated ctic in natore)

6 The ope YatHon Hme scale of a molecolaa
machine range om micro seconds to
SeCondNs
 0f fvee eneg4 nto
OpeY ated by converslon
(n +he
he atenexgy. The tnput can be iven
foYm of chemical l photo che mical | electtochemic

8elect1onic an d nucleaY awangements ot he

Component part o4 a device should Case

Some veadable changes dn Same physica

6Y Chemical Propeiies of the sstem m o1de
+o MOniter device dpera
4ion
MeChani c a vements 4aking place in
mo
molecwlar level mac n e s and velated chang es
uay obey binary loqicThis point s the
bas is for f o r ma ion
pro moleslan
Ce
ssína
level A4i fical molecolar machi nes capabe
o4
Periorming logic operations are avai lable)

lofei: Natural motars ave autonomous The4 ceel

operaie in a contand environment B u t a t i fical

motaS Ore not a utono mo us Means they need

ano theY o PPOSite to Put to Yeset after tnee

mechanical movement induced, by a
qiven input
Rotavanes and Catenanes aA aviical mole cola

Machines

Names ave deriked from laHn woYds

Ro ta wheel aris- axle

Catena-chan
Rota nanes, I Thete are he molecolar Scoi iches
charecerise d by two parts.
2 DUmbru shaped mole cole wih two boll
bulky
chemical qvoops at the end

ButEY roups are calle d stopPers.

3 A lignt cyetic Component Lmolecole) in te toks

between the heads
(caue d mac ycle)
4 Lava9e grouPS are bulkier e epexabe enough
an d cannot fit n to CHclic component
5 1is
4 not Possible to
Sepexate vavuous components
YOtaanes coithou+ breakf ng ehemical konds

Catenanes
These are +the mole cwlar switches consis +ina o
tuoo OY
mOTe inqs that re tnHer locced
Mechani cally macrocyeles)
2 No chemical band exists betoeen the Yings
3 The rings cannot be seperated without breakina
o chenmical bond

C
 hak
Common pointu
The ollotofng are deo
Catmanes
chavacarisenotananet and

nter stna Sysdema

50h the mem bers are very
S
Machines This
CHon of molecslar
6 Cbna +YO
chani cal bonds +at eepS
due 4o pe Culiev Me
Tis +ype
+he mdle colay Components togethey
maces it
easy fo
o4 assem bly 67 Coponents
Obseive Yelati ve mo HOn

rotaxames and cakerames u

. Siabi litiy of
tntevacions betocen +he
determined by modulaked
have to be
CoMponents onHe acibns
to bnd Conroll able
using exden nal s4mulai
movemenls in +he mole coles
fov
The folowi ng a Cto YS Te Yetponsible
non Covalent t tewa ttiont between componenta

a lectTon donan- acceptor ability

bHy dYogen bonding
hydiophr li c ch aYackey
Chyd 1ophobic and

d -t Stackí ng.
ovces
metal ligand 6ondin
m der component teracH On
4chavge 41an sder an d H
bet e e n a M eleChon aCcepto
electhon donay ts etponstble for piesence
o-f absoYpion bands Vble Yegiom
5 N-4-o iter component resonsrle for t- Londiq
between secondary ammonium foncHons and croon

e-Hher com ponents will alouo ne bonds to

appear tn NUIle egion

Linea Motion n ranes

Peculi ar s4TuCtore of otaxanes makes it posie

PosSTde
to have at least too intstig molecolar mo Hona

a tven belo

ranulati on- shutlina of the ving along he

ale
MaCro cycle aroUnd h e anle
Ko taHon of
usetul to Construct both
These points make

lineaY Molecolan motars

and
YotatoTY
sites on the aris i e dombel
2 f tuoo reconiti on
CoM ponent) are Same he ing SPontaneo ory
baR alona the oxle. ot is
shutte front and
Mat mal eili bi om.
Called deq emerate Cco
dfferent Yo t a r a a
3Cohen two Tecoqnii o n Sites
are

Can exîst t tuwo oifexent ewilibUm con fov maions

Stiouluy

Stinuwluy
Sato STaT
 A 9 he vîng eiduce ooun d tati on A (state o)
eceives 4he Stimulut re ap plied it SuiHches
4 he recoqnthon si k A h e ing moves to

SeCond ecogniion Ste eS-aion (s4ae)

b bao Orian moverent cohen A is Switched on
ogatn b iving oPPOsite stimulus) he 0wginal
State s appli ed
5 SuoitHching PrOCess 1s Controlle by Teve sí ble
chemical
eacionsexample-t PTO to nati on q
eprotonah bm 2 ReducHon oxidasion Ssomexisaion
chemical deaCio ns. are Cavsed
by Chemical
electro Chemical or photo chemical Stimulattom
adádadd base Controlle d molecwlar sho ++le

first aci d bave Conttolla ble molecolar shuttle sas

Prepared in lai4

example- I H*

Dt is made up ot a dumbel Component Dombel

Component Conis of ammomiom Mcity Called as
AmH and an electrom aCcep toY BPM These ca)
establish t- bon ding ad Chayqe +ransfer
fntevaChio respe net
. Rtng (macrbyde) is made up of D 6 2 u c 8 t ?s
CYOuOn ei+her wi+h electom dona Prope ty
3 An anthracene molesle S ated as Stopper

This is due to edox,absovpHon and

umineslent propesties which are uieful to monitex

the S+ate o4 he
System
 Prg
Shutting

Rotaye Can e xltt ndny bne Possible State of

+ransilaHon somey nvolv? na shuffinag o4 ina
a shown in diognam.
TKS 1s due to PTotnakon and deprotination

Sn+he above ax
angement the Switching Proce is
S
nyestigated in Solotton sing HNMR
Specho scopy a n d elecro cheemical a n
dpho to
Physical Meas urem ent.
er+her aci d bas e oY
eduCHon oxidai on SHmulai
nuce Mechani Cal movement .
3ohen aid bare Shmulai cauies
ndoci on
DeprokYakon of ammoniom centre of +34 i +h
a bau es couses cemplete displa Cement of
ving to BPM tenit DB2qc8
(G)Repote nati on ef
H
2
with an ai d di YeCH
he rng b ate over ammohium Cente
,
Mole cular elevoato:
templete
emplet
be yn thesized ung
These can

d recd app ro a th
Complex and
poperly o19anised
hese ave moYe
moYe

Molecwlar mathines
Sus tems h a n behavioUY hich
3TRey exhtbit clea bn-off
nealy 2o0 Po mewtons
Cowld develoP force
ex ample uH3- A too componenk SH Containg
ammoniom nhe
ooli ffevent nbtclesone îs
the oher ih d terent levels
AMH)an d rm)- at

in eath of 3les
 motoY
An aukono mous trght Pooere d Molecsla
Considexable amoont of en er ay o
light paovides
asPec
Power molecslar mo4ars un der many
autonomous
Rotaxane 6 s an erample

Pouer ed Molecolan mo-t a

Stuttare
StopPer is Ruthenum (0) Poly py ridine Complex
ak
acs a photo Sensiti2er (413ht Stded motor)P
Resi d spaces a ap-erphent y Pe S)
3 & electrom acceptor Staions A-4u bipyidi nium
unit A2 -3, -

dimethy uu bipyidiniom uni+(A

A Seton d StoPPer umade of tera arl mehane

Soup (TD

A A
hloy ing
hanSfers an
focuied an pho to sensi Hger
light
fo A Stae
S+ae
exated
elechon hom +he
Cay s e s
&hich Ts encircle d ing (K) TAfss
by
dea tHvation of S4 a i bn
Yedoced 4\
Ktng moves (1o oni an movement fom
Stan Az
3- A bauK elechon tansfe fom A, S4a4ion to OX dised
Pho to tensHzer 6ceov
ApplicaHons of Molecslan Machi nes

As catast in chemical y n h e s f s

a As hemical &ensoYS

As op tHcal biom est ng gen

uLe ful n Materi al vesearch
5 As dwg deli very agentu
ckample- Sn makng machanise d nanovalnes

o 9elted dug
fa delieve
n macing arHsical MUs des Capable ofmacroscei
infiatovn
n making machine based ultra dense eleChonic
MemoMes
Molecolar &uoisch t is a mole cole that moy exist
OY MoYe Stable
States The molecoles
Capable of shi4ing veNersby bencen the hoo
States a Yes ponie to eKternal SHmulai
(S4 mlai Can be
heattight, change n p
mag neie ele thi c ex pos Ore o chemi calu

Note: Sntee Uonverton f me fom to anothey

May borng change î'n po pex ies
C4 2n dicak molecsle
 Quenios
ave
and caterones ohg hey
Define RodaY anes

ed as a fical molecolar macines 1

of Calenanes and Ralaxares
DLsoss charatenizaion
3xplaRm linear moton Rotax anes

bf aid-base
u biscoss +he Sthcore and cootîng

Con4yo Ied .moleslar shutHle,

SCorite a 3hon note on molecslar elevatoY
6. usn
n te a bout tonomous tiaht pooered molecola
Mo +ag