INSTRUCTIONAL MANUAL / WORKBOOK

Student’s Guide

PART I – Introduction to Information Technology

Lesson 1 – Types and Characteristics of a Computer

Specific Learning Outcomes

The students must have the ability to:

1. Differentiate data and information

2. Identify the different characteristics and types of a computer system
3. Understand the data processing concept
4. Describe the characteristics, capabilities, benefits and limitations of a computer

Learning Content

1. Data and Information

2. Characteristics and types of a computer system
3. Data Processing Cycle
4. Trends in Information and Communication Technology

DISCUSSION
1. What is the difference between data and information? How does a computer
process data?
2. What is the definition of a computer? What are its different types and how do
they differ from one another?
3. What are the capabilities of a computer system and what makes computer
system reliable?
4. What are the trends In the world of information and communications
technology?
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DEFINITION OF COMPUTER

 A computer is an electronic, programmable device that can store, retrieve, and

process data.
 It is a term used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a
system.
 A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions
(software) stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input),
manipulate data (process), and produce information (output) from the
processing. The information can also be put in computer storage for future use.

FOUR GENERAL OPERATIONS OF A COMPUTER

 Computers can perform the four general operations which comprise the Data
Processing Cycle.
- Input
- Output
- Process
- Storage

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

SOURCE INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT USER

DATA INFO

FEEDBACK/CONTROL

Figure 1.1. Data Processing Cycle

 All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts, figures
and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the
computer during the input phase.
 During the process phase, computers manipulate data to create information.
Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful.
 During the output phase, the information that has been created is put into some
form, such as a printed report.
 The information can also be put in computer storage for future use. This is the
storage phase.
 For example, the teacher records the scores of his students in the three quizzes.
The teacher inputs the scores in the excel to compute the average. The average
shown in excel is the output. The teacher saves the excel file in his computer’s
documents folder.
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STAGES OF DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

Figure 1.2. Stages of Data Processing Cycle

DATA AND INFORMATION

 Data is a collection of independent raw facts. (name, age, birthday, scores, date)
 Information is processed data made meaningful based on the needs of the user.
 The qualities of information are:
- Relevant
- Complete
- Timely
- Accurate
- Presentable
- Cost-effective

COMPUTER CAPABILITIES

 Speed means the duration computer system requires in fulfilling a task or

completing an activity. It is well-known that computers need very little time than
humans in completing a task. Generally, humans take into account a second or
minute as a unit of time. Nevertheless, computer systems have such fast operation
capacity that the unit of time is in fractions of a second. Today, computers are
capable of doing 100 million calculations per second.
 Accuracy means the level of precision with which calculations are made and
tasks are performed. One may invest years of his life in detecting errors in computer
calculations or updating a wrong record. A large part of mistakes in Computer
Based Information System(CBIS) occurs due to bad programming, erroneous data,
and deviation from rules. Humans cause these mistakes. Errors attributable to
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hardware are generally distinguished and corrected by the computer system

itself. The computers rarely commit errors and do all types of tasks precisely.
 Reliability is the quality due to which the user can stay dependable on the
computer. Computers systems are well-adjusted to do repetitive tasks. They never
get tired, bored or fatigued. Hence, they are a lot reliable than humans. Still, there
can be failures of a computer system due to internal and external reasons.
 Adaptability of computer system means the quality of it to complete a different
type of tasks: simple as well as complex. Computers are normally versatile unless
designed for a specific operation. Overall, a daily purpose computer is used in any
area of application: business, industry, scientific, statistical, technological and so
on.
 Storage is the ability of the computer to store data in itself for accessing it again in
future. Nowadays, apart from having instantaneous access to data, computers
have a huge ability to store data in a little physical space.

COMPUTER BENEFITS

 Increased Productivity (Manufacturing, offices, factories, establishments, BPO)

 Information Management (Database, Cloud Computing)
 Improved Communication (E-mail, skype, chat, facebook, tweeter etc.)
 Android Technology (viber)

COMPUTER LIMITATIONS

 Lack of common sense - No matter how efficient, fast and reliable computer
systems might be but yet do not have any common sense because no full-proof
algorithm has been designed to programme logic into them. As computers
function based on the stored programme(s), they simply lack common sense.
 Zero IQ - They are unable to see and think the actions to perform in a particular
situation unless that situation is already programmed into them. Computers are
programmable to complete each and every task, however small it may be.
 Lack of Decision-making - Decision-making is a complicated process involving
information, knowledge, intelligence, wisdom, and ability to judge. The computer
system does not have the ability to make decisions on their own because they do
not possess all the essentials of decision-making. They can be programmed to take
such decisions, which are purely procedure-oriented. If a computer has not been
programmed for a particular decision situation, it will not take a decision due to
lack of wisdom and evaluation faculties. Human beings, on the other hand,
possess this great power of decision-making.
 Dependence on prepared instructions – Computers depend on human’s
instructions. It cannot operate unless a user tells the computer to do something.
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 Additionally, computers cannot derive meaning from objects and correct wrong
instructions.

CHARACTERISTICS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM

 Speed - no human being can compete to solving the complex computation,

faster than computer.
 Accuracy - since computer is programmed, so what ever input we give it gives
result with accurately.
 Storage - computer can store mass storage of data with appropriate format.
 Diligence - computer can work for hours without any break and creating error.
 Versatility - computer can perform completely different type of work at the same
time.
 Power of remembering - It can remember data for us.
 No IQ - computer does not work without instruction.
 No feelings - computer does not have emotions, knowledge, experience, feeling.

Table 1.1 - TYPES OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

Microcomputer Minicomputer Mainframe Super

Computer
Definition - sits on desks, - medium- - known as - designed to
rarely moved sized enterprise be extremely
- other kinds computer servers fast
can also be - more - occupies
moved easily expensive entire room or
from place to -multi user floor
place - more - serve
-used in home computing distributed
and business power users and
-difficult to small servers in
user a computing
network
- bigger and
more
expensive
than
minicomputer
-used for
centralized
computing
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Advantages Small size Cater to Large memory Very fast

Low cost multiple users Supports many
Portable users
Low
computing
power
Disadvantages Low processing Large and Huges size Generates
speed bulky Very large
expensive amount of
heat during
operation
Uses Home Atms Airline Space
entertainment Payroll reservation launching,
Word Hospital Big banks and marketing
processing patient universities and
Printing registration Weather controlling
Internet surfing Inventory forecasting
Home banking control
Examples Desktop pc
Laptop
Notebook
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Lesson 2 – Brief History of Computers

Specific Learning Outcomes

The students must have the ability to:

1. Understand the history of computer system

2. Differentiate the four generation of computers
3. Understand the role and applicability of ICT

Learning Content

1. History of Computers
2. Four Generations of Computer
3. Role and Applicability of ICT

DISCUSSION
HISTORY OF COMPUTERS

 Computer came from the Latin word ‘computare’ which means to reckon or
sum up. Webster dictionary defines computer as any programmable device that
can store retrieve and process data. The Old Oxford English dictionary describes
a computer as a person employed to make calculations.
 3000 BC – the abacus is a simple counting aid invented in Babylonia
 1622 - the Slide Rule is a mechanical precursor of the pocket calculator
invented by William Oughtred commonly used until the 1970 until made obsolete
by electronic calculators.
 1623 – Wilheim Schichard builds the first mechanical calculator which can work
with six digits and carries digits across columns.
 1640 – Blaise Pascal invents the first commercial calculator, a hand power
adding machine.
 1673 – Gottfried Leibniz builds a mechanical calculating machine that multiplies,
divides, adds and subtracts.
 1780 – Benjamin Franklin discovers electricity.
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 1801 – Joseph Marie Jacquard builds a loom that weaves by reading punched
holes stored on small sheets of hardwood.
 1833 – Charles Babbage builds the analytical machine, the first general purpose
computer that follows instructions from punched-cards. I

GENERATION OF COMPUTERS

 1st Generation
Vacuum Tubes (1949-1956) – The first computers used vacuum tubes for
circuitry and magnetic drums for memory and were often enormous as they
take up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate, uses a great deal
of electricity and generates a lot of heat. They relied on machine language to
perform operations and can only solve one problem at a time.
Ex: ENIAC
 2nd Generation
Transistors (1956-1963) – These were far superior than vacuum tubes as it
allowed computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy efficient
and more reliable than the 1st generation computers. Transistors still relied on
punched cards for input and printouts for output.
Ex: IBM 1401
 3rd Generation
Integrated Circuits (1964-1971) – Robert Noyce developed the integrated
circuit. ICs were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips called
semiconductors which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of
computers. Users interacted in the the 3rd generation of computers through
keyboards and monitors interfaces with an operating system allowing the
device to run many applications at one time.
 4 Generation
th

Microprocessors (1971 - Present) – The microprocessors brought the 4th

generation of computers, as thousands of ICs were built into a single silicon
chip. What in the 1st generation filed an entire room can now fit into the palm
of the hand.
Ex: Osborne I (the 1st laptop)
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Lesson 3 – Components of a Computer System

Specific Learning Outcomes

The students must have the ability to:

1. Identify the components of computer system

2. Understand the concept of IT and ICT
3. Understand the basic principle of computers

Learning Content

1. Definition of IT and ICT

2. Basic Principle of Computers
3. Components of Computer System
4. Main Parts of Computer

DISCUSSION
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

 A term that encompasses all forms of technology used to create, store, exchange
and utilize information in its various forms including business data, conversations,
still images, motion pictures and multimedia presentations.
 It refers to anything related to computing technology, such as networking,
hardware, software, the Internet, or the people that work with these technologies.

INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY

 ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through

telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses
primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless
networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums.
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BASIC PRINCIPLE OF COMPUTERS

 Data enters the computer through one or more input devices. The computer then
processes the data, stores it in the system unit and transmits the resulting data to
output devices.

COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER SYSTEM

 A computer consists of Hardware, Software and Peopleware.
Hardware - It refers to the tangible components of a computer system. Hardware
components are further divided into three groups namely input, output and system
unit.
Software - It is the component of a computer system which refers to the set of
instructions written in a code – that computers can understand and execute, also
called as program.
Peopleware - It is the most important component of a computer system. This
component is made up of the people responsible for maintaining, operating,
programming, and analyzing the output generated by the computer system.

Figure 2.1. Components of Computer Hardware

HARDWARE

 INTERNAL HARDWARE COMPONENTS

1. CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT
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o Motherboard - The motherboard is central to any computer system. All

components plug into the motherboard either directly (straight into the
circuit board) or indirectly (via USB ports). Once connected to the
motherboard, the components can work together to form the computer
system.
o Processor/CPU - The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the
computer. It controls what the computer does and is responsible for
performing calculations and data processing. It also handles the
movement of data to and from system memory. CPU's come in a variety of
speeds which are known as 'clock rates'. Clock rates are measured in
'Hertz'. The faster the clock rate, the faster the performance of the
computer. (Example: Intel, AMD )
o Internal Memory (RAM and ROM) - RAM and ROM, referred as primary
storage are used to store computer data and this can be directly accessed
by the CPU.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
 RAM is used to temporarily store information that is currently in use
by the computer. This can include anything from word
documents to videos.
 It can be read from and written to and so the information stored
in RAM can change all the time (it depends what tasks you are
using the computer for).
 It is a fast memory. Data can be written to and read from RAM
very quickly. RAM is generally measured in GB (Gigabytes).
 It is Volatile Memory. This means that information stored in RAM is
deleted as soon as the computer is turned off.
RAM  The more RAM you have installed in your computer -- the faster it
can perform. You can open and use more programs at the same
time without slowing the computer down.
Read Only Memory (ROM)
 ROM is used to permanently store instructions that tell the
computer how to boot (start up). It also loads the operating
system (e.g. Windows).
 These instructions are known as the BIOS (Basic input/output
system) or the boot program.
 Information stored in ROM is known as READ ONLY. This means
that the contents of ROM cannot be altered or added to by the
user.
BIOS Chip  It is fast memory. Data stored in ROM can be accessed and read
very quickly.
 It is Non-Volatile memory. This means that stored information is not
lost when the computer loses power.
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o Video Card/Graphics Card – These are hardware devices that plug into
the motherboard and enables the computer to display images on the
monitor. They usually require the installation of software alongside the
hardware. The software instructs the computer how to use the graphics
card and also allows you to alter settings to change image quality and
size.
o Sound Card – These are internal hardware devices that plug into the
Video Card motherboard. It allows the computer system to produce sound but they
also allow users to connect microphones in order to input sounds into the
computer.
o Power Supply – It converts mains AC to low-voltage regulated DC power
for the internal components of a computer.
o Fan and Heat Sink - It assists the CPU to cool down. Heat sink is made up
of aluminum.
Sound Card
o Storage Devices (Secondary Storage) - Secondary storage devices are
used to store data that is not instantly needed by the computer. They
permanently store data and programs for as long as we need. These
devices are also used to back-up data in case original copies are lost or
damaged.
 Two Categories of Storage Devices
External HDDs  Internal Storage - Internal Hard Disk Drives
 External Storage - External Hard Disk Drive, Memory Stick

 EXTERNAL HARDWARE COMPONENTS

2. INPUT UNIT - Input devices are pieces of hardware that get raw data into
the computer ready for processing. Processing involves taking raw data
and turning it into more useful information. They perform the two most basic
computing tasks: issuing commands and entering data. Data entry is
defined as the process of entering data into the computer memory and
issuing commands that tell the processor how to work with the data.
o Keyboard – It is the standard input device of most computers. It was
patterned after the typewriter and the keypad of an electronic calculator.
It is used to enter information into the computer and for giving commands.
o Mouse – It is hand-clicked device for pointing. It was Douglas Englebart
who came up with the concept of a mouse. He designed and built the
first model in 1963. It was made of wood and used two wheels for
movement.
o Other input devices are trackball, joystick, lightpen, barcode scanner,
scanner, microphone, camera.
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3. OUTPUT UNIT - When inputted raw data has been processed it becomes
usable information. Output devices are pieces of hardware that send this
usable information out of the computer.
Various computer-generated output forms:
- Text Output
- Graphic Output
- Sound Output
- Video Output
o Monitor - displays images from the computer, provides soft copy
output.
o Printer – provides hard copy output.
o Speaker - are used for audio output such as beeps, human voice and
music.

SOFTWARE

 Operating System – It a program which manages computer hardware.

Most Famous Operating Systems
- Linux (Debian, Ubuntu) – open-source software
- Microsoft Windows (XP, Vista, 7…,) – proprietary software
- Mac OS X (Cheetah, Panther) – proprietary software
 Application Software (Utility programs) – are all programs that users use to
perform different tasks or for problem solving.
Common Utility Software
- Office programs – Microsoft Office
- Antivirus programs – avira, avast, Kaspersky
- Internet browser – Mozilla Firefox, Google Chrome, Internet Explorer
- Image editing software – adobe photoshop, canvas

PEOPLEWARE

- Software Developers - Systems Administrators

- Programmers - Network Administrators
- Web Developers - Network Engineers
- Architects - Web Masters
- Software Engineers - LAN Administrators
- Systems Analysts - WAN Administrators
- Systems Engineers - Infrastructure Analysts
- Business Analysts - Technical Consultants
- Quality Assurance - Security Specialists
- Systems Programmers - Database Administrators (DBA's)
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ROLE AND APPLICABILITY OF ICT

In the modern society, ICT is ever present with over 3 billion people having access to the
internet. With approximately 8 out 10 internet users owning a smartphone, info and data
are increasing by leaps and bounds. So this rapid growth especially in developing
countries has led ICT to become a keystone of everyday life, in which life without some
facet of technology renders most of our work dysfunctional.

For example, if the power is out, office personnel can almost do nothing because they
are not able to use their computers, no internet, printers, Xerox machines. So without
technology nowadays, its hard to accomplish something.

However, hurdles are still at large because access to ICT remains largely out of reach. So
as years pass by ICT has yet to penetrate the remote areas of some countries to be able
to help the people living in these areas experience development.
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Lesson 4 –Information and Communication Technology Trends

Specific Learning Outcomes

The students must have the ability to:

1. Discuss the latest trends in Information and Communication Technology

Learning Content

1. Current Trends in Information and Communications Technology

DISCUSSION

 Cloud Computing - Cloud computing is a network of resources a company can

access, and this method of using a digital drive increases the efficiency of
organizations. Instead of local storage on computer hard drives, companies will
be freeing their space and conserving funds. According to Forbes, 83 percent of
enterprise workloads will be in the cloud by 2020, which means 2019 will show an
increasing trend closing in on this statistic.
Link: blob:https://www.youtube.com/6936ae13-055b-46c5-bae9-2fb829af5c9d

 Mobile Computing and Applications - Mobile phones, tablets, and other devices
have taken both the business world and the personal realm by storm. Mobile
usage and the number of applications generated have both skyrocketed in
recent years. Now, 77 percent of Americans own smartphones — a 35 percent
increase since 2011. Pew Research Center also shows using phones for online use
has increased and fewer individuals use traditional Internet services like
broadband.x

 Big Data Analytics - Big data is a trend that allows businesses to analyze extensive
sets of information to achieve variety in increasing volumes and growth of velocity.
Big data has a high return on investment that boosts the productivity of marketing
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campaigns, due to its ability to enable high-functioning processing. Data mining

is a way companies can predict growth opportunities and achieve future success.
Examination of data to understand markets and strategies is becoming more
manageable with advances in data analytic programs.

This practice in information technology can be observed for its potential in data
management positions for optimal organizations. Database maintenance is a
growing sector of technology careers. To convert various leads into paying
customers, big data is an essential trend to continue following in 2019.

Link: https://youtu.be/bAyrObl7TYE

 Automation - Another current trend in the IT industry is automated processes.

Automated processes can collect information from vendors, customers, and other
documentation. Automated processes that check invoices and other accounts-
payable aspects expedite customer interactions. Machine processes can
automate repetitive manual tasks, rather than assigning them to employees. This
increases organization-wide productivity, allowing employees to use their
valuable time wisely, rather than wasting it on tedious work.

Automation can even produce more job opportunities for IT professionals trained
in supporting, programming, and developing automated processes. Machine
learning can enhance these automated processes for a continually developing
system. Automated processes for the future will extend to groceries and other
automatic payment methods to streamline the consumer experience.
Link: https://youtu.be/WSKi8HfcxEk
https://youtu.be/xowQkxFXTNg

 Artificial Intelligence and Smart Machines - Artificial intelligence harnesses

algorithms and machine learning to predict useful patterns humans normally
identify. Smart machines take human decision-making out of the equation so
intelligent machines can instigate changes and bring forward solutions to basic
problems. Companies are rallying around artificial intelligence in the workplace
because it allows employees to use their abilities for the most worthwhile tasks,
along with management of these smart machines for a more successful system.
Link; https://youtu.be/IJKjMIU55pE
https://youtu.be/2ePf9rue1Ao

 Virtual Reality - Technology that includes virtual reality is becoming prevalent. The
software of virtual reality is making many industries prepared for various scenarios
before entering them. The medical profession is projected to use virtual reality for
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some treatments and interactions with patients in the coming years. Virtual training
sessions for companies can cut costs, fill in the need for personnel, and increase
education. According to Gartner, by 2023, virtual simulations for selected patients
with specific illnesses will reduce emergency room visits in America by 20 million.
These simulations will have intelligence capabilities, so virtual-reality care can still
provide patients with proper attention.
Link: https://youtu.be/i4Zt3JZejbg

 Augmented Reality - Augmented reality is a more versatile and practical version

of virtual reality, as it does not fully immerse individuals in an experience.
Augmented reality features interactive scenarios that enhance the real world with
images and sounds that create an altered experience. The most common current
applications of this overlay of digital images on the surrounding environment
include the recent Pokémon Go fad or the additions on televised football in the
U.S.

Augmented reality can impact many industries in useful ways. Airports are
implementing augmented-reality guides to help people get through their checks
and terminals as quickly and efficiently as possible. Retail and cosmetics are also
using augmented reality to let customers test products, and furniture stores are
using this mode to lay out new interior design options.
Link: https://youtu.be/RDvBowq3ed8
https://youtu.be/D-A1l4Jn6EY

 Blockchain Data - Blockchain data, like the new cryptocurrency Bitcoin, is a

secure method that will continue to grow in popularity and use in 2019. This system
allows you to input additional data without changing, replacing, or deleting
anything. In the influx of shared data systems like cloud storage and resources,
protecting original data without losing important information is crucial.

The authority of many parties keeps the data accounted for without turning over
too much responsibility to certain employees or management staff. For transaction
purposes, blockchain data offers a safe and straightforward way to do business
with suppliers and customers. Private data is particularly secure with blockchain
systems, and the medical and information technology industries can benefit
equally from added protection.
Link: https://youtu.be/yubzJw0uiE4

 Cyber-Privacy and Security - Shared company systems and the growth of the
Internet leave a high amount of personal and company data at risk to breaches.
Redesigned systems and new firewalls and gateways will be added to the services
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companies need to bolster their technology. Cybersecurity is a concentration of

IT that will help secure clouds and improve the trust between businesses and their
vendors.

Recognition software will replace much of the password-protected systems

companies use in 2019. Biometric measures and other safety protocols will
increase the security of business practices, especially business-to-business
interactions. Although authentication and recognition programs enhance
protection, Internet of Things technology requires further development. The
vulnerability of Internet of Things systems is already projected to contain risks the
industry is not prepared for.
Link: https://youtu.be/H0I7jQb37bo
https://youtu.be/ooJSgsB5fIE

 Internet of Things - The Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging movement of

products with integrated Wi-Fi and network connectivity abilities. Cars, homes,
appliances, and other products can now connect to the Internet, making
activities around the home and on the road an enhanced experience. Use of IoT
allows people to turn on music hands-free with a simple command, or lock and
unlock their doors even from a distance.

Many of these functions are helping organizations in customer interaction,

responses, confirmations, and payments. Remote collection of data assists
companies the most. IoT almost acts like a digital personal assistant. The intelligent
features of some of these IoT products can aid in many company procedures.
Voice recognition and command responses will allow you to access stored data
on cloud services.
Link: https://youtu.be/QSIPNhOiMoE
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REFERENCES

Definition of IT. Retrieved July 14, 2020 from https://techterms.com/definition/it

Information Technology. Retrieved July 14, 2020 from
https://www.entrepreneur.com/encyclopedia/information-technology
Components of Computer System. Retrieved July 14, 2020 from
https://www.toppr.com/guides/accountancy/application-of-computers-in-accounting/components-
computer-system/
Definition of ICT. Retrieved July 13, 2020 from https://techterms.com/definition/ict
Computer Components. Retrieved July 14, 2020 from
https://www.ictlounge.com/html/computercomponents.htm
Trends in Information and Communications Technology. Retrieved July 14, 2020 from
https://www.vistacollege.edu/blog/careers/it/trends-in-information-technology-for-2019/