INTRODUCTION TODAY'S TECHNOLOGY See the image below for more understanding.

 
Digital literacy involves having a current knowledge and understanding of
computers, mobile devices, the web, and related technologies.
Computers have become an important part of our lives because they can
accomplish easy tasks repeatedly without getting bored and complex ones
repeatedly without committing errors. In this chapter we will discuss in detail
about the different parts of computer that enable it how to carry out tasks
efficiently and correctly.
This course gives you an overview of this digital technology that we enjoy,
use, and for some cases part of our lives.
What is a computer?
 It is an electronic device that receives input, stores or processes the
input as per user instructions and provides output in desired format. Computer devices like keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. that we can see and
 It is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions touch are the hardware components of a computer. The set of instructions or
stored in its own memory. programs that make the computer function using these hardware parts are
  called software. We cannot see or touch software. Both hardware and
The Information Processing Cycle software are necessary for working of a computer
Input-Process-Output Model  
The image below simulates the way you purchase your grocery items at your
grocery store. From scanning of items by the cashier (item barcode), your
payment, to receiving of transaction receipt.

Computer input is called data and the output obtained after processing it,

based on user’s instructions is called information. Raw facts and figures
which can be processed using arithmetic and logical operations to obtain
information are called data.
 
In the operation of the processes of computer there are 2 types that can be
applied to data. 
And these are;
 Arithmetic operations− Examples include calculations like
addition, subtraction, differentials, square root, etc. The Components of a Computer
 Logical operations − Examples include comparison operations The computer contains many electric, electronic, and mechanical
like greater than, less than, equal to, opposite, etc. components known as hardware.
 
Each of the hardware mentioned below works together in order to
make the information processing cycle possible.
 Input Device
o Allows you to enter data and instructions into a computer
 Output Device
o Hardware component that conveys information to one or
more people
 System Unit
o Case that contains the electronic components of the
computer that are used to process data
 Storage Device
o Records (writes) and/or retrieves (reads) items to and from
storage media
 Communications Device
o Enables a computer to send and receive data, instructions,
and information to and from one or more computers or
mobile devices
 
The Characteristics of Computer
To understand why computers are such an important part of our lives, let us
look at some of its characteristics.
 Speed− Typically, a computer can carry out 3-4 million instructions
per second.
 Accuracy− Computers exhibit a very high degree of accuracy. Errors
that may occur are usually due to inaccurate data, wrong instructions
or bug in chips – all human errors.
 Reliability− Computers can carry out same type of work repeatedly
without throwing up errors due to tiredness or boredom, which are
very common among humans.
 Versatility− Computers can carry out a wide range of work from
data entry and ticket booking to complex mathematical calculations
and continuous astronomical observations. If you can input the
necessary data with correct instructions, computer will do the
processing.
 Storage Capacity− Computers can store a very large amount of
data at a fraction of cost of traditional storage of files. Also, data is
safe from normal wear and tear associated with paper.
Advantages of Using Computers
Now that we know the characteristics of computers, we can see the
advantages that computers offer−
 Computers can do the same task repetitively with same accuracy.
 Computers do not get tired or bored.
 Computers can take up routine tasks while releasing human resource
for more intelligent functions.
Disadvantages of Using Computer
Despite so many advantages, computers have some disadvantages of their
own −
 Computers have no intelligence; they follow the instructions blindly
without considering the outcome.
 Regular electric supply is necessary to make computers work, which
could prove difficult everywhere especially in developing nations.
Other disadvantages:
 Health Risks,
 Violation of Privacy,
 Public Safety,
 Impact on Labor Force,
 Impact on Environment
 
 by transistors and then chips, their size decreased and processing speeds
increased manifold.
All modern computers and computing devices use microprocessors whose
speeds and storage capacities are skyrocketing day by day. The
developmental benchmark for computers is now their size.
Computers are now classified on the basis of their use or size;
 Desktop
 Laptop
 Mobile computers/device
There are a lot to look into when it comes to computers advantages and  Server
disadvantages. Here are some factors that can be done in order to fight some  Mainframe
of its disadvantages and becomes positive or advantages while using
 Supercomputer
computers.
 
Green computing involves reducing the electricity consumed and
Desktop computers are personal computers (PCs) designed for use
environmental waste generated when using a computer.
by an individual at a fixed location. IBM was the first computer to introduce
Strategies include:
and popularize use of desktops. A desktop unit typically has a CPU (Central
 Recycling
Processing Unit), monitor, keyboard and mouse. Introduction of desktops
 Regulating manufacturing processes popularized use of computers among common people as it was compact and
 Extending the life of computers affordable.           
 Immediately donating or properly disposing of replaced computers Two popular architectures are the PC and the Apple
 
Starting Computers
Booting - starting a computer or a computer-embedded device
Booting takes place in two steps −
1. Switching on power supply
2. Loading operating system into computer’s main memory. Keeping all
applications in a state of readiness in case needed by the user
The first program or set of instructions that run when the computer is
switched on is called BIOS or Basic Input Output System. BIOS is
a firmware, i.e. a piece of software permanently programmed into the
hardware.
If a system is already running but needs to be restarted, it is
called rebooting. Rebooting may be required if a software or hardware has
been installed or system is unusually slow.
Categories of Computers
Historically computers were classified according to processor types because Mobile Computer
development in processor and processing speeds were the developmental Personal computer you can carry from place to place.
benchmarks. Earliest computers used vacuum tubes for processing, were Examples include notebook computers, laptop computers, netbooks, ultra-
huge and broke down frequently. However, as vacuum tubes were replaced thins, and Tablet PCs.
Mobile Device
Computing device small enough to hold in your hand.  
Examples include smart phones and PDAs, e-book readers, handheld Supercomputers are the fastest computers on Earth. They are used for
computers, portable media players, and digital cameras. carrying out complex, fast and time intensive calculations for scientific and
Game Consoles engineering applications. Supercomputer speed or performance is measured
in teraflops, i.e. 1012 floating point operations per second.
A game console is a mobile computing device designed for single-player or
multiplayer video games
Servers
A server controls access to the hardware, software, and other resources on a
network
Provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information

Embedded Computers
An embedded computer is a special-purpose computer that functions as a
component in a larger product

Mainframes are computers used by organizations like banks, airlines and

railways to handle millions and trillions of online transactions per second.
Important features of mainframes are −
Big in size
Hundreds times Faster than servers, typically hundred megabytes per second
Very expensive
Use proprietary OS provided by the manufacturers
In-built hardware, software and firmware security feature

Embedded Computers they are mostly integrated with the

following:
Supercomputers
 A supercomputer is the fastest, most powerful computer Elements of an Information System
 Fastest supercomputers are capable of processing more than one Hardware
quadrillion instructions in a single second Software
Data organizational processes, bringing more productivity and better control to
those processes

People
Procedures
Hardware: Information systems hardware is the part of an information
system you can touch – the physical components of the technology.
Computers, keyboards, disk drives, iPads, and flash drives are all examples of
Data comes from input devices.
information systems hardware.
Information comes from the output/
 
- It is how the computer interprets the data and shows you the
Software: is a set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
reuested action or direction.
Software is not tangible – it cannot be touched. When programmers create
Technology, device, and computer are anything that gives us ease to use
software programs, what they are really doing is simply typing out lists of
things is a type of computer.
instructions that tell the hardware what to do.
Keyboard contains keys you press to enter data and instructions into a
 
computer or mobile device.
 Data: The third component is data. You can think of data as a collection of
facts. For example, your street address, the city you live in, and your phone
DATA and INFORMATION
number are all pieces of data. Like software, data is also intangible.
Input
 
-A pointing device is an input device that allows a user to control a small
People:  From the front-line help-desk workers, to systems analysts, to
symbol on the screen called the pointer.
programmers, all the way up to the chief information officer (CIO), the
-Some mobile devices and computers enable you to speak instructions using
people involved with information systems are an essential element that must
voice input to capture live full motion image using video.
not be overlooked
-Scanner is a light-sensing input device that converts printed text and image
 
into a form the computer can process.
Procedures: The last component of information systems is Procedures. A
Procedures is a series of steps undertaken to achieve a desired outcome or
goal. Information systems are becoming more and more integrated with
Output
-Printer produces text and graphics on a physical medium such as paper or
other material.
-3-D printer can print solid objects, such as eyewear, implants, toys, parts,
prototype, and more.
-Display, visually conveys text, graphics, and video information.
-Speakers allows to hear audio such as music, voice, and other sounds.
-Memory consist of electronic components that sore instructions waiting to
be executed and the data need by those instructions.
-Storage Media, where the computer keeps data, instructions, and
information.
-Storage device records (writes) and or retrieves (reads) items to and from
storage media.
THE WEB
- Internet is worldwide collection of computer networks that
connects millions of business, government agencies,
educational institutions, and individuals.
- World Wide Web, a global library of information available to
anyone connected to internet.
- Web servers, a computer that host a website on the internet.
- Website/site, a collection of webpages which are group
together and usually connected together in various ways.
- Webpage, a document that can be displayed in web browser.
- Browser, software that users use with internet to open or
access and view page on a computer or mobile device.
- Search engine, us to find webpages, sites, etc. to a specific
topic.
- Online Social Network, encourages members to share their
interest, ideas, etc. with other registered users.
DIGITAL SAFETY & SECURITY
- Important for users to protect their computers and devices.
Viruses and Malware, Privacy, Health Concerns, Environmental Issues
COMPUTING COMPONENTS
System unit  a.k.a "Tower" or "Chassis"
The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile
device from damage
A box-like case containing electronic components used to process data.
 The electronic components are considered internal hardware seeing
that they are inside the system unit and you cannot see when you
look at the computer.
 These components inside the system unit are what process the data
and really makes the computer work
What is inside the system unit?
Once you open up a computer case, it can initially be difficult to recognize the
various components, especially all the different wires. However, if you look
closely, you will probably start to recognize a number of components. The
succeeding part of the module presents the different components and their
related functions.
The Motherboard
 
The motherboard serves to connect all of the parts of a computer together.
The CPU chip, memory, hard drives, and other ports and expansion cards all
connect to the motherboard directly or via cables. It is the main circuit board
of the computer that hold a computer chip that usually contains integrated
circuits.
 
The motherboard is the piece of computer hardware that can be thought of as
the "backbone" of the PC, or more appropriately as the "mother" that
holds all the pieces together.
Processors
 The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU),
interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a
computer
INTEL AMD
-i5 &i7 -Ryzen 5- have 4-6 cores with
-have six physical cores hyper threading (multiple task)
- only u7 chips are capable with Ryzen 7- have 8 cores
hyper threading (multiple task)
Cores- is a processor that receives and executes instructions. The more cores
a CPU has, the more task it can handle, and the more efficient it is.
  It incorporates all the functions of CPU (Central Processing Unit) on
a single IC (Integrated Circuit) or at the most a few ICs.
Microprocessors were first introduced in early 1970s
 A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate
processor cores
Processors
Processors contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
 The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and
coordinates most of the operations in the computer. In a real life
scenario, the control unit of a supermarket for example in terms of
customers paying their groceries are the queue barriers (usually fixed
oriented or movable) to make an organized payment.
- It selects and retrieves instructions from the main memory
in proper sequence and interprets them so as to activate the
other functional elements of the system at the appropriate
moment.
 The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison,
and other operations. These operations are the math (MDAS -,
+,/,*,^) and logic (and/or, yes/no, true/false)
The Machine Cycle
 The steps performed by the computer processor for each machine
language instruction received. The machine cycle is a 4 process cycle
that includes reading and interpreting the machine language,
executing the code and then storing that code.
For every data or instruction such a command to proceed to a next part of a
document a user is working on, this data or instruction is fetched to the CPU
by the control unit in order to decode and decide w)hat to be done, then
forwarded to the other step which handled by the ALU that executes the
operation decided either MATH or logic operations. After the execution, the
information generated will now be stored back to the memory. This time,
the data being processed and transform into a form of
valued information can now be seen through an output device.
To know more about the Machine Cycle take a look the image below and
understand;
Clock Speed
Every microprocessor has an internal clock that regulates the speed at
which it executes instructions and also synchronizes it with other
components. The speed at which the microprocessor executes instructions is
called clock speed.
 Clock speeds are measured in MHz or GHz where 1 MHz means 1
million cycles per second whereas 1 GHz equals to 1 billion cycles per
second. Here cycle refers to single electric signal cycle.
 The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations.
In term of quality and processor features such as speed, the two leading
manufacturers of personal computer processor chips are Intel and AMD
Processors: Cooling systems
Since processor can execute millions of instruction per nanosecond, a
processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail.
It requires additional cooling system to make the operation smooth.
Common cooling systems are as follows:
 Heat sinks
 Liquid cooling technology
 Cooling pads
Data Representation
Data representation is how data types are structures; for example, how signs
are represented in numerical values or how strings are formatted such as
single character or text/paragraph in the computer system.
- Consider how a computer uses number to represent data
inside the computer.
- Computer are digital since they carry digital signals.
- Digital signal, carries the data in the form of Binary, because
it signifies in the bits.
In order to represent a data digitally, it must use a digital signal.
The Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality as we
know so it must be converted first to digital signal because computers cannot
accept this type of signals. 
Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off. It is a discrete signal in
nature.
Since most computers are digital Computer System can only understand 0s
and 1s, which the binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off
states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge    Static RAM
  Dynamic RAM
Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a
single character in the computer or mobile device Memory cache
 Speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently
The Memory used instructions and data
It is the working table of the computer system wherein all materials must set
in it first in order for the computer to execute. In a real life scenario, a  Small piece of high speed volatile memory available to the processor
teachers podium in  a classroom is used to set the projector, class record, for fast processing is called cache memory. Cache may be a
marker and other things for him/her to use during a lecture session. This reserved portion of main memory, another chip on CPU or an
podium will be vacated after the class period ready for the next class. independent high speed storage device.
  - Cache memory is made of fast speed SRAMs. The process of
 Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions keeping some data and instructions in cache memory for
waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those faster access is called caching.
instructions, and the results of processing the data. - Caching is done when a set of data or instructions is accesses
 It stores three basic categories of items: again and again. It is also the process of keeping some data
o The operating system and other programs and instructions in cache memory for faster access.
o Applications Whenever the processor needs any piece of data or instructions, it checks the
o Data being processed and the resulting information cache first. If it is unavailable there, then the main memory and finally
Sample Representation of memory secondary memory is accessed. As cache has very high speed, time spent in
-these items come and go that it occupies and vacate a space at every given accessing it every time is negligible as compared to time saved if data indeed
time depending the users manipulation on the item such as data or is in the cache. Finding data or instruction in cache is called cache hit
information.
SRAM DRAM
Two types of Memory Lower access time, so it is faster Higher access time so it is slower
compared to DRAM than SRAM
Volatile
Costlier than DRAM Cost less than SRAM
- Loses its contents when power is turned off. (RAM)
Reuires constant power supply, Offers reduced power consumption,
Non-Volative which means this type of memory due to the fast that the information is
- Does not lose contents when power is down/turned off. consumes more power. stored in the capacitor.
(Read Only Memory, Flash drives, CMOS or Complementary Due to complex internal circuitry, Due to the small internal circuitry in
Metal Oxide Semi-Conductor) less storage capacity is available one-bit memory cell of DRAM, the
 Each location in memory has an address compared to the same physical size large storage capacity is available
of DRAM memory chip.
 Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes
Low packaging density High packaging density
(TB)
 Computers and mobile devices contain two types of memory:
 RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into TERMS TO REMEMBER:
memory slots  Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing
permanent data and instructions
Two common types of RAM exist:
  Firmware is permanent software programmed into a read-only
memory.
 Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten
 CMOS (Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor) is
a technology uses battery power to retain information when the
power to the computer is off.
The Access Time:
 It is the amount of time it takes the processor to read from memory
(as what happen in 1st step of machine cycle)
 Measured in nanoseconds
Adapters
An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server
system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals
Example: Sound card and video card
An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can
hold an adapter card
With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral
devices as you install them
Buses
 A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the
system unit to communicate with one another
 A bus- is a connection lines used to connected the internal parts of the
microprocessor chip.
Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a
given time
Connection lines used to connect the internal parts of the microprocessor
chip is called bus. There are three types of buses in a microprocessor −
1. Data Bus− Lines that carry data to and from memory are called data
bus. It is a bidirectional bus with width equal to word length of the
microprocessor.
2. Address Bus− It is a unidirectional responsible for carrying address
of a memory location or I/O port from CPU to memory or I/O port.
3. Control Bus− Lines that carry control signals like clock signals,
interrupt signal or ready signal are called control bus. They are
bidirectional.
Signal that denotes that a device is ready for processing is called
ready signal.
Signal that indicates to a device to interrupt its process is called an
interrupt signal.
Power Supply and Batteries
 The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet
AC power into DC power
 Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or
batteries
 Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries
Week 3 Input and Output
INPUT AND OUTPUT:
Extending Capabilities of Computers and Mobile Devices
Before a computer can process anything, data must receive input. For
example, typing on a keyboard can enter input into the computer. Knowing
the fact that you are typing through your keyboard, the computer system
translates these inputs into its unique language at the lowest level, since the
only thing the computer understands is binary language (0's and 1's). The
inputted   data through the keyboard, turns into information and can be seen
through an output device. Input and output goes hand in hand, in this
chapter you will learn the different input and output devices that we
commonly used for whatever purpose we take.
The Input 
Input is any data and instructions entered into the memory of a computer.
Inputting of data came in different ways, since not everyone can use the
keyboard to type, there are input devices that lets the user input commands
to the computer in different forms.
Here are the commonly used input methods include:
 Keyboard
 Pointing devices
 Touch screens
 Pen input
 Motion input
  Voice input Trackball
 Video input A trackball is a stationary pointing device with a ball on its top or side
 Scanners and reading devices
Touch Screens
Keyboards A touch screen is a touch-sensitive display
 A keyboard is an input device that contains keys you press to enter
data and instructions into a computer or mobile device You use your thumb or finger to rotate or press buttons on a touch-
 On a standard keyboard, you type using keys in the typing area and sensitive pad, which commonly found on portable media players as you can
on the numeric keypad. Some of the keys on standard keyboards see on the left image.
differ, depending on the operating system with which they are
designed to work. Pen Input
With pen input, you touch a stylus or digital pen on a flat surface to write,
Nearly all keyboards have… draw, or make selections
You use a stylus to write, draw, or make selections on a touch screen that
 Typing area
supports pen input
 Function keys
Graphics Tablet
 Toggle key
A graphics tablet, also called a digitizer, is an electronic plastic board that
 Navigation keys detects and converts movements of a style or digital pen into signals that are
 Media control buttons sent to the computer.
 Internet control buttons Architects use a graphics tablet to create blueprints.
 Other special keys
There are a variety of keyboard options for mobile computers and devices Motion, Voice, and Video Input
that user can use at their convenience.  With motion input, sometimes called gesture recognition, users can
guide on-screen elements using air gestures.
Ergonomics incorporates comfort, efficiency, and safety in the design of the
workplace. Voice Input
An ergonomic keyboard and mouse has a design that reduces the chance of  Voice input is the process of entering input by speaking into a
repetitive strain injuries (RSIs) of wrist and hand microphone
 Voice recognition, also called speech recognition, is the computer
Pointing Devices or mobile device’s capability of distinguishing spoken words.
 A pointer is a small symbol on the screen whose location and shape
change as a user moves a pointing device Audio Input
   It is the process of entering any sound into the computer such as
Mouse speech, music, and sound effects
 pointing device that fits under the palm of your hand comfortably  Music production software allows users to record, compose, mix, and
optical mouse, laser mouse, and touch mouse edit music and sounds.

Touchpad Video Input

A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular pointing device that is sensitive to  Video input is the process of capturing full-motion images and
pressure and motion storing them on a computer or mobile device’s storage medium.
   A webcam is a type of DV camera that enables a user to:
- Capture video and images
- End email messages with video attachments
- Broadcast live images or video over the Internet
- Conduct videoconferences
- Make video calls
A videoconference is a meeting between two or more geographically
separated people.   Gauging temperature and pressure of tires on a vehicle
Scanners and Reading Devices
A scanner is a light-sensing input device that reads printed text and
graphics and then translates the results into a form the computer can process
A flatbed scanner works in a manner similar to a copy machine except it
creates a file of the document in memory instead of a paper copy
Optical Reader
An optical reader is a device that uses a light source to read characters,
marks, and codes and then converts them into digital data that a computer
can process.
 
Optical character recognition (OCR)
 OCR (optical character recognition) is the use of technology to distinguish
printed or handwritten text characters inside digital images of physical
documents, such as a scanned paper document. The basic process of OCR
involves examining the text of a document and translating the characters into
code that can be used for data processing.
A bar code reader, also called a bar code scanner uses laser beams to
read bar codes.
Barcode readers are commonly used in grocery stores in managing items on
sale.
A bar code reader uses laser beams to read bar codes on products such as
clothing, shown here.
A QR code stores information in both a vertical and horizontal direction
 This customer pays her bills by scanning an on-screen QR code.
Optical mark recognition (OMR) – Commonly use with PCOS machine
here in the Philippines during Elections
RFID (radio frequency identification) uses radio signals to communicate
with a tag placed in or attached to an object
 An RFID reader reads information on the tag via radio waves
 RFID can track:
 Tracking times of runners in a marathon
 Tracking location of people and other items
 Checking lift tickets of skiers
 Checking out library books
 Managing purchases
 Tracking payment as vehicles pass through booths on tollway
systems
Magstripe readers read the magnetic stripe on the back of cards such as:
 Credit cards
 Entertainment cards
 Bank cards
 Identification cards
 Other similar cards
 
MICR (magnetic ink character recognition) devices read text printed
with magnetized ink
 An MICR reader converts MICR characters into a form the computer
can process
 Banking industry uses MICR for check processing
The MICR characters preprinted on the check represent the bank routing
number, customer account number, and check number. The amount of the
check in the lower-right corner is added after the check is cashed. 
A data collection device obtains data directly at the location where the
transaction or event takes place
An employee in a warehouse uses this data collection device to scan items,
which wirelessly transmits information about the scanned item to the store’s
inventory system.
The Output
  Output is data that has been processed into a useful form either a soft copy
or hard copy. 
  Four types of output are: There are 2 major types of printer. The impact printers and non-impact
 text, printers. A nonimpact printer forms characters and graphics on a piece of
 graphics, paper without actually contacting the paper.
 audio,  Examples are:
 video. - Ink-jet Printers
  - Photo printers
The next part of this lesson covers the different output devices and their - Laser printers
method of showing information to end-users. - All- in-one printers
- Thermal printers
A display visually conveys text, graphics, and video information - Mobile printers
 A monitor is a display that is packaged as a separate peripheral - Label printers
device - Plotters
- Large format printers
 LED monitor (light emitting diode monitor)
 
An ink-jet printer forms characters and graphics by spraying tiny drops of
The quality of a display depends primarily on its:
liquid ink onto a piece of paper
 Resolution - the number of pixels a screen can show, both
horizontally and vertically
- Color or black-and-white
 Response time - the time it takes your monitor to shift from one color
- Speed is measured by the number of pages per minute ( ) it
to another
can print
 Brightness – how bright the monitor display - Ink-jet printers are a popular type of color printer used at
 Dot pitch - rating of a monitor tells you just how sharp the displayed home and in the office
image will be
 Contrast ratio -  defined as the ratio of the luminance of the brightest A photo printer is a color printer that produces lab-quality photos
color to that of the darkest color that the system is capable of Many use ink-jet technology
producing
 Today’s monitors use a digital signal to produce a picture Laser printer - a printer linked to a computer producing good-quality
 To display the highest quality images, the monitor should plug in a: printed material by using a laser to form a pattern of electrostatically charged
- A DVI port dots on a light-sensitive drum, which attract toner (or dry ink powder). The
- An HDMI port toner is transferred to a piece of paper and fixed by a heating process.
- A Display Port  High-speed - High-quality
Home users sometimes use a digital television (DTV) as a display  Color - Black-and-white
HDTV is the most advanced form of digital television
A Smart TV is an Internet-enabled HDTV An all-in-one printer is a single device that prints, scans, copies, and in
some cases, faxes
Printers  Also called a multifunction printer
  A printer is an output device that produces text and graphics on a
physical medium. A 3-D printer uses a process called additive manufacturing to create an
 Before purchasing a printer, ask yourself a series of questions. object by adding material to a three-dimensional object, one horizontal layer
at a time
A thermal printer generates images by pushing electrically heated pins
against the heat-sensitive paper
A mobile printer is a small, lightweight, battery-powered printer that
allows a mobile user to print from a mobile device
A label printer is a small printer that prints on an adhesive-type material
that can be placed on a variety of items
Plotters are used to produce high-quality drawings
Large-format printers create photo-realistic quality color prints
Impact printers
- form characters and graphics on a piece of paper by striking a mechanism
against an inked ribbon that physically contacts the paper. 
An impact printer produces printed images when tiny pins strike an inked
ribbon.
Other Output Devices
Many users attach surround sound speakers or speaker systems to their
computers, game consoles, and mobile devices to generate higher-quality
sounds
 
Users often attach high-quality surround sound speaker systems to their
computers, game consoles, and mobile devices.
Headphones are speakers that cover or are placed outside of the ear for
more comfortable computing experience
Earbuds (also called earphones) rest inside the ear canal.
A data projector is a device that projects the text and images displaying on
a computer or mobile device screen on a larger screen so that an audience can
see the image clearly
A data projector projects an image from a computer or mobile device screen
on a larger screen so that an audience easily can see the image.
Interactive whiteboard is a touch-sensitive device, resembling a dry-erase
board, that displays the image on a connected computer screen
Teachers and students can write directly on an interactive whiteboard, or
they can write on a slate that communicates wirelessly with the whiteboard.
Joysticks, wheels, gamepads, and motion-sensing game controllers can be
considered output devices when they include force feedback.
 Technology that sends resistance to the device in response to actions
of the user
 
A camera/ receiver mounted on the monitor tracks the position of the head-
mounted pointer, which is the reflective material on the brim of the hat. As
the user moves her head, the pointer on the screen also moves.
A braille printer, also known as braille embosser, is an impact device that
creates tactile dots on sturdy paper, making written documents accessible to
the blind
WEEK 4: THE DIGITAL STORAGE
Alternatively referred to as digital storage, storage, storage media, or storage
medium, a storage device is any hardware capable of holding information
either temporarily or permanently.         
In this chapter, our focus is on the permanent type of storage systems.
 
Storage medium is the physical material on which a computer keeps data,
information, programs, and applications
Cloud storage keeps information on servers on the Internet, and the actual
media on which the files are stored are transparent to the user
A  storage device is the hardware that records and/or retrieves items to and
from storage media
- Reading is the process of transferring items from a storage
medium into memory
- Writing is the process of transferring items from memory to
storage medium
The common factor when choosing a storage device is the
capacity. Capacity is the number of bytes a storage medium can hold.
Items on a storage medium remain intact even when you turn off a computer
or mobile device
In using a computer system, there is what we call Access time in storage The Solid State Drive
device, and it measures: Another type of storage that computer uses nowadays is the SSD(solid state
 The amount of time it takes a storage device to locate an item on a drive). It is a flash memory storage device that contains its own processor to
storage medium manage its storage
 The time required to deliver an item from memory to the processor An SSD (solid state drive) has several advantages over traditional (magnetic)
hard disks:
Hard Drives  Faster access times
A hard disk, also called a hard disk drive (HDD) contains one or more  Faster transfer rates
inflexible, circular platters that use magnetic particles to store data,  Quieter operation
instructions, and information  More durable
 Lighter weight
The storage capacity of hard disks varies and is determined by:  Less power consumption
 The number of platters the hard disk contains  Less heat generation
 Whether the disk uses longitudinal or perpendicular recording  Longer life
 Density  Defragmentation not required
In setting up a hard drive, formatting is the process of dividing the disk Since there’s no moving parts inside the SSD (just like a flash drive), it is
into tracks and sectors where data will be stored. People who are much efficient to use
knowledgeable in doing this formatting can do this or you can do it on
your own with a step-by-step manual with you. External hard disk
 Another type of storage which is a separate freestanding storage device that
Characteristics of a hard disk include: connects with a cable to a USB port or other port on a computer or mobile
 Tracks device.  Portable just like a flash drive but has a larger space to store data and
 Sectors information.
 Platters
 Form factor RAID (Redundant Array Of Independent Disks)
 Read/write head RAID on the other hand is a group of two or more integrated hard disks or
 Revolutions per minute SSDs. They are often used by power users such as multimedia jobs to store
big chunks of data.
 A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a
platter Portable Flash Memory Storage
 Always keep a backup of your hard disk A memory card is a removable flash memory storage device that you insert
 Imagine transporting your laptop while its running and you bump it and remove from a slot in a computer, mobile device, or card reader/writer
to something; figure how the read and write head crashes to the fine  SDHC                          
platter surface.  SDXC
 A head crash occurs when a read/write head touches the surface of a  MiniSD                            
platter  microSDHC
 Always keep a backup of your hard disk  MicroSDXC                    
 CF
 xD Picture Card            
  Memory Stick prO Duo             
 M2
USB flash drives plug into a USB port on a computer or mobile device
Cloud storage is an Internet service that provides storage to computer  or
mobile device users
Examples:
Google drive
One Drive
iCloud
An optical disc consists of a flat, round, portable disc made of metal,
plastic, and lacquer that is written and read by a laser.
Optical discs commonly store items in a single track that spirals from the
center of the disc to the edge of the disc
CD
 Track is divided into evenly sized sectors
 A CD-ROM can be read from but not written to
 Single-session disc
 A CD-R is an optical disc on which users can write once, but not
erase
 A CD-RW is an erasable multisession disc
DVD
 A DVD-ROM is a high-capacity optical disc on which users can read
but not write on or erase
 A DVD-R or DVD+R are competing DVD-recordable WORM
formats, on which users can write once but not erase
 DVD-RW, DVD+RW, and DVD+RAM are competing DVD-
rewritable formats that users can write on multiple times
 
Enterprise Hardware
 allows large organizations to manage and store data and information
using devices intended for heavy use, maximum efficiency, and
maximum availability
 RAID duplicates data, instructions, and information to improve data
reliability
Network attached storage (NAS)
It is a server that is placed on a network with the sole purpose of
providing storage to users, computers, and devices attached to the
network.
 This type of storage is efficient for companies that works
collaboratively in a single projects or collaboration of workers.
Storage Area Network (SAN)
 It is a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage
to other attached servers. This type is a larger version of NAS where
servers are connected with each other
Another enterprise storage is the Tape technology. It is a magnetically coated
ribbon of plastic capable of storing large amounts of data and information. A
tape drive reads and writes data and information on a magnetic tape
Other Types of Storage
 A magnetic stripe card has a magnetic stripe that contains
information.
 A smart card stores data on an integrated circuit embedded in the
card.
 The RFID tag consists of an antenna and a memory chip that
contains the information to be transmitted via radio waves.
 An RFID reader reads the radio signal and transfers the information
to a computer or computing device.
An NFC (Near Field Communication)
 
-enabled device contains an NFC chip
An NFC tag contains a chip and an antenna that contains information to be
transmitted
Most NFC tags are self-adhesive
WEEK 5: Different operating systems used by different computer systems of
various categories.
Software
Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-defined
function. A program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular
problem.
There are two types of software
  System Software
 Application Software  Sleep mode saves any open documents running programs or apps to
System Software RAM, turns off all unneeded functions, and then places the computer
in a low-power state
The system software is a collection of programs designed to operate, control,  Hibernate mode saves any open documents and running programs or
and extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself. System software apps to an internal hard drive before removing power from the
is generally prepared by the computer manufacturers. These software computer or device.
products comprise of programs written in low-level languages, which interact
with the hardware at a very basic level. System software serves as the User interface (UI)
interface between the hardware and the end users.  Controls how you enter data and instructions and how information is
displayed on the screen
Operating Systems o With a graphical user interface (GUI), you interact with
 An operating system (OS) is a set of programs that coordinate all the menus and visual images
activities among computer or mobile device hardware. o In a command-line interface, a user types commands
o Start and shut down a computer represented by short keywords or abbreviations or presses
o Provide a user interface special keys on the keyboard to enter data and instructions
o Manage programs Manage Multitasking Environment
o Manage memory How an operating system handles programs directly affects your productivity
o Coordinate tasks  
o Configure devices Single tasking
o Monitor performance  allows a single user to perform only one task at a time is called a
o Establish an Internet connection Single-User Single-Tasking Operating System. Functions like
o Provide file management and other device or media-related printing a document, downloading images, etc., can be performed
only one at a time
tasks
Multitasking
o Updating operating system software
 allows a single user to perform more than one task at a time is called
o Control a network
Single-User Multitasking Operating System
o Administer security
Foreground and background
Operating System Functions
A priority assigned to programs running in a multitasking environment.
Starting Computers and Mobile Devices
The foreground contains the applications the user is working on, and
 If a computer or mobile device is off, you press a power button to the background contains the applications that are behind the scenes, such
turn it on as certain operating system functions, printing a document or accessing
  the network.
The process of starting or restarting a computer is called booting
 Cold boot Single user and multiuser
o Turning on a computer that has been powered off completely  A Single-User Operating System is a system in which only
 Warm boot one user can access the computer system at a time like a common
o Using the operating system to restart a computer (discussed used in a desktop or laptop computer. A Multi-User Operating
earlier in module 1) System is a system that allows more than one user to access a
An operating system includes various power options: computer system at one time like a server allowing users to connect.
Memory management User management
 optimizes the use of the computer or device’s internal memory. A user account enables a use to sign in to, or access resources on, a network
Virtual memory or computer
 is a portion of a storage medium functioning as additional RAM  A user name, or user ID, identifies a specific user
   A password is a private combination of characters associated with
The operating system determines the order in which tasks are processed the user name

External Device Management Types of Operating Systems

A driver is a small program that tells the operating system how to Most operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you
communicate with a specific device purchase. Most of time, people use the operating system that comes with
Plug and Play automatically configures new devices as you install or their computer, but it's possible to upgrade or even change operating
connect them systems. For some cases, operating systems are used in larger type of
  computers and small ones like mobile computers.
POINT for Discussion: Examples of Operating Systems by Category
How to uninstall a device attached to the computer. Category Name
Desktop Windows
OS X
UNIX
LINUX
Monitoring Performance Chrome OS
A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports Server Windows Server
information about various computer resources and devices Mac OS X Server
UNIX
Connectivity Linux
 Operating systems typically provide a means to establish Internet Mobile Google Android
Apple iOS
connections
Windows Phone
Many programs, including operating systems, include an automatic
update feature that regularly provides new features or corrections to the A desktop operating system is a complete operating system that works on
program. desktops, laptops, and some tablets
Windows 10 is meant to unify desktop PC’s, Windows tablets, and
Operating systems often provide users with a variety of tools related to Windows smart Phones with one interface, one way of operating and one
managing a computer, its devices, or its programs account:
 Some operating systems are designed to work with a server on a
network The latest versions of Windows offer these features
 These multiuser operating systems allow multiple users to share a  Uses tiles to access apps
printer, Internet access, files, and programs  Includes the desktop interface
 A network administrator uses the server operating system to:  Support for input via touch, mouse, and keyboard
 Add and remove users, computers, and other devices  Email app, calendar app, and browser included
 Configure the network, install software and administer network  Photos, files, and settings you can sync with OneDrive
security
  Enhanced security through an antivirus program, firewall, and
automatic updates
 Windows Store offers additional applications for purchase
The Macintosh operating system has earned a reputation for its ease of use
Latest version is OS X
UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s.
Linux is a popular, multitasking UNIX-based operating system
UNIX is a multitasking operating system developed in the early 1970s.
Server Operating Systems
A server operating system, also called a server OS, is an operating
system specifically designed to run on servers, which are specialized
computers that operate within a client/server architecture to serve the
requests of client computers on the network
Mobile operating system
The operating system on mobile devices and many consumer electronics is
called a mobile operating system and resides on firmware
Android is an open source, Linux-based mobile operating system designed
by Google for smartphones and tablets
iOS, developed by Apple, is a proprietary mobile operating system
specifically made for Apple’s mobile devices
Windows Phone, developed by Microsoft, is a proprietary mobile operating
system that runs on some smartphones
Utility Programs
A utility program is a type of system software that allows a user to perform
maintenance-type tasks
A file manager is a utility that performs functions related to file
management
 Displaying a list of files
 Organizing files in folders
 Copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files and folders   Web filters
A search utility is a program that attempts to locate a file on your computer
based on criteria you specify
An uninstaller removes a program, as well as any associated entries in the
system files
An image viewer allows users to display, copy, and print the contents of a
graphics file
A disk cleanup utility searches for and removes unnecessary files
 Downloaded program files
 Temporary Internet files
 Deleted files
 Unused program files
A disk defragmenter reorganizes the files and unused space on a
computer’s hard disk so that the operating system accesses data more quickly
and programs run faster
Defragmenting – the scattering of files in different sectors of the hard disk
A backup utility allows users to copy files to another storage medium
A restore utility reverses the process and returns backed up files to their
original form
A screen saver causes a display device’s screen to show a moving image or
blank screen if no activity occurs for a specified time
A personal firewall detects and protects a personal computer from
unauthorized intrusions
A virus describes a potentially damaging computer program that affects a
computer negatively
A worm copies itself repeatedly in memory or over a network
A Trojan horse hides within or looks like a legitimate program
An antivirus program protects a computer against viruses
Spyware is a program placed on a computer without the user’s knowledge
that secretly collects information about the user
A spyware remover detects and deletes spyware and other similar
programs
Adware displays an online advertisement in a banner or pop-up window
An adware remover is a program that detects and deletes adware
 
Filters are programs that remove or block certain items from being displayed
 Anti-spam programs
 Phishing filters
 Pop-up blockers
 
A file compression utility shrinks the size of a file(s)
 Compressing files frees up room on the storage media
 Compressed files sometimes are called zipped files
 Can be uncompressed
Freeware is software that is free to use. Unlike commercial software, it does
not require any payment or licensing fee. It is similar to shareware, but will
not eventually ask you for payment to continue using the software.
Productivity applications can assist you in becoming more effective and
efficient while performing daily activities at work, school, and home.

A media player allows you to view images and animation, listen to audio, Word Processing
and watch video files on your computer Presentation
Spread sheet
WEEK 6: Application Programs Database
Note taking
A program, or software, consists of a series of related instructions, Calendar and contract management
organized for a common purpose, that tells the computer what tasks to Project management
perform and how to perform them Accounting
 An application, or app, sometimes called application software, Personal finance
consists of programs designed to make users more productive and/or Legal
assist them with personal tasks Tax preparation
 An operating system is a set of programs that coordinates all the Document management
activities among computer or mobile device hardware Enterprise Computing

Tools and activities

System software With productivity applications, users often:
Software is available in a variety of forms: 1. Create a project
2. Edit a project
Retail Software is typically sold under restricted licenses (e.g. EULAs) or in 3. Format a project
the case of cloud-based software sold as a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) 4. Save a project
model. 5. Distribute a project
Custom software is designed to specifically address these users' needs
better than more traditional and widespread off-the-shelf Word processing
A web application (o web app) is an application software that runs on This software allows users to create and manipulate documents
a web server, unlike computer-based software programs that are stored  
locally on the Operating System (OS) of the device A major advantage of using word processing software is that it enables users
A mobile application is a software program that is designed to run on to change their written words easily
specific hardware, namely mobile handheld computing devices such as
tablets and smartphones. Presentation software
Shareware is a type of proprietary software which is initially provided free Allows users to create visual aids for presentations to communicate ideas,
of charge to users, who are allowed and encouraged to make and share copies messages, and other information to a group
of the program. Shareware is often offered as a download from a website or
on a compact disc included with a magazine. Spreadsheet software allows users to organize data in columns and rows
and perform calculations on the data.
 
Database software
Allows users to create, access, and manage a database
A database is a collection of data organized in a manner that allows access,
retrieval, and use of that data.
Note taking software is an application that enables users to enter typed
text, handwritten comments, drawings, sketches, photos, and links anywhere
on a page
Calendar and contact management software
It is an application that helps you organize your calendar, keep track of
contacts, and share this information with other users
A software suite is a collection of individual related applications available
together as a unit
Project management software is an application that allows a user to
plan, schedule, track, and analyze the events, resources, and costs of a project
 
Accounting software
It is an application that helps businesses of all sizes record and report their
financial transactions.
Personal finance software is a simplified accounting application that
helps home users and small/home office users balance their checkbooks, pay
bills, track personal income and expenses, verify account balances, transfer
funds, track investments, and evaluate financial plans.
Legal software is an application that assists in the preparation of legal
documents and provides legal information to individuals, families, and small
businesses
Tax preparation software is an application that can guide individuals,
families, or small businesses through the process of filing federal and state
taxes
Document management software is an application that provides a
means for sharing, distributing, and searching through documents by
converting them into a format that can be viewed by any user
A large organization, commonly referred to as an enterprise, requires special
computing solutions because of its size and geographic distribution.
 Human Resource software
 Accounting software
 Engineering or product development software
 Manufacturing software
 Marketing software
 Sales software
 Distribution software
 Customer service software
 Software for information technology staff
Graphics and Media Software
Computer-aided design
Desktop publishing software
Paint/ Image editing software
Photo editing and photo management software
Video and audio editing software.
Graphics and Multimedia software allows professional like Engineers,
Architects, Publishers, and Graphic Artist to design work that is intended for
their own field of specialization
For desktop publishing, it enables professional to create sophisticated
documents that contain texts, graphics, and many colors.
 Multimedia authoring software allows users to combine text,
graphics, audio, video, and animation in an interactive application
 Website authoring software helps users of all skill levels create
webpages that include graphics, video, audio, animation, and special
effects with interactive content
 A media player is a program that allows you to view images and
animations, listen to audio, and watch video files on your computer
or mobile device
 Disc burning software writes text, graphics, audio, and video files
on a recordable or rewritable disc.
Personal Interest Applications: nowadays more and more desktop, web
and mobile apps are being designed for specific activities related to lifestyle,
entertainment, medical, convenience or education activities. Most of these
applications are free but few are quite inexpensive.
1. Lifestyle applications
2. Medical applications
3. Entertainment applications
4. Convenience applications
5. Education applications

Communications Applications: an application or program designed to

pass information from one system to another. Such software provides remote
access to systems and transmits files in a multitude of formats between
computers
1. Blog
2. Browsing
3. Chat
4. Online discussion
5. Email
6. File transfer
7. Internet phone
8. Instant Messaging
9. Mobile messaging
10. Video conference
11. Web feeds

A screen saver is a tool that causes a display device’s screen to show a

moving image or blank screen if no keyboard or mouse activity occurs for a
specified time
A file compression tool shrinks the size of a file(s)
A PC maintenance tool is a program that identifies and fixes operating
system problems, detects and repairs drive problems, and includes the
capability of improving a computer’s performance
A backup tool allows users to copy, or back up, selected files or the contents
of an entire storage medium to another storage location. 
A restore tool reverses the process and returns backed up files to their
original form